Beycesultan

The land Purušhanda was connected with the Luwian culture and religion. It appears to be a part of the Land of Luwiya. This book describes three phases of the history of the kingdom:  the rise of a kingdom, the great kingdom and Purušhanda as a principality under the realm of Hattusha.

SUMMARY: Lecture 4 examines the Chalcolithic period in Anatolia, including trends, with more focus on Southeast Anatolia. This lecture is designed mainly as an educational resource for college students (i.e., normally posted only on my institution's course website), the public (e.g., people auditing my course), and interested colleagues from other disciplines (to whom I provide copies privately).  I am posting it here, both as a broader access, educational tool, and especially to promote the study of this region and its past societies.  For further knowledge about this region and period, I refer interested parties to the textbooks and other sources from which the materials were extracted (see syllabus), and/or the bibliographies in these works and my online resource guides (see other files in my academia folders).  The lecture summarizes the pertinent materials in the course textbook(s), adding in other data, and furnishing numerous images to clarify information encountered within the textbook(s).  Some generic imagery (usually indicated as such) is posted to aid in transmitting various concepts visually, and/or when a specific image remains not located (temporarily).  I update and revise such lectures each time, with such elective courses normally being taught once every two years.  I try to cover the most current, mainstream views, and usually place summary notes at the end of each lecture alongside some of the key sources used for compiling the ppt.  Over time, each lecture is improved, errors rectified, and additional data placed within the lecture.  These ppt. lectures take many hours to compile, but they have proved useful to many of my more serious students and I hope they can be of benefit to others as well.  My apologies for any errors I may have made, and my liberal usage of educational imagery from professional sources and vetted internet sources. REVISED: Jan. 2024: More images, new slides and text, and selected sources,

The renewed excavations at Beycesultan, directed by Eşref Abay, led to the collection of ten C-14 samples from layers 5b-5a/II-Ib. Their analyses now steer to a re-evaluation of Beycesultan's Late Bronze Age chronology. This alternative dating of the Late Bronze Age layers has major repercussions for the interpretation of the site. Using the Hittite texts, it is now possible to contextualize the site in a wider geo-political framework vis-à-vis Arzawa and Hatti. What is more, a big percentage of the 24 newly introduced pottery shapes of layer 5a/Ib are now synchronous with ceramic styles in the Hittite core region. Furthermore, it can be shown that the fire that destroyed layer 5b/II can now be plausibly placed in the period of the Old Hittite kingdom-and it may thus reflect a military advance under the rule of Ḫattušili I.

The beginning of the Anatolian Early Bronze Age (EB I-3400-3000 BC), roughly contemporary with the Late Uruk period in Mesopotamia, is marked by the rise of small kingodms whose exact character is not clearly definable because of the absence of writing. In this period, the cultural settings of the Anatolian Peninsula are rather varied and seem at least in part to reflect the large range of environmental diversity across the region, and the numerous imposing mountain ranges that act as natural barriers to interaction. Decades of research on pottery analysis have contributed to broadly define geo-cultural groups whose boundaries often coincide with major natural borders. This paper aims at presenting new evidence on one of these cultural groups, the "Pisidia/Lakes Region", through the chrono-typological and spatial distribution analysis of ceramic assemblages from ca 40 years of survey projects in the area. During Pisidia/Lake District survey, red or black brilliantly burnished, thin walled and shallow fluted pottery and amphorae characterizing the Beycesultan EBA culture was discovered for the first time in the region. Furthermore a comparison is made to other better-known cultural groups, and with stratified contexts from excavated sites in the western Anatolia including for instance Manisa-Gavurtepe, Beycesultan and Küllüoba. Brilliantly black burnished shallow fluted pottery from Manisa-Gavurtepe"s early phases sign to the western border of Beycesultan EBA I culture. In addition to this, few examples of same type of pottery from Küllüoba excavations shows that, Beycesultan EBA I culture has also relations with northern regions.

yerleşimlerinin yayınlanmış tüm ve tüme yakın 1210 seramiği biçimsel özellikleri ve tipolojik farklılıklar ile benzerlikleri bakımından incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı, söz konusu seramiklerin özelliklerinin ve gelişiminin ayrıntılı olarak incelenmesi ve yerleşimler arası benzerlik ve farklılıklarının olup olmadığını saptamaktır. Bu çalışma kapsamında Batı Anadolu Erken Tunç Çağı tüm ve tüme yakın seramiklerinin genel tipoloji kataloğu oluşturulmuştur. Yayınlar doğrultusunda yapılan tipoloji kataloğu ile yerleşimlerin dönemsel olarak Erken Tunç Çağı I, Erken Tunç Çağı II ve Erken Tunç Çağı III olmak üzere seramiklerdeki yenilikler ve gelişen kap formları ortaya konulmuştur. Söz konusu seramiklerin stratigrafik olarak yerleri karşılaştırmalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

SUMMARY: Lecture 7 summarizes the Early Bronze Age in Anatolia, beginning with the Secondary Products Revolution, copper working, and the nature of EB I-II and EB III occupation across different parts of Anatolia. This lecture is designed mainly as an educational resource for college students (i.e., normally posted only on my institution's course website), the public (e.g., people auditing my course), and interested colleagues from other disciplines (to whom I provide copies privately).  I am posting it here, both as a broader access, educational tool, and especially to promote the study of this region and its past societies.  For further knowledge about this region and period, I refer interested parties to the textbooks and other sources from which the materials were extracted (see syllabus), and/or the bibliographies in these works and my online resource guides (see other files in my academia folders).  The lecture summarizes the pertinent materials in the course textbook(s), adding in other data, and furnishing numerous images to clarify information encountered within the textbook(s).  Some generic imagery (usually indicated as such) is posted to aid in transmitting various concepts visually, and/or when a specific image remains not located (temporarily).  I update and revise such lectures each time, with such elective courses normally being taught once every two years.  I try to cover the most current, mainstream views, and usually place summary notes at the end of each lecture alongside some of the key sources used for compiling the ppt.  Over time, each lecture is improved, errors rectified, and additional data placed within the lecture.  These ppt. lectures take many hours to compile, but they have proved useful to many of my more serious students and I hope they can be of benefit to others as well.  My apologies for any errors I may have made, and my liberal usage of educational imagery from professional sources and vetted internet sources. REVISED: New formatting, some text revisions, a few new images (Feb., 2024).

SUMMARY: Lecture 11 provides a summary of MB Age Anatolia, including the Assyrian trade with Kultepe-Kanesh  (bringing textiles, tin, & other items), and secondary Assyrian merchant trade (especially transporting copper) across Anatolia, connecting other Anatolian city-states; discusses Indo-Europeans. This lecture is designed mainly as an educational resource for college students (i.e., normally posted only on my institution's course website), the public (e.g., people auditing my course), and interested colleagues from other disciplines (to whom I provide copies privately).  I am posting it here, both as a broader access, educational tool, and especially to promote the study of this region and its past societies.  For further knowledge about this region and period, I refer interested parties to the textbooks and other sources from which the materials were extracted (see syllabus), and/or the bibliographies in these works and my online resource guides (see other files in my academia folders).  The lecture summarizes the pertinent materials in the course textbook(s), adding in other data, and furnishing numerous images to clarify information encountered within the textbook(s).  Some generic imagery (usually indicated as such) is posted to aid in transmitting various concepts visually, and/or when a specific image remains not located (temporarily).  I update and revise such lectures each time, with such elective courses normally being taught once every two years.  I try to cover the most current, mainstream views, and usually place summary notes at the end of each lecture alongside some of the key sources used for compiling the ppt.  Over time, each lecture is improved, errors rectified, and additional data placed within the lecture.  These ppt. lectures take many hours to compile, but they have proved useful to many of my more serious students and I hope they can be of benefit to others as well.  My apologies for any errors I may have made, and my liberal usage of educational imagery from professional sources and vetted internet sources. REVISED Feb. 2024: Some new images, slides, text, revisions, formatting, and added sources.