Cloud Cover

This study presents a descriptive statistical analysis of cloud cover using monthly data for Sindh and Makran coasts recorded by the Pakistan Meteorological Department from 1980 to 2004. For Sindh coast, we are considered the data for Karachi and for Makran, we have taken the case of Quetta. For this purpose, Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) approach was utilized. Through this approach,
analysis of the data illustrated variability in the behavior of the cloud dynamics for both the regions. The degree of variation in the computed parametric values at Karachi region was remarkable as compared to the Quetta region. Interpretations of the temporal character depict that the fluctuations in the cloud concentration of Quetta region is different from Karachi due to coastal location.

Indonesia's climate classification is divided into three rainfall patterns. The three patterns are Seasonal Pattern, Equatorial Pattern, and Local Pattern (Anti Seasonal). Flood Disaster Management based on extreme rainfall is very much needed, as the analysis was taken as a case study on January 22, 2019, a flood disaster occurred in South Sulawesi. The flood event indicated that there was heavy rain that flushed the South Sulawesi region for several days, which is classified as monsoonal rainfall. This st  udy aims to analyze the characteristics of heavy rain with atmospheric anomalies during these events by calculating rainfall intensity  to  determine  future  flooding  patterns  and  using  the  WRF  model  to  analyze  cloud  distribution  patterns  and  rainfall  distribution.  The  method  used  in  this  research  is  Mononobe  and  Weather  Research  and  Forecasting  (WRF)  using  the  Fabric  Fritsch cumulus parameterization scheme. The analysis showed that the intensity and duration of rainfall of 2, 5 10, 25, and 50 years were obtained from the Mononobe model, as well as from the atmospheric dynamics data, there was rain for 3 consecutive days caused by cumulonimbus type rain clouds. Based on the WRF model, it can be seen that the CAPE value before the onset of rain is quite significant, thus supporting the growth of rain clouds as an important variable in flood disaster management in the South Sulawesi region in particular and the tropical zone in. general.Motivation/Background:Indonesia is included in a tropical climate where extreme rainfall is important to analyze. The majority of flood disasters in the tropics occur in decades of extreme atmosphere, this is an important reason in this study.Method: The Mononobe method can be used to calculate the distribution pattern of rainfall intensity throughout 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 years, as a prediction of future rainfall intensity patterns. The WRF model is used to calculate the cloud distribution pattern and the spatial distribution of rainfall. Results: The results of this study obtained patterns of rainfall intensity and duration of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 years from the Mononobe  model,  as  well  as  from  the  atmospheric  dynamics  data,  there  was  rain  for  3  consecutive  days  caused  by  cumulonimbus rain clouds. The pattern of cloud distribution and rainfall at the time of the incident at the WRF model research location.Conclusions: Analysis of the distribution pattern of rainfall intensity for the periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 years, as well as the distribution pattern of clouds and rainfall, is very necessary for disaster identification, especially hydrometeorology. This is very important as a variable in flood disaster management, especially in the tropics.

The aim of this study is to explain the relationship between changes in the amount of low-level cloudiness, the frequency of occurrence of certain types of clouds, the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) of the atmosphere, and changes in relative sunshine duration in Poland in the years 1980-2018. The analytical part of the study first presents the spatial variability of area-average values of the discussed characteristics in seasonal terms, and then shows the strength and direction of trends of individual elements for each of the analysed meteorological stations and averaged over the entire country. In the next stage of the work, the impact of individual cloud types and the aerosol optical thickness of the atmosphere on the multi-annual changes in sunshine duration in Poland was assessed. As a result of the conducted research, a growing trend in area-average values of relative sunshine duration in each season of the year was found in Poland, the highest being in the spring and the smallest in the winter. It was shown that a reduction in aerosol optical thickness and a decrease in the incidence of low-level clouds, including mainly stratiform clouds, had the greatest impact on the changes in sunshine duration.