Biobased Lubricant

This article presents the experimental findings for the contact pressure, anti-wear, and extreme pressure properties of engine oils fortified with 2% of Lupromax EA Sulfurized Ester using Portable Timken Load Machine adopting a compound leverage ratio of 1:25.89

Mineral oils, chemically synthesized emulsifiers, and additives are the basic ingredients of commercially available metal working fluids. Its application in metal cutting have earned widespread acceptance all over the world. However, their harmful effects on the environment and life threatening health hazards to workers are of great concern and calls for a better alternative. In this present study a green metalworking fluid / green cutting fluid (GCF) was formulated and the performance was evaluated comparing with the commercial metal working fluid (COM) used in industries for machining processes. The obtained eco-friendly formulation has material properties equivalent to the commercial formulation without any environmental hazard. GCF is comparable to COM in corrosion prevention, inhibition of microbial growth and other machining processes. It was reported that vegetable oil based green cutting fluids have more of Gram-negative bacterial growth where as mineral oil based ones have more of Gram-positive bacteria. These bacteria cause environmental hazards and antimicrobials can be included for better antimicrobial properties. GCF supersedes COM by being non-toxic at LC50 >1000 mg/L and COM being toxic at LC50 < 100 mg/L according to OECD 203 tests methods. GCF, produced only from renewable sources is non-toxic and biodegradable and helps contribute towards green and sustainable manufacturing processes without any environmental pollution or hazards.

We propose novel bio-lubricants that can be used as engine oil in tropical areas. The engine oil is produced by blending of palm olein with our additive pack. Palm olein is available in local grocery stores for prices below 0.80 US$ per liter. We sell the additive pack for 10 US$ per liter while 5% of the additives is recommended to blend with the palm olein. It means that price of the bio-lubricant will be cheaper than 1.5 US$ per liter and even lower at mass production. As our bio-oil is used for one-time treatment of an engine, lower amount of additives and even neat palm olein can be used in next oil changes. With our bio-oil fuel economy is increased 20-30% and wear rate is reduced 25-50 times in comparison with petroleum & synthetic engine oils. Recommended oil change intervals are 10-12 thousand km or once a year. Waste engine oils can be used to clean and lubricate chains of bicycles and motorcycles as well as in any applications for total-loss lubricants such as at railroads and for various cutters in farming and forestry. Wide use of the proposed bio-lubricants will radically reduce environment pollution. We also work on bio-lubricants for colder climate conditions.

In this paper, a four-ball tribotester was used with standard test method IP-239 to evaluate friction and wear characteristics of normal lubricant, additive added lubricant and waste vegetable oil (WVO) contaminated lubricants. The balls used in four-ball tribotester were based on carbon-chromium steel ball bearings. The results obtained to present friction and wear characteristics are coefficient of friction (μ), wear scar diameter (WSD), flash temperature parameter (FTP), viscosity index (VI) and total acid number (TAN). Each test was conducted for five different loads from 50 kg to 90 kg with an interval of 10 kg. The lubricant was contaminated with WVO from 1% to 5%. The normal lubricant (as sample A) was used for comparison purposes. The test results showed that WVO contaminated lubricants with suitable anti-wear additive can reduce wear and friction coefficient. The objective of this investigation is to develop a new lubricant based on waste palm oil (such as WVO).

The widespread use of biodiesel in internal combustion engines promotes frequent lubricant drain intervals which in turn affects lubricant sustainability and engine performance. In this research two endurance tests were carried out to evaluate the novel approach of strong base oil filter with palm biodiesel (PME) fueled single-cylinder diesel engine. The effects of strong base filter on lubricant rheology, piston ring/cylinder wear losses, engine performance and exhaust emissions were investigated. The results of long duration engine testing showed that the strong base filter improved the lubricant’s physical and tribological characteristics. Tribo-testing, using high stroke reciprocating test rig, proved that the mechanical energy losses due to piston ring-cylinder interaction were reduced significantly. Finally, the engine performance and exhaust emissions analysis for strong base filter testing showed an improvement in engine performance, average decrease of 2.78% in carbon monoxide (CO) emissions, 7.18% reduction in hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and 3.3% reduction in smoke opacity at full load engine conditions.

The performance of a volatile corrosion
inhibitor (VCI) on steel via colloid
formation through its reaction
with Ca and Mg ions in seawater was
studied. The physical and chemical
properties of seawater, with and
without the VCI at different concentrations,
were determined. The VCI’s
effciency was assessed, and its suitability
for the steel system in seawater
was indicated at an optimal
concentration of 0.05%.

Microscale friction tests were utilized to evaluate the boundary lubrication behavior of three sets of branched compounds and their corresponding linear compounds. The performances of the compounds were compared to that of lipid-based saturated and unsaturated acids, esters and alcohols as well as to that of commercial synthetic lubricant formulations. At low concentrations ($0.5%) in paraffin oil and for the load conditions used, the branched compounds showed minor differences in friction behavior as compared to their linear counterparts. The ester compounds by comparison showed higher friction behavior than alcohols and acids.

Growing environmental concern and rapid consumption of poor biodegradable mineral oils have triggered the need for the development of eco-friendly biodegradable bio-based oils with low toxicity and excellent lubricating performance. The study aims to produce and evaluate the performance of date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) oil, which is abundantly available in the Middle East region, as an alternative bio-based lubricant. The optimum date seed oil (DSO) yield of 6% was achieved using solvent extraction of date seeds with particle size of 1 mm, hexane solvent to seed ratio of 6:1, and processing time of 18 hours. The physicochemical properties of the DSO were found such as its clear yellow color, density of 0.907 g/cm 3 , iodine value of 13.28 gl 2 /100 g, saponification value of 162.5 mg KOH/g, and acid value of 1.4 mg KOH/g. Moreover, fatty acid composition was analyzed employing quantitative gas chromatography (GC), and the oleic acid (41.1%), linoleic acid (21.4%), and palmitic acid (11.3%) were found to be the major unsaturated fatty acids. The pour and flash points were around-10°C and 140°C, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the produced DSO is thermally stable at up to 300°C. The rheological properties such as viscosity (41.62 cSt at 40°C and 8.13 cSt at 100°C) and viscosity index 173 were also assessed. These properties along with tribological properties of the DSO were compared with other bio-based oils and commercial SAE20W40 mineral oil. Overall, the characteristics of the DSO showed good potential to be developed into a bio-based lubricant. Furthermore, its properties can be enhanced by adding suitable additives. The findings of this study will help in developing eco-friendly bio-based industrial lubricants.

As the lubricants play a vital role in the machinery by reducing friction between the parts of the machine, cool it because friction cause the heat and heat cause to reduce the material strength that lead to cause wear and tear in the parts of machine. Generally, lubricants applications are industrial, automotive, transformer etc. that use different grades of different viscosities. So, it would be difficult to produce the base oil of all such viscosities from the refineries. So a refinery produces a range of base oil with specific viscosity that the blending companies use to manufacture the lubricants to meet the industrial demand. one of the most difficult problem is to handle the lubricants of vide range of viscosity. so, in this article Hydrogenated Styrene Diene is investigated as the viscosity modifier by blending it with 400 HVI base oil and also with Soybean oil because Soybean oil can act as environment friendly. Results shows that Hydrogenated Styrene Diene increased the viscosity of base oil and soybean oil at all temperature but it has greater effect with the base oil rather than soybean. Introduction:

The article relates to the comparison findings of Fuel Consumption of a Single
Cylinder Yanmar Diesel Engine Model TS 190 [1] lubricated by Lupromax
Hyperion 7000 15W/40 CF 4 fortified with 6-8% of Lupromax EA and China
National Petroleum Oil Super 15W/40 CH 4 using Brake Fuel consumption
(BSFC) and Brake Mean Effective pressure (BMEP) at 1200 RPM ,1600 RPM and
2000 RPM Engine Speed.

Metalworking fluids or lubricoolants play a critical role in most machining processes. The main functions of metalworking fluids are:

COOLING: Reduce heat build –up in the cutting zone and in the workpiece.

LUBRICATION: Reduce friction between the tool and the chips being removed.

CHIP REMOVAL: Flush chips away from the cutting zone, carrying them back to the sump.

CORROSION CONTROL: Protects the machine workpiece and tool from damage due to corrosion.

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Improvement in the anti-wear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) ability of chemically modified palm oil (CMPO) by adding nanoparticles was experimentally evaluated. Nanolubricants were synthesized by adding 1 wt% copper(II) oxide (CuO) and 1 wt% molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticles to CMPO. The AW/EP properties of the formulations were evaluated by four-ball and sliding wear tests. Wear surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, along with energy-dispersive X-ray and micro-Raman scattering spectroscopy. The MoS2 nanoparticles exhibited better AW/EP properties than did the CuO nanoparticles. The addition of 1 wt% oleic acid as a surfactant facilitated the reduction of agglomerates.

Corrosion Inhibitors are used as concentrates in water-based engine coolants to prevent corrosion. However, researches are still progressive on the new sources of these inhibitors as they are majorly inorganic and expensive. Meanwhile, corn water is cheaply available and organic. It is mostly decanted off fermented corn paste, Ogi as waste products. This study investigated whether corn water contains organic corrosion inhibitors which when extracted makes it an alternative source of corrosion inhibitors. Two samples of corn water were produced from fermented white and yellow corn. The samples were subjected to standard analytical test for related physicochemical properties. Organic corrosion inhibitors such as Phosphates, Nitrites and Silicates were determined.

As the petroleum fraction’s demand increasing day by day in case of lubricating the parts of machinery. This also increase the problem of disposal of waste lubricant that may contaminate the soil and water environment and the depletion of petroleum reserve also brought the interest of researchers toward developing the lubricants that should be environmental friendly and also obtained from the source that should be in bulk quantity and easily obtainable. In this regards, vegetable oil is selected to be used as lubricant because it has some competent properties like higher flash point, fire point, viscosity index and the Tribological properties are better than the mineral oil based lubricant. Like Tribological properties of soybean oil with the different proportion of ZDDP is investigated and compared with mineral oil, results show that less wear and tear is observed. Similarly, the physical properties of jatropha oil was compared with the engine oil and hydraulic oil. The results show that the jatropha oil has less coefficient of friction and wear scar diameter than the engine oil and can be used as engine oil with the improvement in its viscosity. along with soybean and jatropha oil, anti-wear properties of the karanja oil blended with benzoic acid and ZDDP separately investigated and results showed that karanja oil can also be used as lubricant instead of mineral based lubricant. But karanja oil has drawback of high pour point than the mineral oil which is modified by using the polymethacrylate as a pour point depressant and lower the pour point from 1oC to -11oC with the addition of 1% in karanja oil. Overall results about vegetable oil show that vegetable oil modified with different chemical can be used as a lubricant in the industry with relatively low priced than the available lubricants in the market. These vegetable oil might be extracted in the Asian countries in a bulk quantity.

Corrosion Inhibitors are used as concentrates in water-based engine coolants to prevent corrosion. However, researches are still progressive on the new sources of these inhibitors as they are majorly inorganic and expensive. Meanwhile, corn water is cheaply available and organic. It is mostly decanted off fermented corn paste, Ogi as waste products. This study investigated whether corn water contains organic corrosion inhibitors which when extracted makes it an alternative source of corrosion inhibitors. Two samples of corn water were produced from fermented white and yellow corn. The samples were subjected to standard analytical test for related physicochemical properties. Organic corrosion inhibitors such as Phosphates, Nitrites and Silicates were determined.

Corrosion Inhibitors are used as concentrates in water-based engine coolants to prevent corrosion. However, researches are still progressive on the new sources of these inhibitors as they are majorly inorganic and expensive. Meanwhile, corn water is cheaply available and organic. It is mostly decanted off fermented corn paste, Ogi as waste products. This study investigated whether corn water contains organic corrosion inhibitors which when extracted makes it an alternative source of corrosion inhibitors. Two samples of corn water were produced from fermented white and yellow corn. The samples were subjected to standard analytical test for related physicochemical properties. Organic corrosion inhibitors such as Phosphates, Nitrites and Silicates were determined.

The investigation of lubricated friction and wear is an extended study. This paper outlines the tribological characteristics of Jatropha oil (JO) contaminated bio-lubricant by using Cygnus wear and Four-ball tribo testing machines. To formulate the bio-lubricants, 10-50% by volume of Jatropha oil were blended with the base lubricant SAE 40. Experimental results showed that the lubrication regime that occurred during the test was boundary lubrication while the main wear mechanisms were abrasive and the adhesive wear. During Cygnus wear testing, the lowest wear was found with the addition of 10% JO, and above 20% contamination, the wear rate was increased considerably. The addition of Jatropha oil in the base lubricant acted as a very good lubricant additive which reduced the friction and wear scar diameter of maximum 34% and 29%, respectively during the tribo test. The application of 10% bio-lubricant in the automotive engine will enhance the mechanical efficiency and take part to reduce the dependency on petroleum oil as well. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0926669013001544/1-s2.0-S0926669013001544-main.pdf?_tid=0ecb13cc-a9c6-11e3-a078-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1394615566_d5c11527b15bbd9cf6e140a911b2c45f 
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926669013001544

Surface textured and DLC coated (hydrogenated amorphous carbon) samples were assessed for their coating performance at 40 ºC, 80 ºC and 125 ºC. As a result, textured a-C:H DLC demonstrated higher but stable coefficient of friction (COF) at high temperatures as compared to untextured DLC samples. However, textured DLC samples showed higher wear resistance compared to un-textured DLC coating. The enhancement can be elucidated by the lower graphitization of textured DLC samples.