Since the antiquity the preservation of the saint’s earthly remains and their brandeums was a key element in their developing cults, likewise in the case of Ladislaus I of Hungary (also Saint Ladislaus), whose body was raised after 1192,... more
Since the antiquity the preservation of the saint’s earthly remains and their brandeums was a key element in their developing cults, likewise in the case of Ladislaus I of Hungary (also Saint Ladislaus), whose body was raised after 1192, and the remains of the head and arms were placed in an ornate relic, which in time became the centre of devotion of the holy king. During the Anjou’s in due to the representation of power St. Ladislaus's first gilded bust was completed, as well as two ornate relics for the arms. However these relics were destroyed around 1403 as a result a fire accident in the cathedral of Várad. Like Louis I of Hungary, Sigismund of Luxembourg himself paid his respects to the Holy King and for this reason he has renewed the cathedral of Várad – which was under construction at that time – while also developed new relics for the remains of Saint Ladislaus. Although the historical sources from Sigismund’s period didn’t mention the relics, it is suspected that the brandeums discussed in inventories dated in the following century could have been made under the reign of Sigismund. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the primary and secondary artifacts of Saint Ladislaus appearing after 1403, and to define what time the busts of Saint Ladislaus were made, as well as to explore the role played by Saint Ladislaus's relics in the monarchic and baronial representation during the Sigismundian age.
In the Heldenberg Memorial in Kleinwetzdorf, Lower Austria, there are 169 busts of famous commanders and personalities of Austrian history. These not particularly successful works of art were cast from zinc alloy with admixture of copper... more
In the Heldenberg Memorial in Kleinwetzdorf, Lower Austria, there are 169 busts of famous commanders and personalities of Austrian history. These not particularly successful works of art were cast from zinc alloy with admixture of copper and aluminium at the ironworks of the Prince of Salm in Blansko. There was a big tradition in Blansko of casting the busts of the members of the Imperial Habsburg family. The busts of composers Beethoven and Mozart, as well as of personalities of the Czech history such as Jan Žižka or František Palacký, were also cast in Blansko.
The views on financial liberalization are quite conflictive. Many argue that it triggers financial bubbles and crises. Others claim that financial liberalization allows markets to function properly and capital to move to its most... more
The views on financial liberalization are quite conflictive. Many argue that it triggers financial bubbles and crises. Others claim that financial liberalization allows markets to function properly and capital to move to its most profitable destination. The empirical evidence on these effects is not robust. This paper constructs a new comprehensive chronology of financial liberalization and shows that a key reason for the inconclusive evidence is that the effects of liberalization are time-varying. Financial liberalization is followed by large booms and busts only in the short run. In the long run, institutions improve and financial markets tend to stabilize.
