CPSS

THE well-known ancient Chinese philosopher Lao Tzu (老子) or Laozi (6th 4th century BC during the Spring and Autumn period) started his classic Tao Teh Ching《道德经》or Dao De Jing (see Fig. 1) with six Chinese characters: "道(Dao) 可(Ke) 道(Dao) 非(Fei) 常(Chang) 道(Dao)", which has been traditionally interpreted as "道可道, 非常道" or "The Dao that can be spoken is not the eternal Dao". However, mordern archaeological discoveries in 1973 and 1993 at Changsha, Hunan, and Jingmen, Hubei, China, have respectively indicated a new, yet more natural and simple interpretation: "道, 可道, 非常道", or "The Dao, The Speakable Dao, The Eternal Dao".

CHATGPT, one of the leading Large Language Models (LLMs), has acquired linguistic capabilities such as text comprehension and logical reasoning, enabling it to engage in natural conversations with humans. As illustrated in "What Does ChatGPT Say: The DAO from Algorithmic Intelligence to Linguistic Intelligence" [1], there are three levels of intelligence : 1) Algorithmic Intelligence (AI), 2) Linguistic Intelligence (LI), 3) Imaginative Intelligence (Ⅱ). ChatGPT is a powerful demonstration of Linguistic Intelligence, another milestone after AlphaGo for Algorithmic Intelligence [1]–[3]. We believe the next breakthrough in intelligence should be Imaginative Intelligence for artistic creation.
This perspective prescribed a pathway to achieve Ⅱ for artistic works through Parallel Art, in which LLMs like ChatGPT can serve as linguistics-based artistic knowledge foundation models and text-based human-machine interfaces for humanin-the-loop learning. Multi-modal artistic knowledge foundation models are constructed to perform linguistic, vision, and decision-making tasks of artistic creation in the human-cyberphysical hybrid creative systems. Besides, a case study of textbased painting imagination using ChatGPT is presented.

The big hit of ChatGPT makes it imperative to contemplate the practical applications of big or foundation models [1]–[5]. However, as compared to conventional models, there is now an increasingly urgent need for foundation intelligence of foundation models for real-world industrial applications. To this end, here we would like to address the issues related to building knowledge factories with knowledge machines for knowledge workers by knowledge automation, that would effectively integrate the advanced foundation models, scenarios engineering, and human-oriented operating systems (HOOS) technologies for managing digital, robotic, and biological knowledge workers, and enabling decision-making, resource coordination, and task execution through three operational modes of autonomous, parallel, and expert/emergency, to achieve intelligent production meeting the goal of “6S”: Safety, Security, Sustainability, Sensitivity, Service, and Smartness [6]–[10].

Very recently, intensive discussions and studies on Industry 5.0 have sprung up and caused the attention of researchers, entrepreneurs, and policymakers from various sectors around the world. However, there is no consensus on why and what is Industry 5.0 yet. In this paper, we define Industry 5.0 from its philosophical and historical origin and evolution, emphasize its new thinking on virtual-real duality and human-machine interaction, and introduce its new theory and technology based on parallel intelligence (PI), artificial societies, computational experiments, and parallel execution (the ACP method), and cyber-physical-social systems (CPSS). Case studies and applications of Industry 5.0 over the last decade have been briefly summarized and analyzed with suggestions for its future development. We believe that Industry 5.0 of virtual-real interactive parallel industries has great potentials and is critical for building smart societies. Steps are outlined to ensure a roadmap that would lead to a smooth transition from CPS-based Industry 4.0 to CPSS-based Industry 5.0 for a better world which is Safe in physical spaces, Secure in cyberspaces, Sustainable in ecology, Sensitive in individual privacy and rights, Service for all, and Smartness of all.

With the rapid development of information technologies such as digital twin, extended reality, and blockchain, the hype around "metaverse" is increasing at astronomical speed. However, much attention has been paid to its entertainment and social functions. Considering the openness and interoperability of metaverses, the market of quality inspection promises explosive growth. In this paper, taking advantage of metaverses, we first propose the concept of Automated Quality Inspection (AutoQI), which performs integrated inspection covering the entire manufacturing process, including Quality of Materials, Quality of Manufacturing (QoM), Quality of Products, Quality of Processes (QoP), Quality of Systems, and Quality of Services (QoS). Based on the scenarios engineering theory, we discuss how to perform interactions between metaverses and the physical world for virtual design instruction and physical validation feedback. Then we introduce a bottom-up inspection device development workflow with productivity tools offered by metaverses, making development more effective and efficient than ever. As the core of quality inspection, we propose Quality Transformers to complete detection task, while federated learning is integrated to regulate data sharing. In summary, we point out the development directions of quality inspection under metaverse tide.

To tackle the complexity of human and social factors in manufacturing systems, parallel manufacturing for industrial metaverses is proposed as a new paradigm in smart manufacturing for effective and efficient operations of those systems, where Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSSs) and the Internet of Minds (IoM) are regarded as its infrastructures and the "Artificial systems", "Computational experiments" and "Parallel execution" (ACP) method is its methodological foundation for parallel evolution, closed-loop feedback, and collaborative optimization. In parallel manufacturing, social demands are analyzed and extracted from social intelligence for product R & D and production planning, and digital workers and robotic workers perform the majority of the physical and mental work instead of human workers, contributing to the realization of low-cost, high-efficiency and zero-inventory manufacturing. A variety of advanced technologies such as Knowledge Automation (KA), blockchain, crowdsourcing and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) provide powerful support for the construction of parallel manufacturing, which holds the promise of breaking the constraints of resource and capacity, and the limitations of time and space. Finally, the effectiveness of parallel manufacturing is verified by taking the workflow of customized shoes as a case, especially the unmanned production line named FlexVega.

In the construction of Metaverses, sensors that are referred to as the "bridge of information transmission", play a key role. The functionality and efficiency of today's sensors, which operate in a manner similar to physical sensing, are frequently constrained by their hardware and software. In this research, we proposed the Parallel Sensing framework, which includes background, concept, basic methods and typical application of parallel sensing. In our formulation, sensors are redefined as the integration of real physical sensors and virtual software-defined sensors based on parallel intelligence, in order to boost the performance of the sensors. Each sensor will have a parallel counterpart in the virtual world within the framework of parallel sensing. Digital sensors serve as the brain of sensors and maintain the same properties as physical sensors. Parallel sensing allows physical sensors to operate in discrete time periods to conserve energy, while cloud-based descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive sensors operate continuously to offer compensation data and serve as guardians. To better illustrate parallel sensing concept, we show some example applications of parallel sensing such as parallel vision, parallel point cloud and parallel light fields, both of which are designed by construct virtual sensors to extend small real data to virtual big data and then boost the performance of perception models. Experimental results demonstrate the effective of parallel sensing framework. The interaction between the real and virtual worlds enables sensors to operate actively, allowing them to intelligently adapt to various scenarios and ultimately attain the goal of "Cognitive, Parallel, Crypto, Federated, Social and Ecologic" 6S sensing.

An investigation and outline of MetaControl and DeControl in Metaverses for control intelligence and knowledge automation are presented. Prescriptive control with prescriptive knowledge and parallel philosophy is proposed as the starting point for the new control philosophy and technology, especially for computational control of metasystems in cyber-physical-social systems. We argue that circular causality, the generalized feedback mechanism for complex and purposive systems, should be adapted as the fundamental principle for control and management of metasystems with metacomplexity in metaverses. Particularly, an interdisciplinary approach is suggested for MetaControl and DeControl as a new form of intelligent control based on five control metaverses: MetaVerses, MultiVerses, InterVerses, TransVerse, and DeepVerses.

Cyber-physical Social System (CPSS) are complex systems that span the boundaries of the cyber, physical and social spheres. They play an important role in a variety of domains ranging from industry to smart city applications. As such, these systems necessarily need to take into account, combine and make sense of heterogeneous data sources from legacy systems, from the physical layer and also the social groups that are part of/use the system. The collection, cleansing and integration of these data sources represents a major effort not only during the operation of the system, but also during its engineering and design. Indeed, while ongoing efforts are concerned primarily with the operation of such systems, limited focus has been put on supporting the engineering phase of CPSS. To address this shortcoming, within the CitySPIN project we aim to create a platform that supports stakeholders involved in the design of these systems especially in terms of support for data management. To tha...

Ruskin Üniversitesi'nde hazırlanan bilimsel makalede, Toplum 5.0'ın, Tarihsel Antropolojik sürece dâhil edilerek yeniden incelenmesi halinde, iddia edildiği gibi yeni değil, bir çok açıdan deneyimlenmiş bir toplum olduğunu iddia edilmektedir. Buna göre sadece insan dışı formların topluma katılması yönünden Toplum 1.0 ve 2.0 ile geleceğin "süper akıllı" teknolojik toplumunun karlaştırılmasında bile bu durum belirgin bir biçimde kendini göstermektedir. Toplum 5.0 projesinde insanlığın gelişimi 4 döneme ayrılarak her dönemin özellikleri belirgin bir biçimde tasvir edilmiştir. Buna göre şu anda Toplum 4.0'da yaşıyor olsak da insanoğlu, Toplum 5.0 olarak adlandırılan olağanüstü bir dönemin eşiğinde bulunmaktadır. İnsan ve teknolojinin en yüksek düzeyde yapacağı işbirliğiyle bireye üstün bir kabiliyetin kazandırılmasının planlandığı bu gelecekte, Yapay Zêka ve Robotlar topluma katılacak yeni unsurlar olarak sayılmaktadır. Fakat Ruskin Üniversitesi'nden Matthev E. Gladden'in yaptığı araştırma kapsamında İnsanoğlunun, giderek artan bir düzeyde sosyal robotlar ve bedenlenmiş yapay zekâyla birlikte yaşayacak olmasını, Toplum 5.0'da hedeflenen "insan merkezli" bir toplum yaratma çabasının merkezinde duran bir paradoks olarak değerlendirmektedir. Bu nedenle Toplum 5.0 üyelerinin kimlerden oluşacağının ve bu üyelerin sosyal ve hukuksal konumlarının tam olarak anlaşılmasını gerekli görmektedir. Toplum 5.0 paradigmasını uygulamak için gereken teknolojilerin henüz tam olarak mevcut olmadığını; bunları oluşturmanın çok çeşitli alanlarda daha fazla ilerlemeyi gerektiğini belirten Gladden, bununla birlikte insanlar (veya sosyal robotlar ya da yapay zeka) işlevsel olarak sosyal, bilişsel ve fiziksel seviyelerde bir Siber-Fiziksel Sisteme (CPS) entegre edildiğinde, bunun bir "Siber-Fiziksel-Sosyal sistem" (CPSS) haline gelebilmesi; üyelerinin Siber-Fiziksel alanlarda "Siber-Fiziksel-Sosyal davranışlarda bulunabilmesi, birbirleriyle etkileşimleri yoluyla, üyelerinin sosyal bağlantılarının topolojilerini takip ederek "Siber-Fiziksel Sosyal Ağlara" yükselebilmeleri Toplum 5.0'a ulaştıracak alt yapı için yeterli görüldüğünü aktarmaktadır. Bu sistemler Endüstri 4.0'ın "teknoloji, sanal alan, gerçek dünya ve insan arasındaki entegrasyon" arayışını genişleterek, "işbirliği, birlikte yaratma ve insan-makine etkileşimini" destekleyen bu entegrasyonun derinleşmesi üzerine kurulu olan Toplum 5.0'a, yeni "üye" türlerini, insan olmayan akıllı sosyal aktörleri dâhil edecektir. Bu toplumsal yapılar ve dinamik türlerin katılması, Toplum 5.0'ın giderek daha çeşitli unsurlardan oluşacak olmasına, farklı geçmişleri ve aidiyetleri olan topluluklardan oluşmasına delalet etmektedir. Gladden, öngörülebilir gelecek için, bu tür yapay