Botanical Extracts

The cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.),isaninsect that causes serious damages to more than 112 plant species belonging to 44 different families.Botanical extractsof Ipomoea  carneawere very  efficient againstfourthinstar  larvae of Spodoptera  littoralis. Based  on  LC50and  LC90values, Ipomoea  carneaacetone extracts  were  recorded  24.622  and 164.947 ppm, respectively.  Whilehexaneextracts were 232.677 and 15,377.590 ppm, respectively. Also,the treatment of fourth instar  larva  of S.  littoraliswith chlorpyrifos  insecticide  caused  9.497  and  91.126  ppm,  respectively.  The  chemical constituents  of  acetoneextract  of I.  carneaby  using  GC–MS  analysis  resulted in the  most  active  compoundsthat were palmatic (iso propyl-hexadecanoate),silane, [[(3.alpha.,5.alpha.,20R)-pregnane-3,20-diyl]bis(oxy)] bis (trimethyl-(cas)5.and pederone that recorded (44.025%, 11.455%and 9.325%, respectively).Ipomoea carneaextracts were produced with different deformation abnormalities of all S. littoralisstages.

Purpose: Botanical pesticides are now emerging as a valuable component of IPM strategies in all crops due to their efficacy in insect pests and their natural enemies' safety. The prime purpose of the study is to check the efficiency of plant extracts against the Heliothisarmigeraon tomato.
Methodology: The trial test was performed in randomised block design with six treatments and three replications.  The infestation was evaluated and subjected to analysis of variance with  LSD. Field experiments were performed to check the efficacy of chemical and botanical formulations against fruit borer, Heliothis armigera infesting tomato.  The insecticides Steward, Tracer,  and  Proclaim(Sahito  2013) were applied four times at 15  days of second,  third and fourth spray, respectively.
Social Implications: Plant-derived chemicals act as an environmentally safe alternative to chemical pesticides. Secondary metabolites from plants play a key defensive role against the pests and act as antifeedants, oviposition deterrents and growth inhibitors. Plant extracts pose less threat to animals, humans and society.
Findings: The results showed that all three insecticides performed well in reducing the infestation in fruits by the H. armigera; however, Proclaim gave the best results. It  shows1.22  % of infestation after the  4th  spray and  95.72%  mortality.  Simultaneously three plants extract Nigella Sativa, Aristolochialeaf extract, Jatropha curcas(Ratnadass 2012) were also applied to check their efficacy against fruit borer. Among these plants, extractNigella Sativa extract performs well against H.armigera. After applying Nigella  sativa4th  spray, the per cent infestation was  3.83  and  72.99%mortality  while Aristolochialeaf extract and Jatropha curcas were comparatively less potent with 48.5% and 62.64% mortality, respectively.
Originality: The study was performed at  Zoology Department,  A.N.D.  College,  Kanpur.  Data was collected through the randomised block design method.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical profile and bioactivity of extracts of Brazilian stinging ("cansanção") nettle (Cnidoscolus urens) on cabbage caterpillar (Ascia monuste orseis). Mortality, larval stage duration, pupal viability and mass, percentage of deformed pupae, and feeding preference were evaluated. The constituent classes of the ethanolic extracts were also identified by analytical thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots at 2% (m/v) and aqueous extract of roots at 20% (m/v) prolonged the larval phase of the insect. The ethanolic extract of leaves at 2% reduced pupal viability, and pupae from all treatments showed reduced masses and generated deformed adults. Except for the ethanolic extract of stem at 2% (m/v), all other extracts showed a deterrent effect on A. monuste orseis larvae. The phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extracts showed the major presence of phenolic compounds, naphthoquinones, anthraquinones, coumarins, anthracene derivatives, terpenes, and steroids, as well as tannins. Aqueous extracts at 20% concentration and ethanolic extracts at 2% of leaves, stems, and roots of cansanção nettle cause larval mortality and also reduce leaf consumption, pupal viability, and pupal mass of A. monuste orseis. Perfil fitoquímico de extratos de urtiga-cansanção e sua bioatividade sobre a lagarta-da-couve.

Index terms: Ascia monuste orseis, Cnidoscolus urens, botanical extracts, thin-layer chromatography.

Resumo-O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o perfil fitoquímico e a bioatividade de extratos da urtiga-cansanção (Cnidoscolus urens) sobre a lagarta-da-couve (Ascia monuste orseis). Foram avaliadas a mortalidade, duração da fase larval, viabilidade e massa de pupas, percentagem de pupas deformadas e preferência alimentar. Também foram identificadas as classes constituintes dos extratos etanólicos, por meio de cromatografia em camada delgada analítica (CCDA). Os extratos etanólicos de folhas e raízes a 2% (m/v) e o extrato aquoso de raízes a 20% (m/v) prolongaram a fase larval do inseto. O extrato etanólico de folhas a 2% reduziu a viabilidade pupal, e as pupas provenientes de todos os tratamentos apresentaram massas reduzidas e geraram adultos defeituosos. Com exceção do extrato etanólico de caule a 2% (m/v), todos os demais extratos apresentaram efeito deterrente sobre larvas de A. monuste orseis. A análise fitoquímica dos extratos etanólicos mostrou a presença majoritária de compostos fenólicos, naftoquinonas, antraquinonas, cumarinas, derivados antracênicos, terpenos e esteroides, além de taninos hidrossolúveis. Extratos aquosos à concentração de 20% e etanólicos a 2% de folhas, caules e raízes de urtiga-cansanção causam mortalidade larval e também reduzem o consumo foliar, a viabilidade pupal e a massa de pupas de A. monuste orseis.

Termos para indexação: Ascia monuste orseis, Cnidoscolus urens, extratos botânicos, cromatografia em camada delgada analítica.