Clinical Linguistics

The purpose of this study was to test whether the content and function word dichotomy of speech disfluency found in English-speaking adults who stutter (AWS) was evident in a language other than English. A group of adult Arabic-speaking AWS were sampled across spontaneous speaking, oral reading, and single-word naming tasks. Moments of disfluency were identified and examined in regard to lexical category. Results indicated no significant differences in the amount of disfluency occurring on content and function words. The production of combined content-function words, a unique feature of the Arabic language, was associated with a high level of disfluency. The linguistic bases of stuttering are discussed in regard to language-specific influences.

What is amazing among all the growing aspects in a child is language development. None can ignore the fact that, a mother, father other family members or even relatives wait longingly and impatiently for the first moments a child starts producing sounds, words, and even reacting and responding to certain actions and behaviours consciously. Therefore, when it happens that a child (A) is unlike child (B) in terms of linguistic abilities, it is a sign that such a child is abnormal and the sad story will start. That is, individuals who have poor communication skills are clinically diagnosed with pragmatic language impairment due to different types of developmental dysphasia. For that matter, this book presents these two issues where the two topics are synthetically introduced, and assessment tools in the Arabic Language of individuals with PLI and DD, namely the Test of Pragmatic Language TOPL-2, and two subtests from the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals CELF-4 are also presented in three studies: two quasi-experimental and a multiple case-study. Hence, the book is directed to speech and language pathologists along with researchers in clinical, psycho-neuro-bio-linguistics.

Objectives So far, The Persian Aphasia Battery (PAB) has been widely used by clinicians as the first clinical
linguistic test to assess and rehabilitate aphasia and language impairments among adult Iranian brain
damaged aphasic patients (Fluent/Non-Fluent). The first version was provided based on linguistic and
cultural adaptations on healthy Persian speaking adults and has been used by clinicians for more than 20
years. The purpose of this study was to report on the validity and reliability of PAB, based on the results
obtained from aphasic patients.
Methods & Materials In this research we report on data obtained from 57 Persian speaking brain damaged
patients with the age range of 19 to 83 years who were recruited from clinics in Tehran, Mashhad,
Karaj, Yazd, Isfahan, and Shiraz cities, Iran during 2006 to 2011 through purposeful sampling system. The
clinical language profiles of the patients were checked by an experienced speech language pathologist
(SLP) for diagnosis. The internal consistency of the Battery, the subtests and items in each subtest were
assessed based on the Cronbach α index. The internal consistency of the structure of the Battery was
based on the correlation between its subtests and each language skill.
Results The overall measure of internal consistency of the Battery was 0.93 and the internal consistency
of major language skills was significant (r=0.3-0.76, P<0.05). The subtests had high to medium internal
consistencies (r=0.63-0.83, P<0.01). The profiles of different language skills and subtests of PAB are consistent
with the diagnosis of aphasia type by expert SLP clinicians.
Conclusion Based on the obtained validity and reliability measures, the Battery has high internal consistency
and clinical utility and can be used for differential diagnosis and measuring severity of aphasia in
clinical linguistic studies among adult Persian speaking brain damaged patients.

Asthma is a disease characterized by wide variations in
pathogenesis that cause resistance to flow in intrapulmonary
airways. The dramatic changes in the architecture of the airway
walls are usually connected to allergic reaction or other forms of
hyper sensitivity, causing marked spasms that lead to difficulty in
breathing. It is possible to relieve or remove the symptoms in the
majority of patients by adopting the clinical guidelines for
pharmacotherapy of asthma which include inhaled corticosteroids,
long and short acting beta agonists, muscarinic antagonists,
leukotriene modifiers, xanthine drugs and some allergy medicines.
The proper use of these agents can aid in reducing or reversing
many symptoms of asthma. Certain methods of using medicines,
for example the correct use of the inhaler for relief and
maintenance therapy, are also associated with a significant
reduction in symptoms. This can be achieved by a pharmacist’s
intervention that can provide a detailed understanding of the
current rational drug choices and proper medication use to the
patient. Nowadays massive resources are being ploughed into
research in a concerted effort to halt the progress of this illness
that can strike in all ages.

Konuşma ve dil bozuklukları, alanımızda yer alan organları ilgilendirdiği veya bu organlarla ilgili belirtiler verdiği için KBB hekimleri tarafından bilinmesi gereken problemlerdir. Dil ve konuşma terapistine yönlendirilen hastaya doğru tanı konmadığı takdirde yanlış terapi uygulanmakta bu da zaman ve emek kaybına neden olmaktadır. Bu bölümde birbiriyle karışabilen konuşma ve dil bozukluklarından bahsedilecek ve ayırıcı tanıda önemli olan noktalar üzerinde durulacaktır.

In this chapter, a general description and discussion of the phonology of Arabic is presented. First, the sound system of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) is briefly discussed and compared to the sound system of Classical Arabic (CA) as described by Classical Arabic grammarians. Differences, or possible differences, between the two are highlighted. The phonemic inventory of MSA is then compared to those of the other Arabic spoken varieties, conventionally classified into six main dialect groups from East to West: Gulf Arabic (GA), Iraqi Arabic (IA), Levantine Arabic (LA), Yemeni Arabic (YA), Egyptian Arabic (EA), and Maghrebi Arabic (MA). Comparisons among these varieties are drawn in terms of sound system, syllable structure, and stress patterns. Some sound alternations in different dialects are analyzed within an OCP driven framework. Additionally, processes such as assimilation, affrication, lenition, and pharyngealization are discussed. Occasionally, reference is made to specific dialects within the six major groups, and new data are presented from less studied dialects.

What is the best way to analyze spontaneous spoken language? In their search for the basic units of spoken language the authors of this volume opt for a corpus-driven approach. They share a strong conviction that prosodic structure is essential for the study of spoken discourse and each bring their own theoretical and practical experience to the table. In the first part of the book they segment spoken material from a range of different languages (Russian, Hebrew, Central Pomo (an indigenous language from California), French, Japanese, Italian, and Brazilian Portuguese). In the second part of the book each author analyzes the same two spoken English samples, but looking at them from different perspectives, using different methods of analysis as reflected in their respective analyses in Part I. This approach allows for common tendencies of segmentation to emerge, both prosodic and segmental.

Glotik düzeyde ortaya çıkan kaynak ses, glotisten dudaklara, burun deliklerine kadar uzanan ve ses yolu adı verilen kabaca tüp şeklindeki boşlukta değişime uğrayarak bir taraftan konuşma seslerine dönüşürken diğer taraftan da kişiye özgü bir hal alır. Bir insanın (veya müzik aletinin) sesini başkasından ayıran algısal özellik olan ses rengi (İng. timbre), büyük ölçüde rezonasyon olayıyla belirlenir. Ses yolunda yer alan farengeal, oral ve nazal kaviteler rezonatör görevi görür, bu kavitelerin şekli ve boyutu, iç yüzeylerini örten mukozanın durumu, çevreleyen kasların tonusu rezonansı etkiler. Rezonans bozukluğu KBB pratiğinde çok sık karşılaşılan bir durumdur. Burunda tıkanıklığa veya mukoza ödemine neden olan her hastalık rezonansı etkiler. Tonsil ve adenoid hipertrofisi ile bunlara yönelik cerrahi girişimler de rezonans bozukluğuna veya en azından fizyolojik düzeyde rezonans değişikliğine neden olur. Rezonans bozukluklarının büyük bir kısmı medikal veya cerrahi tedavi ile düzelir, bu tür problemlerde konuşma terapisinin yeri son derece sınırlıdır. Üst solunum yolu enfeksiyonu, rinosinüzit, tonsil ve adenoid hipertrofisi, ses ve konuşma bozuklukları konularıyla ilgilenen; septoplasti, rinoplasti, tonsilektomi, adenoidektomi operasyonu uygulayan her KBB hekiminin rezonans bozuklukları konusuna hakim olması gerekmektedir. Rezonans bozukluklarıyla ilgili klinik uygulamada hekimlerin en fazla karşılaştığı sorun bozukluğun algılanamaması veya yanlış algılanmasıdır. Nazal rezonans fazlalığı (hipernazalite) olan bir hastanın sorununun yanlışlıkla nazal rezonans azlığı (hiponazalite) şeklinde algılanması katastrofik sonuçlar doğurabilir. Bunun dışında, rezonans bozukluğu ile temel frekans problemi birbiriyle karıştırılabilir; tiz frekans bölgesinde rezonans artışı temel frekans yüksekliği, bu bölgede rezonans azalması temel frekans düşüklüğü olarak algılanabilir. "Tanı Yöntemleri" alt başlığı altında bahsedilen yöntemlerin kullanılması hekimin hata yapma ihtimalini azaltacaktır. Nazal, farengeal, oral kavitelerin şeklini etkileyen her cerrahi girişimin rezonansı etkileme potansiyeli vardır. Sınırda velofarengeal yetersizlik (VFY) problemi olan hastalara uygulanan tonsilektomi, adenoidektomi gibi operasyonlar veya velumu, uvulayı ilgilendiren küçük cerrahi girişimler problemin belirginleşmesine, hipernazaliteye neden olabilir.

Tumour  markers  are  biochemical  indicators  of  the  presence  of  a
tumour, which are selectively produced by the neoplastic tissue and
released into blood or in other body fluids. They are widely accepted
and applied to the management of patients with cancer since the
introduction  of  diagnostic  immunopathology.  Tumour  markers
include  oncofetal  antigens  (AFP),  glycoproteins  (CEA),  placental
proteins  (PLAP),  hormones  (ACTH  and  HCG),  enzymes  (PSA  and
PAP) and other molecular species. Monoclonal antibody technique is
the most commonly used method for identification of specific marker
in  tissue,  urine  or  blood  sample.  Assay  of  various  tumour  markers
can be used for population screening, tumour detection, diagnosis,
staging, prognosis, or follow up of malignant diseases.

Ciò che ci si propone di indagare, attraverso l’Analisi della Conversazione, è il rapporto non facilmente descrivibile tra la psicosi (schizofrenia) e il linguaggio, inteso come conversazione e interazione tra parlanti.
Si traccerà un quadro della patologia dal punto di vista medico, delineandone caratteristiche sintomatologiche e alcune ipotesi eziologiche; dal punto di vista linguistico, riassumendo e definendo le principali caratteristiche del linguaggio schizofasico e la terminologia tecnica; dal punto di vista bibliografico, presentando tipologie differenti di approcci al rapporto tra psicosi e linguaggio al fine di comprendere eventuali limiti delle metodologie e punti di forza che sono utili per questo lavoro.
La metodologia utilizzata per l’analisi del corpus è l’Analisi della Conversazione, sviluppata negli anni Settanta da Sacks, Schegloff e Jefferson. L’AC è praticata in differenti campi, dalla sociologia alla psicologia, dall’antropologia alla linguistica e permette un approccio multidisciplinare, che è ciò che ci si propone di adottare in questo elaborato.
Il numero esiguo di applicazioni dell’Analisi della Conversazione al parlato “schizofasico” e l’idea che l’analisi microstrutturale, cioè a livello intrafrasale, non dia una chiave di lettura esaustiva dell’impairement linguistico nei parlanti affetti da psicosi, hanno spinto nella direzione di questo tipo di indagine. L’Analisi della Conversazione si colloca, infatti in una dimensione tranfrastica, analizzando un testo nella sua interezza, oltre il vincolo frasale.
Il corpus è composto da tre conversazioni con tre soggetti che presentano tipologie differenti di schizofrenia. Dopo aver registrato i colloqui avvenuti tra i parlanti e la ricercatrice, secondo il formato dell’intervista libera, le conversazioni sono state trascritte, utilizzando il metodo di trascrizione jeffersoniano, sul software ELAN (Linguistic Annotator), al fine di consentire un approccio multimodale ai dati, la possibilità di archiviare e al tempo stesso rendere fruibile per future analisi il corpus, e sviluppare semplici considerazioni statistiche.
L’analisi vera e propria è stato condotta corpus driven, mettendo in evidenza, grazie agli strumenti dell’AC, i fenomeni salienti che emergevano man mano dalle conversazioni.
Lo scopo è stato operare delle analisi qualitative delle tre conversazione e comparare i tre parlanti al fine di rinvenire differenze linguistiche e soprattutto pattern da correlare con i sintomi proposti per la tipologia di schizofrenia coinvolta. Si è, in ultima istanza, voluto riflettere su concetti come “intersoggettività”, “negoziazione”, “cooperazione”, per cercare di comprendere meglio da questa prospettiva i nodi problematici legati alla comprensibilità di un testo schizofasico.
Il contributo risiederà nell’avere raccolto dati empirici e naturalistici originali di parlato schizofasico e nell’aver applicato una metodologia poco utilizzata a questi dati. Infine nell’aver tentato di gettare una luce sul complesso rapporto tra schizofrenia e linguaggio di cui si occupa la linguistica clinica.

Esta nota presenta un panorama histórico del desarrollo de la Lingüística Clínica (LC) en México. En un primer momento, se establece la distinción entre psicolingüística, neurolingüística y LC, ya que tienden a utilizarse de manera indistinta. Posteriormente, se realiza un recorrido histórico sobre las investigaciones e investigadores que contribuyeron a sentar las bases de la LC, iniciando en los años ’70 del siglo pasado. También, se subrayan las principales dificultades a las que se ha enfrentado y han detenido su desarrollo. Finalmente, se destaca la necesidad de consolidar esta línea de investigación –como parte de la lingüística aplicada– sobre todo porque puede contribuir a optimizar la práctica clínica de los terapeutas del lenguaje y, en consecuencia, mejorar la calidad de vida de los pacientes y la de sus familiares.

En los últimos años, dentro del ámbito clínico se ha pugnado por la integración de un marco teórico inter/multidisciplinar que permita explicar de forma integral las alteraciones del lenguaje. Esto adquiere mayor relevancia cuando se proponen categorías disgnósticas que se limitan a describir el daño y no a explicar las causas subyacentes. Así, los objetivos de este trabajo son: (1) identificar los factores neurofisiológicos y neuropsicológicos alterados, a partir de la perspectiva neuropsicológica de Luria, en un niño con problemas de lenguaje y (2) realizar un análisis lingüístico de los errores fonológicos para determinar la relación existente entre ambos elementos. El método que se siguió fue un estudio de caso-de tipo descriptivo-donde se realizó un análisis cualitativo de los déficits fonológicos del paciente. Los resultados muestran que el niño presentaba un amplio rango de alteraciones fonológicas: asimilación, sustitución, omisión e inserción, todos ellos relacionados con el mecanismo de análisis y síntesis cinestésico y la organización secuencial de movimientos y acciones. Estos resultados sugieren que existe una relación entre los factores neuropsicológicos alterados y el tipo de error fonológico presentado. Se propone aquí, que los déficits del lenguaje pueden explicarse en mayor medida si se considera un enfoque neuropsicológico y lingüístico. Finalmente, la inclusión de la lingüística al campo clínico fonoaudiológico permitiría explicar los fenómenos observados de manera más integral.

Recordings for acoustic research should ideally be made in a lossless format. However, in some cases pre-existing data may be available in a lossy format such as mp3, prompting the question in how far this compromises the accuracy of acoustic measurements. In order to determine whether this is the case, we compressed 10 recordings of read speech in different compression rates (16-320 kbps), and reconverted them to wav in order to examine the effect of compression on commonly used suprasegmental measures of fundamental frequency (f0), pitch range and level. Results suggest that at compression rates between 56 and 320 kbps, measures of f0 and most measures of pitch range and level remain reliable, with mean errors below 2% and often better than that. The skewness of the distribution of f0 measurements , however, shows much greater measurement errors, with mean errors of 6.9%-7.6% at compression rates between 96 kbps and 320 kbps, and 44.8% at 16 kbps. We conclude that mp3 compressed recordings can be subjected to the acoustic measurements tested here. Nevertheless, the indeterminacy added by mp3 compression needs to be taken into account when interpreting measurements.

This is the introductory chapter to Schmid, Hans-Jörg, ed. (2012), Cognitive Pragmatics. Handbooks of Pragmatics Vol. 4. Berlin etc.: Mouton de Gruyter. See https://www.academia.edu/8665791/Schmid_Hans-J%C3%B6rg_ed._2012_Cognitive_Pragmatics._Handbooks_of_Pragmatics_Vol._4._Berlin_etc._Mouton_de_Gruyter

This paper introduces a framework for the labelling of pragmatic
categories within impaired oral language samples. The labels have been
developed as part of the adaptation of PerLA corpus to the CHAT
transcription system, in order to integrate the corpus into the international
database CHILDES/TALKBANK. Firstly, we describe the metadata format.
Secondly, we expand on the criteria supporting the labelling. Finally, we
provide some real examples from our data.

"The clinical bacteria of multi-drug resistant to some antibiotics are
considered a common problem in the world wide. Alternative
antibacterial strategies are urgently needed, and thus this situation
has led to a re-evaluation of the therapeutic use of ancient
remedies, such as plants and plant-based products, including
Nigella sativa (N. sativa). This study aimed to evaluate the
antibacterial activity of Yemeni N. sativa oil against some Clinical
Bacterial Isolates (CBI) and Control Strains of Bacteria (CSB) in
comparison with Augmentin® (Amoxicillin and Clavulanic Acid).
This study was carried out in Sana’a city during the period of one
year from May 2012 to April 2013. The antibacterial activity of oil
with different concentrations was determined by using disc agar
diffusion technique against CBI (Staphylococcus aureus and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and CSB (Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC25619, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC29737), also the
Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of oil extract was
determined. The results indicated that, the highest significant
antibacterial activity was at the maximum concentration of the oil
against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in
comparison with Augmentin ® discs (p < 0.05) respectively. This
study observed that, there was strong positive correlation between
the diameter zone (DZ-mm) and oil concentrations (%). In
addition, the DZ (mm) of the oil for CSB was higher than CBI.
Also the oil activity was found to be more effective against
Staphylococcus aureus than Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On the
other hand, the MIC of the oil against CBI were ranged between ≥
0.5% and 4%. Whereas, the CSB particularly Staphylococcus
aureus were sensitive to low concentrations of oil. It could be
concluded that, the oil had high antibacterial effect against CSB
and CBI with high concentration and more effective than
Augmentin® discs."

Let us suppose that you are a research linguist, tormented by some doubts and questions about the state of your profession, and not constrained by having to repeat a catechism of "known truths" to Linguistics 101 students, and not worried about employment tenure. How would you actually go about tackling "the central problem of linguistics", namely how we acquire and maintain knowledge of the probability of systemic relationships in a language?

Despite the increasing amount of bi- and multilingual clients in the caseloads of speech and language therapists, there is a limited number of instruments that clinicians can use to distinguish transient language difference, due to a bilingual environment, from language disorder. In the current study, the Dynamic Assessment of Preschoolers’ Proficiency in Learning English (DAPPLE, Hasson et al., 2013) was therefore adapted to Italian and administered to 18 bilingual children who had been referred to speech and language therapy services and to 29 typically developing bilingual controls. The two groups were matched on age, exposure to Italian, age of first exposure to Italian, primary caregiver education and non-verbal IQ. The ability to learn vocabulary, sentence structure and phonology was assessed through the use of a test-teach-retest format, and subsequently compared to the results of a non-word repetition task and a parent report on the child’s first language development. Overall, the Italian adaptation of the DAPPLE was found to discriminate the two groups of children. In the vocabulary subtest, statistically significant between-group differences were found on the receptive pre-test and on the immediate post-teaching naming task. Pre-test and post-test measures, as well as the children’s pre- to post-gains, differentiated the two groups in both the sentence structure and phonology tasks. Finally, significant inter-correlations were observed among the scores derived from the dynamic assessment, the results of the non-word repetition task and the parent report, which seemingly confirmed the pre-diagnostic accuracy of the proposed screening tool.

The congenital malformation leading to cleft-lip and palate (CL/P) is one of the most common of all congenital deformities (Ardinger et al, 1989; Hagberg et al, 1998, Muir, 1974; Watson, 2004), which appears in the first trimester of pregnancy and is thought to start ‘during the fourth week of intrauterine life’ (Muir, 1974: 107). It is estimated that there are around 85,000 people in the UK with a cleft if you use the 2001 census figures (CLAPA, 2009), though a more accurate figure can be given once the 2011 census is released. The prevalence and incidence of the deformity show slight variations between the year of the research and indeed the location. The lowest of recorded incidences states that CL/P affects approximately 1/800 births (Muir, 1974); slightly under-representative to other research that indicates occurrence is 1/750 live births (Davies, 1985; Speltz at al, 1997) and 1/700 births respectively (Sargent, 1999). Ardinger et al (1989) leaves capacity for fluctuation by presenting the incidence of a cleft-lip with or without a cleft-palate at 1/700 – 1/1000 babies. Differing from these results, other research predict that clefts affect 1.7/1000 (Henriksson, 1971), 1.89/1000 (Jenson et al, 1988) and 2/1000 newborns (Hagberg et al, 1998).

Eastern Andalusian Spanish deletes coda consonants and the effects of such deletions have been widely studied. However, this has been done almost exclusively for /s/. Furthermore, no study has considered Eastern Andalusian speakers with articulation disorders. The present paper explores the consequences of /s/, /r/, and /θ/ deletion on preceding vowels in Eastern Andalusian speakers with articulation disorders. The vowels from eight speakers with articulation disorders are analysed in word-final position and before underlying /-s/, /-r/, and /-θ/. Acoustic and statistical analyses show that speakers with an articulation disorder do not simply delete word-final consonants, as posited in the literature for these type of speakers, but they also display lowering and fronting/backing, which is typical in this variety of Spanish. The results from the analyses of the 524 vowels from the present study are compared to data of speakers not affected by articulation disorders from the literatur...

مشاهدات بالینی و تجربی گسترده نشان داده‌‏اند که آسیب به نیمکرۀ راست و مناطق خارج از نواحیِ سنتیِ زبان در مغز، به‌‏همراه برخی از بیماری‌‏های زوال مغز و آلزایمر، می‌‏توانند بر توانایی‌‏های ارتباطی افراد اثر بگذارند. در گذشته برخی از پژوهشگران متوجه چنین مشکلاتی در بیماران شده بودند، اما به‌‏دلیلِ نداشتن ابزار مناسب قادر به ارزیابی و توصیفِ دقیقِ این اختلالات نبودند. در سال 2004، ژوانت و همکاران ابزاری جامع، یعنی پروتکل ارزیابی مهارت‌‏های ارتباطی مونترآل (پروتکل ام.ای.سی.)، را برای زبان فرانسه و به‌‏منظورِ ارزیابی این نوع مهارت‌‏ها طراحی کردند. پژوهش حاضر به معرفی و معیارسازیِ خرده‌‏آزمون‌‏های کاربردشناسی (خرده‌‏آزمون‌‏های تفسیرِ استعاره و تفسیرِ کنشِ گفتاری) نسخۀ فارسی این پروتکل پرداخته است. تعداد 150 شرکت‌‏کننده در دو گروه سنیِ 25-44 سال و 45 – 64 سال، و دو گروه تحصیلی کمتر از 12 سال و بالاتر از 12 سال سابقۀ تحصیلات رسمی در این پژوهش شرکت کردند. این گروه‌‏بندی‌‏ها برپایۀ مطالعات مرتبط در دیگر زبان‌‏ها انجام شد. نمرۀ هشدار برای دو خرده‌‏آزمونِ یادشده براساسِ صدک دهم هماهنگ با نسخۀ اولیۀ فرانسۀ آن تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد که، همسو با پژوهش‌‏های انجام‌‏شده در زبان‌‏های غربی، مانند انگلیسی و فرانسه، در زبان فارسی نیز متغیر تحصیلات، درمقایسه با متغیر سن، اثر بیشتری بر عملکرد آزمودنی‌‏ها داشته است.

Standardization of Pragmatic Subtests of the Montreal Protocol for the Evaluation of Communication (MEC Protocol) for Persian Language

Extensive clinical and experimental observations have shown that damage to the right hemisphere and areas outside the traditional areas of the language in the brain, along with dementia and Alzheimer's disease, can affect the communicational abilities of individuals. Researchers, in the past, had noticed such problems in patients, but due to the lack of appropriate tools, they were not able to accurately assess and describe these disorders. In 2004, Joanette et al. developed a comprehensive tool, the Protocole Montréal d’évaluation de la communication (Protocole MEC), in French to assess such skills. The present study has introduced and standardized the subtests of pragmatics (subtests of metaphor interpretation and speech act interpretation) of the Persian version of this protocol. A total of 150 participants in the age groups of 25-44 years and 45-64 years, and two educational groups of under 12 years and over 12 years of formal education participated in this study. These groupings were based on the relevant studies in other languages. The alert points for these two subtests were determined with the 10-percentile criterion in accordance with the original French version. The results indicated that, in line with research conducted in the Western languages such as English and French, the education variable had a greater effect on the performance of subjects than the age variable in Persian language.