Cacti

The ephemeral and fragmented nature of plant communities in the desert region of Ica, Peru have contributed to the poor documentation of its flora. This study provides the first comprehensive checklist and analysis of the vascular plants and habitats of the region, based on over 1800 herbarium collections, site-specific vegetation surveys and monitoring (2001–2017). Here, we report 501 taxa belonging to 283 genera in 68 families, with an outstanding number of taxa (297) representing new records for the region; over 10% of the flora (52 taxa) is categorised as threatened (CR, EN, VU). Asteraceae is the largest family in the checklist, followed by Poaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae. The highest species richness is found in quebradas and huaycos (170 taxa), followed by lomas (137 taxa) and huertas (115). Of the lomas taxa, 28% are assessed nationally as threatened, and 95 taxa (68%) are endemic to Peru. Across all habitats five species are restricted to the Ica region (Cleistocactus clavispinus, Haageocereus icensis, Onoseris humboldtiana, Nolana willeana, Tecoma fulva subsp. guarume). Nolana willeana, not collected since 1956, was rediscovered in 2006. We provide insights into habitat and taxonomic delimitation of enigmatic species in the following genera: Bulnesia, Capparis, Eremocharis, Hoffmannseggia, Leptoglossis, Lomanthus Maytenus, Poissonia and Weberbauerella, among others. We support the reinstatement of Prosopis limensis as a valid species and provide information for its identification in the field. Analysis of Inga feuillei as an ancient domestication vital to agriculture, is provided, and we report an additional 127 cultivated species associated with traditional agriculture, assessing origins and conservation priority. We present climatic and geological observations for the region with spatial and ENSOrelated research from data, plots and transects. A vegetation map and niche model are provided. Threatened lomas species are detailed to support conservation and policy. To aid identification we provide photographs of 155 plant species and all key habitats. The sustainable wellbeing of the Ica region depends on concerted collaboration to monitor, conserve and restore native plants wisely for the natural resources they provide to people and agriculture.

Many network problems that occur if not addressed immediately will affect customer service as a new install applications, add power, power changes, migration of postpaid to prepaid electricity can not be done. To solve this problem then developed a network traffic monitoring system using Cacti are able to monitor the entire network. Applying the system to detect disorders of conectivity be lost (broken connection) to take advantage of the SNMP service on the WAN network. Applying the system to monitor traffic usage, CPU usage and memory usage on the WAN network. Also added mail notifications to expedite the delivery of information on the status of nodes, links and devices in the event of network disruption. Problems on a network will be easily detected to be done with the associated improvements (Helpdesk and Customer Account), where the network can be used for process applications owned by PT PLN (Persero).

DNA barcodes could be a useful tool for plant conservation. Of particular importance is the ability to identify unknown plant material, such as from customs seizures of illegally collected specimens. Mexican cacti are an example of a threatened group, under pressure because of wild collection for the xeriscaping trade and private collectors. Mexican cacti also provide a taxonomically and geographically coherent group with which to test DNA barcodes. Here, we sample the matK barcode for 528 species of Cactaceae including approximately 75% of Mexican species and test the utility of the matK region for species level identification. We find that the matK DNA barcode can be used to identify uniquely 77% of species sampled, and 79–87% of species of particular conservation importance. However, this is far below the desired rate of 95% and there are significant issues for PCR amplification because of the variability of primer sites. Additionally, we test the nuclear ITS regions for the cactus subfamily Opuntioideae and for the genus Ariocarpus (subfamily Cactoideae). We observed higher rates of variation for ITS (86% unique for Opuntioideae sampled) but a much lower PCR success, encountering significant intra-individual polymorphism in Ariocarpus precluding the use of this marker in this taxon. We conclude that the matK region should provide useful information as a DNA barcode for Cactaceae if the problems with primers can be addressed, but matK alone is not sufficiently variable to achieve species-level identification. Additional complementary regions should be investigated as ITS is shown to be unsuitable.

The ephemeral and fragmented nature of plant communities in the desert region of Ica, Peru have contributed to the poor documentation of its flora. This study provides the first comprehensive checklist and analysis of the vascular plants and habitats of the region, based on over 1800 herbarium collections, site-specific vegetation surveys and monitoring (2001–2017). Here, we report 501 taxa belonging to 283 genera in 68 families, with an outstanding number of taxa (297) representing new records for the region; over 10% of the flora (52 taxa) is categorised as threatened (CR, EN, VU). Asteraceae is the largest family in the checklist, followed by Poaceae, Fabaceae and Solanaceae. The highest species richness is found in quebradas and huaycos (170 taxa), followed by lomas (137 taxa) and huertas (115). Of the lomas taxa, 28% are assessed nationally as threatened, and 95 taxa (68%) are endemic to Peru. Across all habitats five species are restricted to the Ica region (Cleistocactus clav...