Korean linguistics

Author/editor: Jaehoon Yeon. Contributing authors: Kaoru Horie, Namkil Kim, Stefan Knoob, Sang Whan Seong, Jae Jung Song, Jae-Mog Song, Nam Sun Song. Series Editors: Yeon, Jaehoon & Song, Jae Jung. Commissioning Editor: Sajid Rizvi. ISBN 1872843387/9781872843384 (HB). Discusses issues in Korean morpho-syntax from a functional-typological perspective. The book analyses Korean data from a cross-linguistic perspective, showing how cross-linguistic generalisations can contribute to an understanding of the structures in individual languages. eight papers that are all dedicated to issues in Korean morpho-syntax from a functional-typological perspective. The contributing authors include Kaoru Horie, Namkil Kim, Stefan Knoob, Sang Whan Seong, Jae Jung Song, Jae-Mog Song, Nam Sun Song and Jaehoon Yeon. The authors analyse Korean data from a cross-linguistic perspective, showing how cross-linguistic generalisations can contribute to an understanding of the structures in individual languages. Cross-linguistic generalisations are significant in understanding individual languages and in gaining insight into the nature of human language. Studies in individual languages and universal grammar should complement each other. The grammar of an individual language serves as direct evidence that provides the basis for universal grammar. Cross-linguistic generalisations make it possible for us to gain insight into the nature of language in general and, in turn, help us discover facts about particular languages. The authors explore various issues on morpho-syntactic phenomena through a cross-linguistic comparison between not only Korean and Japanese, but also Germanic or other languages. The cross-linguistic comparison appeals to semantic and pragmatic considerations. Since these semantic and pragmatic functions are the basis of comparison, it is inevitable that they play a role in cross-linguistic generalisation.

These notes are adapted from the book of King Sejong Institute. It contains:
- Dialogs
- Vocabulary words
- Grammar rules
Vocabulary words can be learnt with Quizlet App that I have shared:
http://quizlet.com/42556891/4-4-flash-cards/

Lee MinWoo. 2015. The effectiveness of vocabulary teaching using semantic relations. Journal of Korean Language Education. This study investigated the differential effectiveness of vocabulary teaching using different semantic relations. The previous research reported that using semantic relations for vocabulary teaching is more effective than using thematic relations because of less interference effects. In addition to the effectiveness of using semantic relations, the studies also showed that using antonyms are more effective than synonyms and hypernyms/hyponyms. The effectiveness of those teaching methods appeared to interact with learners’ Korean proficiency. This study compared effectiveness of vocabulary teaching using synonyms versus antonyms for advanced learners of Korean as a second language. The study found that (1) presenting vocabulary using thematic relations, synonyms, and hyponyms should be discouraged because those relations do not support learners to perceive semantic meanings of the words clearly, while (2) it is supported by using antonyms more effectively. Moreover, (3) when using thematic relations and synonyms, learners’ perceptions on words can be enhanced when they can find difference in meaning through the contextual evidence.(Korea University)

Perception of a nonnative language (L2) is known to be affected by crosslinguistic transfer from a listener’s native language (L1), but the relative importance of L1 transfer vis-a-vis individual learner differences remains unclear. This study explored the hypothesis that the nature of L1 transfer changes as learners gain experience with the L2, such that individual differences are more influential at earlier stages of learning and L1 transfer is more influential at later stages of learning. To test this hypothesis, novice L2 learners of Korean from diverse L1 backgrounds were examined in a pretest-posttest design with respect to their perceptual acquisition of novel L2 consonant contrasts (the three-way Korean laryngeal contrast among lenis, fortis, and aspirated plosives) and vowel contrasts (/o/-/ʌ/, /u/-/ɨ/). Whereas pretest performance showed little evidence of L1 effects, posttest performance showed significant L1 transfer. Furthermore, pretest performance did not predict post...

This study compares the adverb of Korean and Indonesian. Many researchers have researched Korean adverb, but only a few researchers have examined Indonesian adverb. Therefore, research on Indonesian adverb is very difficult to find.This research is the first study on adverbial comparisons of Korean and Indonesian languages. This research is expected to be the beginning of other studies related to the comparison of Korean and Indonesian languages. The object of this research is Adverb of time 시간 부사 (방금, 아까, 이제, 지금, 이직), degree adverb 정도 부사 (너무, 아주, 매우, 가장, 제일), and modal adverb양태 부사 (아마, 혹시, 반드시, 당연히). This object is the most visible adverb of difference in Korean and Indonesian. The difference in Korean and Indonesian adverbs is the meaning of the adverb. Some adverbs in Korean can be interpreted in one adverb in indonesian. For example, ‘방금, 아까’ in Indonesian means ‘tadi (earlier)’,‘이제, 지금’ in Indonesian is interpreted as ‘sekarang (now)’,‘아직’ in Indonesian means ‘belum/masih (not
yet /still)’.Then the words ‘너무, 아주, 매우’ in Indonesian are interpreted as ‘sangat (very)’,‘가장, 제일’ in Indonesian means ‘paling (most)’.For the last comparison, '아마, 혹시' in Indonesian is interpreted as ‘mungkin, mungkinkah (maybe, could it be possible?)’and ‘반드시,당연히’in Indonesian is interpreted as‘ seharusnya (should )’.The explanation above can illustrate the difference between Korean adverbials and Korean using the text research method.

From the 1876 Treaty of Kanghwa to Korea’s annexation in 1910, the last thirty-five years of the Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) were witness to some of the most impactful events in Korea’s modern history. Through encounters with Western powers and the influence, both direct and indirect, of a rapidly modernizing Japan, many Koreans began to reappraise their country’s Sino-centric past and the once-shared knowledge, symbols, and practices of the traditional East Asian cosmopolitan order. A major consequence of this reappraisal was the demotion of Literary Sinitic (commonly known as Classical Chinese) from its long-held status as the de facto official written standard of state and its removal from the center of the curriculum of state-sponsored education to the periphery in the guise of a newly created classroom subject hanmunkwa.

This thesis details how shifts in the terminology for both Literary Sinitic and the vernacular script, the educational activities of Western missionaries, the abolition of Korea’s traditional civil service examination system, the establishment of a Western-style educational system, the proliferation of new Literary Sinitic teaching materials and methodologies, and the influence of Japan combined at the end of the Chosŏn dynasty to demote the learning and use of Literary Sinitic. Furthermore, this thesis shows that Literary Sinitic’s demise was not simply the collateral damage of a predestined and unavoidable rise of Korea’s native script, but was, by the time of annexation, already a long though still unfinished process.

The reappraisal and demotion of Literary Sinitic in Korea is important for more than merely understanding the precolonial moment in Korea. It is vital to improving our understanding of Korea’s part in the disintegration of a once vibrant East Asian cosmopolitanism, while further exploring the early development of hanmunkwa will also help us apprehend the lingering effects and influences exercised by once transcultured practices, even after those practices are reimagined and reconfigured according to new, nationalized frameworks.

Makalah ini membahas campur kode bahasa Korea ke dalam bahasa Indonesia yang dilakukan oleh orang Indonesia asli. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan bentuk satuan bahasa yang dominan dalam campur kode yang dituturkan oleh ketiga informan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian studi kasus ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif-analistis. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara. Terdapat sumber data primer dan sekunder yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini. Data primer berupa hasil wawancara dengan ketiga informan dan data sekunder berupa buku-buku, tesis, skripsi, kuesioner, serta makalah non seminar atau jurnal. Hasil penelitian studi kasus ini menunjukkan adanya kemunculan campur kode sebanyak 110 kali dalam 64 ujaran informan, yang dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 72 kali berwujud kata, 12 kali berwujud frasa, 5 kali berwujud pengulangan kata, 1 kali berwujud ungkapan, 15 kali berwujud klausa, dan 5 kali berwujud baster. Dari 110 kali kemunculan, satuan yang paling dominan adalah satuan kata. Sampai saat ini, penelitian yang mengkaji tentang campur kode bahasa Korea ke bahasa Indonesia masih langka. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi literatur tambahan yang berkaitan dengan campur kode, khususnya campur kode bahasa Korea dalam tuturan bahasa Indonesia.

Kata Kunci: studi kasus, campur kode bahasa Korea; bahasa Indonesia; baster

Author: EunHee Lee. Series Editors: Jaehoon Yeon and Jae Jung Song. Commissioning Editor: Sajid Rizvi. ISBN 1872843433/9781872843438. The author argues for a discourse-based treatment of the temporal and aspectual categories in Korean through the quantitative analysis of corpus data, providing a systematic semantic analysis of those categories using a dynamic semantic tool, Discourse Representation Theory (Kamp and Reyle, 1993; van Eijck and Kamp, 1997). It represents the first formal discourse-level analysis of the Korean tense and aspect system and makes a valuable contribution not only to the study of Korean linguistics but also to the general linguistics of temporal semantics. In addition to her analysis of tense and aspect, Dr Lee also examines the current research methods of dynamic semantics and the contemporary issues at the forefront of natural language semantics. For ordering info go to saffronbooksandart.net website

These notes are adapted from the book of King Sejong Institute. It contains:
- Dialogs
- Vocabulary words
- Grammar rules
Vocabulary words can be learnt with Quizlet App that I have shared:
https://quizlet.com/42552613/4-10-flash-cards/

1. Introduction
1.1. Number and location of speakers
1.2. Area and population
2. Writing system and romanization
2.1. History
2.2. Consonants
2.2.1. Basic consonant symbols
2.2.2. Modified consonant symbols
2.3. Vowels
2.3.1. Basic vowel symbols
2.3.2. Modified vowel symbols
2.4. Syllable structure
2.5. Romanization systems
2.5.1. Proper nouns
2.5.2. Place names
3. Geographic variation
3.1. Names for Korea(n)
3.2. Dialects
3.3. North vs. South Korean
4. Language contact
4.1. Chinese and Japanese
4.2. Western languages
5. Cultural aspects of language use: honorification
5.1. Pronouns
5.2. Titles
5.3. Speech styles
5.4. Lexicon

This research examines the semantic analyses of the Korean locative particles -ey and -eyse and the Turkish locative particles -(y)A,- dA, -dAn. Specifically, this study proposes a cognitive network model of the locative expressions in Korean and Turkish based on the study of categorization of spatial and non-spatial relationships encoded in both languages, by analyzing written corpora. Utilizing the framework of Cognitive Grammar, I examine how basic spatial concepts, particularly goal, location and source, are described by employing locative particles, how spatial and non-spatial meanings interrelate to each other and what type of grammatical constructions associate with these particles. Contrary to the monosemic account, I claim that the locative particles exhibit a highly polysemous semantic structure in which each distinct sense is systematically related to every other, and their encoded meanings are not random, but conceptually motivated in a systematic manner. Thus, each proposed semantic sense forms a semantic polysemy network organized by a prototypical sense(s) and peripheral senses. I contend that in Korean the locative particle -ey has two prototypical senses, namely the Proto-Goal Sense and the Proto-Location Sense, whereas the locative particle -eyse has only one prototypical sense which is the Proto-Source Sense. In this classification, the distribution of basic spatial concepts such as goal, location and source is considered essential and universally represented in the human conceptual system. In the case of Turkish locative particles, each particle subsumes one prototypical sense; that is, the prototypical sense of the particle -(y)A is the Proto-Goal Sense, the prototypical sense of the particle  -dA is the Proto-Location Sense, and the prototypical sense of the particle      -dAn is the Proto-Source Sense. The prototypical senses of each particle give rise to further meanings in which extended senses occur and derive from spatio-physical human experiences.
This study also aims to provide a comparative study between two SOV languages; Korean and Turkish. This study shows that semantic senses and grammatical constructions display many similarities although there are crucial differences due to the number of particles employed in locative expressions.

These notes are adapted from the book of King Sejong Institute. It contains:
- Dialogs
- Vocabulary words
- Grammar rules
Vocabulary words can be learnt with Quizlet App that I have shared:
http://quizlet.com/42557043/4-5-flash-cards/

Almost twenty years after the publication of this piece, it may be in order to insert a remark: For me, who is (albeit only due to the realities of the Latin alphabet only) listed as the main author of this paper (in fact I did little more than furnish bibliographical data and oversee the historiographical sections of this), the skepticism towards Altaic as a valid genealogical grouping has grown even bigger over the years, and it is, thus, important to note that the final paragraph of this text, which documents my position as of 1998, is more valid today than it was back then. This joint paper was written in its time to forge a bridge between proponents and opponents of the hypothesis, and it took some effort to do so. As such, it may stand, but it is wrong to assume, or to construct from my co-authorship, that I was a "pro-Altaicist" back then and have changed my mind. In fact, the development of the field since the end of the 20th century did anything but mollifying my skepticism toward this, quite on the contrary. My position is, certainly, better reflected in other (single-authored) contributions of mine, as e.g. 'Haupt und Glieder' or 'The poverty of Altaicism'.

--Post scriptum--
Colleagues who find the need to cite this paper and omit my name from the citation, won't do me any harm, but a favour. There are reasons which force me to deeply regret my participation in the publication of this paper, and, most of all, the fact that my name is mentioned first among its authors. I cannot deny having given a hand in this, though, sadly.

본고는 인도네시아어권 학습자가 한국어 자모와 발음을 처음 배울 때 어떤 음소를 발음하기 어려운지, 그리고 어떤 방법으로 한국어 자모와 발음을 익히도록 하는 것이 효과적인지를 살펴보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 한국어와 학습자의 모국어인 인도네시아어의 음소 대조, 한국어와 인도네시아어의 움운 현상에 대한 차 이, 한국어 자모와 발음 교육에 대한 한국어 교육 (교재)의 실태, 그리고 인도네시아어권 학습자를 위한 한국어 자모와 음운변동의 교육방안 등을 중심 논의 대상으로 하였다.

Makalah ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan kesulitan pemelajar penutur bahasa Indonesia ketika pertama kalinya mempelajari abjad Korea dan menyarankan metode pelatihan yang dapat membantu pemelajar tersebut dalam menguasai pelafalan abjad Korea. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, ada tiga hal yang dibahas dalam penulisan makalah ini: pertama, perbandingan fonem bahasa Korea dan bahasa Indonesia. Kedua,  pemaparan bentuk latihan pelafalan yang disajikan dalam buku teks bahasa Korea. Ketiga, metode pengajaran perubahan lafal abjad Korea bagi penutur bahasa Indonesia.

(Makalah ini merupakan tugas akhir mata kuliah 'Pengantar Pendidikan Bahasa Korea, dosen pengampuh: Prof. Park Deok-yu) - Universitas Inha - Korea Selatan

The first attempt at spelling reform in South Korea took place in the early 1950s as the Korean War (1950–53) drew to a close. The subsequent Han’gŭl Crisis is often interpreted as an example of the authoritarianism of President Syngman Rhee (Yi Sŭngman), yet the event also represents a clash of generations between the supporters of the Unified Orthography of 1933 and the previous spelling standard. During the han’gŭl simplification debates, the legacies of Chu Sigyŏng (1876–1914) and Pak Sŭngbin (1880–1943) reemerged as their followers continued a contentious linguistic debate that stretched back into the colonial period. The event ended as a victory for the Unified Orthography of 1933, but several ambiguous questions remain for further investigation. Ultimately, behind the claims of “scientific rationalism” in the current han’gŭl spelling are the forgotten memories of linguistic activism and the difficulties in uniting divergent linguistic practices in post-Liberation Korean society.

These notes are adapted from the book of King Sejong Institute. It contains:
- Dialogs
- Vocabulary words
- Grammar rules
Vocabulary words can be learnt with Quizlet App that I have shared:
https://quizlet.com/42554054/4-13-flash-cards/

Author: Minju Kim. Series Editors: Jaehoon Yeon and Jae Jung Song. ISBN 9781872843926 PB. Cross-linguistically, verbs denoting existence have been one of the most fertile sources for the development of grammatical markers (e.g., English “be”). In the history of the Korean language as well, the verb is(i)- (the old form of iss-) has participated in the emergence of eleven different grammatical markers, including past tense/anterior -ess-, progressive -ko iss-, resultative -e iss-, connectives -ese “and”, “since”, -kose “and”, and -myense “while”, subject marker -kkeyse and four locative particles (“at”, “from”). This book analyzes diachronic and synchronic corpus data of Korean, and investigates the multiple developmental pathways of the Korean existential verb is(i)- with cross-linguistic perspectives. This is the first book on Korean grammaticalization written in English. Additional materials about this book will be uploaded here, please revisit or Follow.