Western Anatolia

Antik yerleşimlerin Roma Dönemi tabakalarında, kırmızı renkte kilden ve kırmızı renkte parlak astarlı, kalıpta ya da çarkta yapılmış, kabartmalı bezemeli ya da bezemesiz seramikler sıklıkla bulunmaktadır. İlk yapılan çalışmalarda Arezzo ya da Arretine Seramiği olarak anılmış, fakat sonraları diğer antik yerleşimlerde de sıklıkla bulunduğu saptanarak, ilerleyen çalışmalarda Terra Sigillata olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Günümüzde, Geç Roma Dönemi’nde üretilen kırmızı renkli seramikler için Kırmızı Astarlı terimi yaygınlaşmıştır. Son yıllarda ilerleyen çalışmalarla, Roma Dönemi’nin bu karakteristik seramikleri Anadolu’daki çok sayıda yerleşimde bulunmuş ve yayınlanmıştır. Antik Batı Anadolu’nun önemli Ion kentlerinden biri olan Phokaia, bu karakteristik seramik grubunun üretim merkezlerinden biridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Phokaia Sahil Yolu kazısında bulunan Kırmızı Astarlı seramiklerini tipolojik ve kronolojik olarak incelemek ve kil analizlerini sunmaktır.
In the Roman Period layers of the ancient settlements, there are often ceramics with or without relief decoration, made of red clay and bright red slip, made in molds or on wheels. In the first studies, it was referred to as Arezzo or Arretine Ceramics, but it was later determined that it was frequently found in other ancient settlements and was named Terra Sigillata in later studies. Today, the term Red Slip has become widespread for red colored ceramics produced in the Late Roman Period. With the progress of studies in recent years, these characteristic ceramics of the Roman Period have been found and published in many settlements in Anatolia. Phokaia, one of the important Ionian cities of ancient Western Anatolia, is one of the production centers of this characteristic ceramic group. The aim of this study is to examine the Red Slip Ware found in the the Coastal Road excavation of Phokaia, typologically and chronologically, and to present their clay analysis.

This study was undertaken with the aim of examining the soil-plant interactions of Cistus creticus L. and Cistus salviifolius L. in West Anatolia. The soil analysis data showed that these plants grow in different kinds of soils with sandy-clayey-loam, clayey-loam and loamy texture. The soils in general are not saline but are moderately and slightly alkaline, being rich in nitrogen and having a low level of phosphorus and potassium. They are unaffected by the calcium carbonate content in soils. A negative relation was observed in C. creticus after regression analysis between plant calcium and soil phosphorus, plant calcium and soil salts, but a positive relation between plant calcium and soil calcium carbonate. In C. salviifolius, there was a positive relation between plant calcium and soil pH.

This  study  aims  to  put  forth  soil-plant  interactions  of  Arbutus  andrachne  and  Arbutus unedo  in  West  Anatolia.  Soil  analysis  showed  that  these  taxa  grow  on  different  kinds  of  soils  with  sandy-clayey-loam,  clayey-loam,  and  loamy  textures.  Soils  in  general  are  not  saline  but  neutral,  slightly  to  moderately  alkaline,  moderate  to  rich  in  nitrogen,  and  have  low  levels  of  phosphorus  and  potassium.  The  soils  differ  in  their  calcium  carbonate  content.  Regression  analysis  showed  a  negative  relationship  between  plant  potassium  and  total  soluble  soil  salts,  plant  potassium  and  soil  nitrogen,  but  a  positive  relationship  between  plant  calcium  and  soil  potassium in A. unedo. In A. andrachne a positive relationship exists between plant calcium and soil potassium.

Introduction of my master's degree thesis, whose purpose is to investigate the possible anatolian origin of the Greek epic poetry represented by the Homeric poems. Inside the Introduction I also offer my vision upon the Homeric question. Thanks to my mentors, professor A. Rodighiero and professor F. Giusfredi.

Mondros Ateşkes Anlaşması ile Büyük Millet Meclisi'nin Ankara'da açılmasına dek geçen döneme "Kongreler Dönemi" denilmektedir ve Türk milletinin Kurtuluş Savaşından başarıyla çıkmasında bu sürecin kuşkusuz büyük rolü bulunmaktadır. Batı Anadolu'daki kongrelerin ve yerel direniş örgütlenmelerinin ana hedefi ise bölgede gerçekleşen Yunan işgalidir. 15 Mayıs 1919 yılında İzmir'de karaya çıkan Yunan kuvvetleri, Anadolu'nun içlerine doğru üç koldan ilerlemişlerdir: Ayvalık ve Balıkesir'den Bursa'ya dek uzanan bölge kuzey hattını; İtalyan işgal bölgesinin yukarısında bulunan, Büyük Menderes nehrini takip eden ve Aydın'dan Nazilli'ye doğru uzanan alan güney hattını; bu iki bölge arasında kalan Manisa, Kasaba ve Alaşehir boyunca uzanan hat ise üçüncü hattı oluşturmuştur. Bu üç hat boyunca ilerleyen Yunan kuvvetlerine karşı direnişte büyük önem arz eden Balıkesir, Nazilli ve Alaşehir Kongrelerinin ve buralardaki yerel faaliyetlerin örgütlenmesinde bürokrat sınıfından gelen Hacim Muhiddin Bey, öne çıkan bir isim olarak tarihteki yerini almıştır.

Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Arşivlerinden edinilen materyalin, ikinci el kaynaklarla birlikte yeniden yorumu olan bu çalışma, Hacim Muhittin Beyin Yunan işgaline karşı bahsi geçen üç cephedeki faaliyetlerini ve onun Batı Anadolu yerel örgütlenmelerdeki önemi üzerine değerlendirmeleri içermektedir.

The period from the Mondros Armistice Agreement to the opening of the National Assembly in Ankara is called "Congresses Period", the role of which was undoubtedly great in the Turkish War of Independence. The main objectives of the congresses and the national forces in western Anatolia were the Greek invasion that took place in this region. The Greek forces landing on İzmir on 15 May 1919 expanded the invasion using three main directions: The northern line from Ayvalık and Balıkesir to Bursa; the southern line following the Menderes River from Aydın to Nazilli, which is also border of Italian zone; and the third line between these two from Manisa and Kasaba to Alaşehir. Hacim Muhiddin, as a member of bureaucracy was a prominent name in history, due to his great efforts in the organization of the local forces and the Congresses in Balıkesir, Nazilli and Alaşehir that played important roles in the resistance against the Greek troops moving ahead along these three lines.

This paper which is a kind of a re-review of the materials in the Ottoman and Republican Archives with second-hand sources, evaluates the activities of Hacim Muhiddin against the Greek occupation in the aforementioned three fronts and his cruciality in local organizations in Western Anatolia.

The subject of this study is to examine the architectural and spatial characteristics of the ruins of a building in the city of Mylasa located at Ancient Caria in Southwest Anatolia. The building is situated on a plain approximately five kilometers North of Mylasa. Because the remain of the building had not been the subject of comprehensive investigation, its function and the type of settlement where it belongs were unknown. In this study, it is referred as ‘Kale Mevkii Building (Yapısı)’ and its current location vis-a-vis ancient settlements has been shown on the map of Caria.

From Kale Mevkii Yapısı, only four piers forming a square space are extant today. The exterior walls of this spatial unit do not survive, while the remains suggest that the square unit was covered by a dome. The surviving spatial unit is not the only space of the building. The remains of walls at the ground level suggest that this space extended into multiple directions. However, the form of these additional interior units could not be precisely determined due to the poor state of preservation and the modern construction impeding further analysis. Therefore, it is not possible to suggest a plan type for remains. Instead, the building is evaluated in comparison to the other buildings having similar spatial features. The surviving piers and the parts which are extant a little above the springing of the dome have been documented in the field by means of scaled drawings. Building materials such as stone, brick, and mortar and the techniques employed in construction have been examined. These materials and construction techniques are associated with those employed in Western Anatolia, starting with the Roman domination until the Early Byzantine period.

Thus, through architectural comparisons of the Kale Mevkii Yapısı with similar structures, this thesis intends to offer suggestions regarding the function of the building and the period in which it was built.

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Bu çalışmanın konusu, Anadolu’nun güneybatısındaki Antik Karya bölgesinin Mylasa kentinde yer alan bir yapıya ait kalıntıların mimari ve mekânsal özellikler bağlamında incelenmesi üzerinedir. Yapı, Mylasa kentinin yaklaşık 5 km kuzeyinde bulunan bir ova üzerinde yer almaktadır. Yapı hakkında daha önce kapsamlı bir araştırma yapılmadığı için, işlevi ve ne tür bir yerleşim alanının parçası olduğu kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Ancak yapı, çalışma içerisinde ‘Kale Mevkii Yapısı’ olarak adlandırılmış ve mevcut konumu Antik yerleşimlere göre belirlenerek Karya haritası üzerinde gösterilmiştir.

Kale Mevkii Yapısı’ndan günümüze yalnızca dört tane taşıyıcı ayak ulaşmıştır. Bu ayakların kare bir mekân oluşturacak şekilde bir araya geldikleri gözlemlenmektedir. Bu mekânın dış duvarları günümüzde mevcut olmamakla beraber, kubbe formunda bir örtü sistemine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu kare mekân yapıdaki tek mekân değildir; zemin kotta yer alan bazı duvar kalıntıları, mekânın başka alanlara genişlediğini göstermektedir. Ancak, genişleyen bu alanlar yaşanmış olan yıkımlar ve günümüzdeki modern yapılar sebebiyle belirlenemediğinden, yapının plan tipolojisi tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Bu sebeple, çalışma içerisinde, yapının genişleyen alanları da göz önünde bulundurularak, benzer mekânsal özellikleri bulunan yapılar ile birlikte ele alınmıştır. Taşıyıcı ayakların ve örtü sistemi başlangıcının detaylı rölöve çizimi yapılarak, inşada kullanılan taş, tuğla ve harç belgelenmiş ve inşa teknikleri sunulmuştur. Bu malzeme kullanımı ve inşa teknikleri, Batı Anadolu’da Roma hâkimiyeti ile başlayan ve Erken Bizans dönemine dek sürdürülmüş kullanım ve teknikler ile ilişkilendirilmiştir.

Böylece, bu tez kapsamında, Kale Mevkii Yapısı’nın, sahip olduğu mimari özellikleri üzerinden benzer yapılarla karşılaştırılarak, inşa edilmiş olabileceği dönem aralığı ve işlevi hakkında önerilerin yer aldığı bir çalışma sunulmuştur.

Bu çalışma, 15. ve 16. yüzyıllarda Bolu sancağına atanan sancakbeylerine odaklanmıştır. 1460-1596 tarihleri arasında Bolu'ya tayin edilen sancakbeylerinin kimlikleri, tespit edilebildiği kadarıyla atanma tarihleri, gelirleri ile görevden ayrılış tarihleri verilmiştir. Anadolu Beylerbeyliği altında klasik biçimde teşkilatlandırılmış Bolu'nun idarecileri arasında İsfendiyaroğlu (Candaroğlu) Beyliği hânedanına mensup kişiler bulunmaktadır. Sancakta görev yapmış sancakbeyleri içerisinde en uzun süreli görev yapan kimseler bu aileye mensuplardır. İncelenen 136 yıllık sürecin 63 yılında hâkimiyet kuran bu aile, siyâsî varlıkları sona erse bile Osmanlı hâkimiyeti altında ve Osmanlı sultanlarının hizmetinde eski sahip oldukları coğrafyada hüküm sürmeye devam etmişlerdir. 15. yüzyılda İsmail Bey'in oğlu Hasan Bey 1 yıl, Kızıl Ahmed Bey 18 yıl, oğlu Mirza Mehmed Bey 12 yıl olmak üzere toplamda 31 yıl yönetimde kalmışlardır. 16. yüzyılda ise aynı aileden 5 kişi toplamda 32 yıl Bolu sancakbeyi olarak hizmet etmişlerdir. Osmanlı hânedanından iki kişi burada sancakbeyliği görevinde bulunduğundan dolayı Bolu, ikinci derece şehzâde sancağı statüsündedir. Araştırmada Osmanlı Arşivi, Atatürk Kitaplığı Muallim Cevdet Yazmaları ve Vakıf Kayıtlar Arşivi'nden belgeler kullanılmıştır.

Abstract
This study focused on the sancakbeys who appointed to the Bolu sanjak in the 15th and 16th centuries. The identities of the sanjakbeys ruling Bolu between 1460-1596, their appointment dates, their incomes and dates of departure from duty as far as can be determined are given. There are people from the İsfendiyaroğlu Principality dynasty among the administrators of Bolu, which was classically organized under the Anatolian Beylerbeylik. Among the sancakbeys, the people served the longest in Bolu are members of this family. This family, which became the ruler in 63 years of the 136-year process in Bolu, continued to rule in the
region under the Ottoman domination and in the service of the Ottoman Sultans, even if the political existence of their principality ended. During the 15th century, Bolu had ruled by Isfendiyarids for totally 31 years including Hasan Bey, son of İsmail Bey 1 year, Kizil Ahmed Bey 18 years, and his son Mirza Mehmed Bey 12 years. In the 16th century, 5 people from the same family served as the sancakbeyi of Bolu for a total of 32 years. Since two people from the Ottoman dynasty served as sanjakbeyi here, so Bolu became a second degree prince sanjak. In the research, documents from the Ottoman Archive, Atatürk Library Muallim Cevdet Manuscripts and Foundation Records Archive were used.

The paper offers a revision of some problematic points concerning the historical geography of western Anatolia around 1400-1250 BC as reflected in Hittite texts. The first part (§§1-4) puts forward linguistic and historical arguments against the common association of Gar(a)giša/ Gargiya with Caria, arguing instead for a location in the central Troad and possible connection with Gergithes, also touching upon the question of composition and extent of the so-called ‘Assuwa coalition’. The second part (§§5-6) discusses the historical geography of the LBA Caria, revising some old and offering new identifications of toponyms. In particular, it is argued that Waliwanda cannot be equated with Alabanda (instead = Polybotos); that the toponymic cluster Attarima, Hu(wa)rsanassa, Suruda and Ama[...] is connected with the Carian Chersonesos; that Mudamudassa is possibly identical with Medmasos (rather than Mylasa) and Ura with Uranion. As a conclusion, the questions of the original extent of Arzawa and the chronology of the Hittite involvement in western Anatolia are addressed.

The 19th century is an important historical period in the World in which political, economic, social and technological developments are experienced. In particular, the development of transport and communication technologies has brought societies closer. However, new ideas of thought that emerged after the French Revolution had affected societies and shaken the empires. In this period, though the societies and cultures became closer to each other, the boundaries between the countries became more apparent as a requirement of states' central authority empowerment policies. Passports and travel permits were being used more systematically to prevent people from traveling or migrating without a reason.
Western Anatolia, which is home to many important centers for Christians, is a very popular area for foreigners, both religiously, culturally and commercially. The notes that the travelers took, at that time, provide us with many important clues about the region where the people living there. In this context, the observations and thoughts written by the Western travelers about the Armenians, which are a long history of more than five hundred years in Western Anatolia, are very important both for Armenian and Western Anatolian histories.
For centuries, Armenians have lived faithful to their state under Turkish domination. A number of groups with an innumerable contribution to the Ottoman society have been made foreign to their congregations and then to their states, with the provocations of European imperialist powers during the distribution of the empire.
In this study, the Armenians in 19th century was examined through the eyes of travelers under the headings of population, culture, education and economics.

Ancient hydriai made from bronze or other precious materials occupy an important place within the field of toreutic studies. These vessels, in addition to their principal purpose of holding liquids, were also preferred as containers for the ashes of the deceased, and so were placed in the graves of ancient Greeks in significant quantities mostly in the Archaic but also in the Classical period.
Present-day Turkey, ancient Asia Minor, has supplied a vast assemblage of a range of toreutic vessels from various eras of antiquity. In 2012 a new addition was made to this assemblage with the discovery of an exceptional bronze hydria in the necropolis of the ancient Aeolian city of Kyme. Carefully produced and richly adorned with a relief plaquette of Dionysos and Silenus, this vessel was first published several years after its discovery. However, it has yet to receive a full treatment, including a detailed comparison with other examples. This paper aims to rectify this situation by “re-identifying” the Kyme hydria through a wide-ranging study. Firstly, the vessel will be re-evaluated in terms of its find context, including assessment of the other finds recovered from the same tomb. There follows a detailed typological analysis in which analogies are drawn with contemporary metal vessels. This will help both to challenge the previously suggested use, production technique and date and to identify the possible origin of this vessel. Last but not least, comments are made on how this exceptional hydria might have found its way to Kyme and the significance of this within the wider world of Greek toreutics.

Keywords: Kyme; hydria; Dionysos; Silenus; late 4th century BC

This dissertation explores the extent to which Persian policies in the western satrapies originated from the provincial capitals in the Anatolian periphery rather than from the royal centers in the Persian heartland in the fifth century BC. I begin by establishing that the Persian administrative apparatus was a product of a grand reform initiated by Darius I, which was aimed at producing a more uniform and centralized administrative infrastructure. In the following chapter I show that the provincial administration was embedded with chancellors, scribes, secretaries and military personnel of royal status and that the satrapies were periodically inspected by the Persian King or his loyal agents, which allowed to central authorities to monitory the provinces. In chapter three I delineate the extent of satrapal authority, responsibility and resources, and conclude that the satraps were supplied with considerable resources which enabled to fulfill the duties of their office. After the po...

This paper reconsiders the emergence of an iconographic formula in the context of Western Anatolia in the sixth and fifth centuries BC, which came later to be termed the 'Funerary Banquet' or 'Totenmahl'. Consisting usually of a single  male shown in a 'sympotic' context (reclining on a kline, with drinking service), flanked by attendants and often accompanied by a female consort, this formula is known earlier, and elsewhere, but the standarisation of the image type as a funerary motif at this juncture is notable. The paper addresses why this phenomenon occurred there and then, and whether there were specific meanings associated with it. It argues that the motif emerged in a context of heightened competition in drinking culture in both the Achaemenid Empire and the late Archaic Aegean zone. While the 'funerary banquets' of Western Anatolia never displayed overt signs of eschatological significance, its ambiguity meant that it was particularly resonant in funerary contexts, and could accommodate multiple explanations on the part of viewers, encouraging investment with funerary meaning which eventually affected its further trajectory in later periods. (See also Introduction of the volume for general discussion of the 'funerary banquet' motif in ancient art and its interpretation.)

The main aims of this article are threefold. It initially seeks to address two popular
misconceptions frequently found in crusade histories and general histories of the Byzantine empire concerning the Turkish invasion and settlement of western Anatolia after the battle of Mantzikert in 1071. The article maintains that blurring the distinctions between the Seljuk Turks of Rum and the tribes of pastoral nomads or rather transhumants who came to be known as Türkmens or Turcomans is incorrect. The oft-repeated assumption that the Seljuk Turks of Baghdad oversaw the Turkish conquest of Anatolia is addressed when tracing the unstructured nature of the Turkish migration and the subsequent lack of unity amongst the invaders. After providing the context of the Turkish settlement in western Anatolia, the article throws new light on the relative ease with which the armies of the First Crusade traversed the Anatolian plateau and Byzantine forces compelled the speedy capitulation of Turkish towns and territories along the western coastal plains and
river valleys of Anatolia in 1097 and 1098 respectively.

Publicated By: Nihat Tekdemir                                                                                                           

Editors: Havva İşkan-Erkan Dündar

Coordinators: Nihat Tekdemir- Şennur Şentürk                                                                                                                                                                                     

Redaction: Derya Önder-Merete Çakmak                                                                                     

http://kitap.ykykultur.com.tr/kitaplar/lukkadan-lykiaya-sarpedon-ve-aziz-nikolaosun-ulkesi-from-lukka-to-lycia-the-land-of-sarpedon-and-st-nicholas


The Lycian Civilization is the product of
an ancient Anatolian people known as the
Lukka. The traces of this people, who spoke a
language related to Luwian, have now been
dated as far back as the prehistoric period
by recent research, which constitutes another
important step towards understanding the
history of Anatolia. The Lukka people fought
with the Hittites against Ramses II in the
Battle of Qadeš, while the Lycians became the
symbol of the Anatolian peoples when, led by
Sarpedon, they came to the aid of the Trojans
in the epic poem The Iliad and thus left their
mark on history.
With its uniquely distinctive culture, Lycia is
one of the best known and investigated regions
of Anatolia. Roughly coinciding with today’s
Teke Peninsula, this rugged geography isolated
Lycia from the surrounding cultural zones,
thus allowing it to compile an impressive
cultural inventory of its own.
The book you are holding in your hands
attempts to introduce this extraordinary
civilization to the reader through the latest
findings and scientific approach by
the experts in thefield.
Tyberissos

In the course of the 3 rd millennium BC a higher social class differentiated itself for the first time in Western Ana-tolia and the Aegean islands from the rest of the society through the medium of settlement planning and the systematic use of personal luxury goods. Monumental architecture, specialized craftsmanship, administrative practices, regular caravan routes, and a wide range of trade goods were among the major innovations, which can be regarded as indications of an urbanization process in those regions, particularly during the second half of the 3 rd millennium BC. While Western Anatolia and the Aegean islands underwent such an urbanization process, settlement patterns in the Balkan Peninsula remained unaffected from those developments. Some ideological elements, however, seem to have reached at least as far as the Thracian Plain in northwestern direction, implying a connection between Aegeo-Anatolia and the Balkans, based upon individual groups rather than on regular caravan routes. Thus, the present paper deals with the similarities, as well as the differences of Western Anatolia, the Aegean islands, Thrace, and Western Balkans, regarding social patterns displayed on architecture, settlement layout, and personal wealth, with a special focus on the question of urbanization.

This paper addresses the cultural translation of some exotica – selected valuable objects that were brought from the south Aegean or even more distant areas to Troy, Beşik-Tepe and Greek Macedonia mainly during the Late Bronze Age. The discussion will focus on jewellery and seals made of carnelian, steatite and bone. Such foreign goods, often labelled as imports, are usually objects with complicated histories. These histories began with acquisition, then went through various forms of ownership and display, and finally ended with release, all while simultaneously undergoing a process of domestication and 'de-exotification'. Release, especially an intentional release such as in the case of burial goods, treasures and cult deposits, is discussed comprehensively since these are the best-documented cases of interaction between things and people in the area of the north Aegean. Also discussed is the phenomenon of copying as a complicated procedure of appropriation, as well as the case of rejection of ornaments and symbolism.

Öz
Prof. Dr. Zeynep Mercangöz (Emekli) başkanlığında, Aydın İli, Kuşadası İlçesi’ndeki Kadıkalesi/
Anaia’da 2001 yılında başlayan kazı çalışmaları devam etmektedir. Kuşadası’nda, Davutlar sahilinde
konumlanan bu savunma yapısında gerçekleştirilen kazı çalışmaları sonucunda anıtsal bir kilise
yapısı ve çevresindeki işlikler ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Kazı çalışmaları sonucunda elde edilen zengin
buluntu çeşitliliği, Anaia’nın yüzyıllar boyunca kesintisiz olarak kullanılan bir yerleşim merkezi
olduğunu göstermektedir. Ortaçağ dönemi kaynaklarında Anaia’nın, Batı Anadolu bölgesinin
önemli ticari liman merkezlerinden biri olduğundan bahsedilmektedir. Anaia’da gerçekleştirilen
kazı çalışmalarında elde edilen zengin buluntu çeşitliliği dönemin bilgilerini desteklemektedir.
Çalışmamızda, Kadıkalesi/Anaia kazısı sikke buluntuları arasından, ön yüzlerinde Meryem
Hagiosoritissa betimi bulunan iki adet trakhea tanıtılacaktır. Çalışmamızda incelenen diğer
bakır sikke grubunu ise ön yüzlerinde Daniel Aslanlar İninde betiminin bulunduğu yedi adet
trakhea oluşturmaktadır. Bizans sikke ikonografisinde Daniel Aslanlar İninde betiminin ilk kez
Palaiologoslar Döneminde kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. II. Andronikos Palaiologos iktidarında
basılan trakhea biriminin ön yüzünde yer alan Daniel Aslanlar İninde tasviri nadir bir ikonografik
tiptir. Bu betimin, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun 1453 yılında yıkılışına kadar hüküm süren bir başka
imparatorun döneminde basılan sikkelerdeki varlığına dair bir örnek bulunamamıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Sikke, Trakhy, İkonografi, Anaia, Palaiologos, Bizans İmparatorluğu.

Abstract
Excavations at Kadıkalesi / Anaia under the direction of Prof. Dr. Zeynep Mercangöz has
started in 2001. During the excavation work at Davutlar coast in Kuşadası in a defense structure
a monumental church and several workshops were unearthed. Th e evidence obtained from
the large variety of excavation fi nds reveals that Anaia had been inhabited for many centuries.
* Prof. Dr. Ceren Ünal, Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Sanat Tarihi
Bölümü, Bizans Sanatı Anabilim Dalı, Manisa. E-posta: cerenunalcbu@gmail.com
Orcid no: 0000-0002-1563-735X.
Seleucia XII, 2022, 53-68
ISSN 2148-4120
http://www.seleuciadergisi.com
Makale Geliş | Received: 10 Şubat 2022
Makale Kabul | Accepted: 30 Nisan 2022
54
Ceren Ünal
Medieval sources mention Anaia as one of the important commercial harbours of Western
Anatolia. Medieval fi nds from the excavations at Anaia support this assumption. In this study,
among the coin fi nds from the Kadıkalesi/Anaia excavations, two trachy coins depicting “Virgin
Hagiosoritissa” will be discussed. Another group of seven copper coins that will be examined in
this study compose of seven trachy coins portraying “Daniel in the Lions’ Den” on their obverse’s.
In the Byzantine coinage iconography, the portrayal of “Daniel in the Lions’ Den” was initially
used in the Palaiologos Era. Th e portrayal of “Daniel in the Lions’ Den” on the obverse of the
trachy which was minted during the reign of Andronicus II Palaiologos is a rare iconographic
type. No parallels of this representation on coins were existing until the fall of the Byzantine
Empire in 1453.
Keywords: coin, trachy, iconography, Anaia, Palaeologos, Byzantine Empire.

“Erken Tunç Çağı’nda Doğudan Batıya Köprü: Çukurova” konulu bu çalışmada, Batı Anadolu’da son yıllarda yapılan kazılar sonucunda ortaya konan yeni bilgiler ışığında bu dönem ilişkileri yeniden değerlendirilmiştir.
ETÇ I’de, Bölge daha çok Kuzey Suriye-Mezopotamya ve İç Anadolu ile ilişkili olup, bu dönemde benzer birkaç örnek dışında Batı Anadolu ile ilişkiler net değildir. ETÇ II’de, Batı Anadolu, iç Anadolu, Amanoslar’ın doğusu, Amuk, Fırat, Kuzey Suriye, Mezopotamya, Levant, Kıbrıs ve Girit ile ilişkilerinin olduğu, bölgenin öneminin daha da arttığı ve Tarsus’un bu dönemde ticarette söz sahibi bir merkez halini aldığı anlaşılmaktadır.
ETÇ III’te ise kültürel anlamda çok büyük değişimler olmuştur. Batı Anadolu’ya özgü çark yapımı tabak, depas, tankard, çift kulplu fincan ve gaga ağızlı testi gibi çanakçömlek malzemeleri yanı sıra mimaride de megaron tipi yapılar ortaya çıkmıştır.
Çukurova Bölgesi’nin Batı Anadolu ile ilişkilerinin sadece Troya ile sınırlı olmadığı, sahil kesimde yer alan Liman Tepe, Bakla Tepe ve iç batı Anadolu’da Küllüoba ve Seyitömer gibi yerleşimler ile de ilişki olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Başta Küllüoba olmak üzere bazı yerleşimlerde de Çukurova ve Kuzey Suriye’ye özgü malzemenin ele geçmesi bu ilişkinin sadece tek yönlü olmayıp, her iki yönden olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Tüm bu ilişkiler, her iki bölge arasındaki kronoloji sorunlarının çözümüne
de yardım edecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Erken Tunç Çağı, Çukurova, Batı Anadolu, Ege.