Citrus reticulata

A study was carried out to assess the production status of mandarin in Dailekh, Nepal in 2019. A total of 75 households were sampled by using simple random sampling technique and interviewed with the pre-tested semi-structured interview schedule. Mandarin producers were the main source of primary data. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test and independent-sample t-test were used for data analysis using SPSS and MS-Excel. Farmers were categorized into large holder farmers (n = 30) and smallholder farmers (n = 45) category based on the farm size. The variable cost of mandarin cultivation was NRs. 7663.19/ropani. The gross return of mandarin was found to be NRs. 12403.76/ropani with the profit of NRs. 4740.58. The BC ratio of large holder farmers was 1.82 and the smallholder farmer was 1.53 with the overall BC ratio of 1.62. The price of mandarin had been increasing every year since 2015 A.D. to 2019 A.D. Labour and Bordeaux paste costs shows positive and significant relation with income from mandarin farming while costing of FYM and land rent cost show negative but non-significant relation. Disease and pests (0.74) were identified as a major production problem and lack of technical knowledge (0.75) was identified as a major pre-production problem of mandarin farming. Likewise, delay payment to the farmers (0.76) was identified as a major marketing problem faced by farmers. Out of total respondents, 60% were found to be highly satisfied with mandarin farming and 69.3% of the farmers were willing to expand their mandarin orchard.

Emesis, also known as nausea and vomiting, are common symptoms associated with ingestion of toxicants, drug side effects, advanced terminal diseases such as cancer and postoperative procedures. Emesis is mediated through the coordinated
action of central and peripheral regulatory centres that involve receptors including dopamine Type 2, serotonin, muscarinic cholinergic, histamine, cannabinoids and NK-1 receptors. Many anti-emetic drugs targeting these receptors are currently in
use but they also cause undesirable side effects such as excessive sedation, hypotension,dry mouth, dysphoria, hallucinations and extrapyramidal signs. This review highlights the pharmacological mechanism of emesis and current antiemtic drugs
together with detailed analysis of in vitro and in vivo anti-emetic bioassay models. The pharmacology of crude natural products extracts and purified anti-emeticcompounds (cannabinoids, chalcones, diarylheptanoids, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic
acids, lignans, phenylpropanoids, polysaccharides, saponins, terpenes and glycosidic derivatives) are also systematically presented with their mechanism of action. The potential of natural products as sources of new clinically proven anti-emetic drugs are discussed.

Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) and Laurus nobilis (bay leaves or laurel) have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, and also extensively employed as spices for adding aroma and flavor to various food products. Citrus reticulata (mandarin) is mainly used in food industry for juice production, while its peel as main byproduct contains high concentration of valuable substances. The samples were collected in Lastva Grbaljska (Montenegrin coast) and purchased from the market. Since the oxidative stress results in development of numerous diseases, among them neurodegeneration and diabetes , the antioxidant activity, antineurodegenerative and antidiabetic activities were analyzed, aiming to compare potential of plants cultivated under natural conditions and commercially purchased from the market, as well as to compare the effect of different solvents applied in the extraction process. Water, methanol and acetone extracts of leaves and peel were tested by DPPH and total reducing power (TRP) methods for determination of antioxidant activity, and by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and α-glucosidase inhibition assays for analyzing the other activities. Total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents were also determined. The acetonic extract of L. nobilis from Lastva showed the highest TPC, DPPH, TRP, and α-glucosidase inhibition, while water extract of commercial L. nobilis exhibited the highest AChE inhibition. The leaves of L. nobilis are demonstrated to be promising antioxidant, antineurodegenerative and antidiabetic agent.

Citrus greening or Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most severe diseases of citrus worldwide and no cure is available at present. Currently molecular techniques based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are mainly used for the identification of HLB disease. The aim of this study was to identify the causal pathogen of citrus greening disease in Bangladesh. A total of eight mandarin orange leaf samples from three citrus growing areas viz. Moulvibazar, Sylhet and Khagrachari were collected on the basis of visual investigation demonstrating blotchy mottle symptoms. The genomic DNA was extracted from midribs of each leaf sample and subjected to the PCR. Species specific primers A2/J5 was used to amplify a partial sequence of β-operon (rplKAJL-rpoBC operon) of ribosomal protein gene. An amplicon size of 703 bp specific to the Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus confirmed its presence. BLAST homology search with the sequenced data showed 99% identity with the sequence database of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus deposited in GenBank. These results confirmed the prevalence of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus causing citrus greening in Bangladesh.

Khasi Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) is one of the most widely cultivated and important commercial fruit crop of Meghalaya. It is widely cultivated in the Garo Hills except in the plain belt. The average productivity of mandarin orange in the Garo Hills was 3.3 t/ha which was relatively low as compared to the national average of 10.4 t/ha. In spite of favorable agro-climatic conditions the productivity of East Garo Hills (4.4 t/ha), West Garo Hills (2.7 t/ha) and South Garo Hills (2.8 t/ha) was very low and exhibited high degree of variations within the region. Hence, a study was conducted during 2011-2014 to evaluate the performance of Khasi Mandarin in the Garo Hills. The study revealed that there was significant difference in the tree characters, fruits characters and yield attributing characters among the different age groups. The trees between 21-30 years of age were found to be outstanding in terms of yield attributing characters followed by trees between the age groups of 10-20 years. Younger trees exhibited superior quality in terms of biochemical parameters which were inferior in older trees above 30 years. The result of the present study suggests rejuvenation or replantation of old and senile citrus orchards for improving the productivity of Khasi Mandarin in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya.

The study of the bio ecology of black scale insects Parlatoria ziziphi (Lucas, 1853) was carried out for one year (2018) in a citrus orchard of Foumbot on three varieties of mandarin including two exotic (Beauty and Emperor varieties) and one local (Obala variety). The method used consisted of removing two leaves with twigs and counting all of the living mealybugs using a binocular magnifier. It turns out that the climate influenced the global dynamics of living populations. In the Obala variety, mealybugs were more accentuated and distributed evenly in the west, north, south and center of the tree. They pullulated more and equally in the East, South and Center directions for the Beauty variety and more colonized the North side of the Emperor variety. Furthermore, scale insects preferred to settle on the lower parts of the leaves, and did not colonize the twigs. It would be advisable to whosoever wishing to establish orchards to put the improved varieties more and to accentuate the treatments in the dry season by spraying the leaves, especially the lower parts and the most shaded cardinal directions.

La culture de la clémentine dans la plaine orientale de Corse est régulièrement confrontée à des attaques de Phytophthora causant surtout des dépérissements d'arbres atteints de gommose et des nourritures de fruits. Si des conditions climatiques peuvent favoriser l'expression ...

Ocimum basilicum (sweet basil) and Laurus nobilis (bay leaves or laurel) have been used in traditional medicine for centuries, and also extensively employed as spices for adding aroma and flavor to various food products. Citrus reticulata (mandarin) is mainly used in food industry for juice production, while its peel as main byproduct contains high concentration of valuable substances. The samples were collected in Lastva Grbaljska (Montenegrin coast) and purchased from the market. Since the oxidative stress results in development of numerous diseases, among them neurodegeneration and diabetes , the antioxidant activity, antineurodegenerative and antidiabetic activities were analyzed, aiming to compare potential of plants cultivated under natural conditions and commercially purchased from the market, as well as to compare the effect of different solvents applied in the extraction process. Water, methanol and acetone extracts of leaves and peel were tested by DPPH and total reducing ...