Cold Fusion

The Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion Reactor (IEC Fusion) is a potential method for controlled fusion power. The IEC fusion reactor confines plasma via a strong electrostatic potential between two concentric grids as ions stream towards the center. The electrostatic potential between the outer grid and the inner grid is on the order of magnitude of tens of kilo volts, and the outer grid is usually grounded. Gas species such as Deuterium and Tritium are injected into a vacuum chamber housing the grids, usually at pressures on the order of a millitorr. Once ionized by the electric field, the ions accelerate radially toward the central grid, colliding with other ions of sufficient relative velocity to undergo fusion. Those ions that shoot through the center without fusing will decelerate and fallback towards the center, making another pass. This method of confinement therefore has two advantages: Plasma recirculates around the central grid making multiple passes and hence increasing the likelihood of fusion. Optimal fusion cross section is on the order of hundred million Kelvins, while difficult to achieve conventionally, it translates to only tens of kilo electron volts, which is fairly easy to achieve via electrostatics. There are also difficulties associated with IEC fusion. Several loss mechanisms limit its ultimate power output, the most significant being Coulomb interactions, causing bremsstrahlung radiation and thermalization of ion velocities, and ion-grid collisions. This thesis investigates the fusion performance of a cylindrical IEC device, this will be done via computational modelling, and iterative numerical simulations of performance parameters. A set of optimum design parameters will be derived from the simulations, and a preliminary design for an IEC device will be given. The results were not surprising, there is an optimum operating voltage of approximately 190 kV. The optimum pressure and chamber size is approximately 1 meter at 1 millitorr. The grid transparency has a dramatic effect on the performance as well, but this is material limited to 98%. A novel method of reducing grid collisions is being researched by the US Navy currently, in which electrons are trapped to form a virtual cathode, using magnetic fields. This is termed the Polywell.

In 2011, a satellite accidently detected that antimatter was created by thunderstorms. This antimatter consisted of positrons – the antiparticles of electrons. This fact, along with prior investigations and experimentation with High Voltage and Nuclear Fusion apparatus, led to an interesting conclusion, here deduced. That a simple electric antimatter rocket is viable within current technology and a simple model rocket pulse engine could even be made from components available to a hobbyist. I base this investigation on all available data that I had access to, together with my knowledge and particular experience gained from many years of experimentation in addition the principle that: — Electrical storms are a natural particle accelerator and that NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope had detected beams of antimatter produced above thunderstorms on Earth, therefore by the laws which creates these natural physical systems, could be duplicated with equipment that we already have great experience with. The first question that has to be asked is, 'is the Antimatter generated in Lightning a byproduct of total power, potential difference, amperage or some other factor?' To answer this question, I begin by listing all known data and facts about lightning and natural positron creation by lightning, as a list of referenced facts shown below.

An attempt is made to build an LENR theory that does not contradict any basic principle of physics and gives a relatively simple explanation to the plethora of experimental results. A single unconventional assumption is made, namely that nuclei are kept together by a magnetic attraction mechanism, as proposed in the 1980s of the past century by Valerio Dallacasa and Norman Cook. This assumption contradicts a non-proven detail of the standard model, which instead attributes the nuclear force to a residual effect of the strong interaction. The theory is based also on a property of the electron which has been known for long, but has rarely been used: the Zitterbewegung (ZB). This property should allow the magnetic attraction mechanism that binds nucleons together, to manifest also between the electron and any isotope of hydrogen, leading to the formation of three neutral pseudo-particles (the component particles remain separate entities), collectively named here Hydronions (or Hyd). These pseudo-particles can then couple with other nuclei and lead to a fusion reaction " inside " the electron. The Coulomb barrier is not overcome kinetically, but through what could be interpreted as a range extension of the nuclear force itself, realized by the electron when some specific conditions are satisfied. The most important of these necessary conditions is that the electron has to " orbit " the hydrogen nucleus at a frequency of 2.055 × 10 16 Hz. This frequency corresponds to photons with an energy of about 85 eV or equivalently a wavelength of 14.6 nm in the Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV). So the large quanta of nuclear energy fractionate into EUV photons during the formation of the Hydronions and during the coupling of Hydronions to other nuclei. The formation of Hydronions requires the so called Nuclear Active Environment (NAE), which is what makes LENR so rare and difficult to reproduce. The numbers suggest that the NAE forms when an unshielded atomic core electron orbital that has an " orbital frequency " near to the coupling frequency is stricken by a naked Hydrogen Nucleus (HNu). This theory therefore implies that the NAE is not inside the metal matrix, but in its immediate neighbourhood. The best candidate atoms for a NAE are listed, based on the energy of their ionization energies. The coincidence with the most common LENR materials appears noteworthy. The Electron Mediated Nuclear Reactions (EMNR) theory can explain also very rapid runaway conditions, radio emissions, biological NAE, and the so called " strange radiation " .

In the 26 years since the ill-named, and ill-timed, announcement of “cold fusion” by Drs. Martin Fleischmann  and Stanley Pons at the University of Utah critics have consistently raised five concerns:
1. Fusion neutron production isn’t commensurate with observed heat 
2. Lack of a theory
3. Counter to “all that’s known in nuclear physics”
4. Irreproducibility
5. Lack of independent replication
It can be argued that the phenomenon is neither “cold” nor “fusion”: but it is nuclear . Neutrons are not easily produced, nor, are they produced by purely chemical means.  Hence, neutrons are the hallmark of nuclear reactions.  Although neutron production isn’t commensurate with measured heat, several of our papers discuss neutron production.
There is an abundance of contradictory theories, and hence, we’ve shied away from theory until we had data. Although the mantra, “theory guides, data decides”, doesn’t preclude experimental data, several voices outside the field refuse to recognize the phenomena unless there is a theory.  However, our modeling has provided guidance and suggests previously unrecognized magnetic and nuclear effects that clearly enable condensed matter nuclear reactions.
The major “cold fusion” criticism has been the need to overcome the Coulomb Barrier between two positively charged deuterons at room temperature, 0.025 eV, as opposed to the hot fusion ion temperature of 5 keV (55 million K).  However, low energy accelerator experiments with metal deuteride targets demonstrate enhanced electron screening  that significantly raises the Gamow Factor thereby increasing the low temperature deuterium fusion cross-section.  Other nuclear theories have been suggested to lower the Coulomb Barrier, though few of these are consistent with our data.
Most important, the co-deposition protocol discussed in these papers has shown independent repro-ducibility and replication across multiple laboratories in four countries negating two primary criticisms of Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (CMNS): irreproducibility and lack of independent replication.

Scientists at the US Navy SPAWAR Systems Center-Pacific (SSC-Pacific), and its predecessors, in conjunction with JWK International Corporation, have had extraordinary success in publishing condensed matter nuclear reaction papers in peer-reviewed journals. This success hasn’t come easily and is due to
several factors. One key reason was the support of Dr. Frank Gordon, SES and Head of the Research and Applied Sciences Department. Because of his support, the SSC-Pacific upper management allowed scientists to conduct research and publish results in a controversial field for twenty years. The few journal editors, who had the fortitude to consider our work, and the reviewers contributed to this success. A multitude of reviewers, many outside this field, had to put aside their biases and look objectively at our data. In turn, their relentless concerns forced us to tenaciously address their issues. By adopting the palladium-deuterium (Pd/D) electrolytic co-deposition methodology, invented by Dr. Stanislaw Szpak at the Naval Ocean Systems Center, we had a reliable and repeatable protocol for the
high, fast loading of palladium with deuterium, without cracking. Both Drs. Martin Fleischmann and John Bockris contributed co-dep papers. As early as 1990, we began exploring nuclear effects, beginning with
x-ray film and later, measuring tritium, elemental transmutation, then charged particles and neutrons using solid-state nuclear track detectors. We conducted thermal imaging. Colleagues, Dr. Mel Miles, and later, Dennis Letts, performed co-dep calorimetry. Miles observed the excess energy from the Pd/D codeposition surface exceeds that of bulk palladium. Subsequent papers examined elemental transmutation, effects of external fields, measurements of fast
neutron spectra and the identification of their source. The majority of our work over the past two decades has dealt with nuclear effects in the Pd/D system. Eight of the papers were on thermal effects and 26 with nuclear effects. We have sought to identify, characterize and elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind condensed matter nuclear reactions. Ours has been a collaborative effort with colleagues around the globe. To date, the SSC-Pacific/JWK team and colleagues have published thirty-eight refereed papers in twelve journals, and two book chapters, spanning 23 years, with thirty-four authors and co-authors from seven countries. We have given more than twice as many conference talks and presentations as well.
This synopsis itemizes the journal and year; the authors, co-authors and affiliations; the journals; the first pages of two papers; a DoE Energy Citations Database Webpage and the abstract; and two patents: #5,928,483, “Electrochemical Cell Having a Beryllium Compound Coated Electrode” and US #8,419,919, “System and Method for Generating Particles”.

The cold nuclear fusion (CNF) can be ensued by the usually
rejected singular solution of the Schroedinger equation for a hydrogen atom. This solution, when atom is confined inside matter, though singular, is normalizable. Its energy level, is shown, to be lower than the level of the usual ground state of the free hydrogen atom. A possibility of CNF because of nucleus charge screening provided by the electron in the singular state is discussed.

When an ultrashort, intense laser pulse interacts with a nano-cluster (radius ∼ nm, solid-state
density), high ion energies and high ion charges are obtained in a very short amount of time.
These high ion energies can be used to induce fusion reactions: cluster fusion. In current cluster
fusion experiments sub nanosecond neutron pulses of 1e4 − 1e6 neutrons per pulse with Q-values
of 1e−8 − 1e−7 are obtained. We have devised a simplified process-based laser-single cluster
interaction model for ascertaining the theoretical feasibility of single cluster fusion (fusion within
one exploding nano-cluster upon laser irradiation) and for ascertaining the possibility of generating
mono-energetic ion energy spectra from a single cluster for enhancing fusion yields in current
cluster fusion schemes.

Laser-cluster interaction has been dissected in three processes: inner field ionisation, electron
ejection and cluster expansion. In low-Z laser-cluster interaction, these processes occur sequen
tially. Field ionisation rapidly ionises the cluster, creating a nano-plasma. The resulting electron
cloud is subjective to a driving force by the laser field and a retaining force by the ion cloud, resulting in a forced oscillator model for the electron cloud motion during the laser pulse irradiation,
which is used for determining the portion of ejected electrons from the cluster. After electron
ejection, the cluster obtains an ion charge excess causing the cluster to expand under its self
generated potential, accelerating the cluster ions to high energies when all electrons are ejected.

In the case of high-Z laser-cluster interaction we have shown that the electron cloud oscillation and
field ionisation processes occur simultaneously and have a synergistic effect on each other, which
explains why extraordinarily high charge states can be obtained by laser-single cluster interaction.
We used our process-based model to show that it is theoretically possible to obtain nuclear
fusion for deuterium-deuterium, deuterium-tritium and proton-boron fuel mixes from a single ex
ploding nano-cluster by using peaked density cluster profiles and/or by combining ion species with
a different mass/charge ratio. Single cluster fusion results in a sub picosecond neutron (deuterium
deuterium, deuterium-tritium fusion) / α radiation (proton-boron fusion) pulse, which can poten
tially lead to very high instantaneous (pulsed) neutron fluxes of up to 1e22 − 1e24 neutrons/s m^2.

Additionally, we have shown that it is theoretically possible to obtain mono-energetic ion energy
spectra from cluster fusion by controlling the density profile in a double pulse set-up, which can
enhance the fusion yield in current cluster fusion schemes by up to a factor 4.

This paper presents the concept of using energy generated from the cold fusion process in water treatment distillation. Even if solar energy remains the greenest one, the huge energy liberated from the cold fusion phenomenon suggests its utilization in the distillation process to gain energetic efficiency in terms of cost and time. Ten years ago, cold fusion specialists announced that they possess solid proof that ambient temperature fusion is genuine. Throughout employing the concept of cold fusion, the power plants possess distinctive benefits over the still hypothetical thermonuclear fusion. With a large success, compact cold fusion setups will be utilized on ships, in aircrafts, and in near and outer space travels. That, in principle, is inaccessible for the giant thermonuclear installations. For using cold fusion in water treatment industry, this is only an idea presented at its birth stage. Great work remains to be accomplished with a view to present the cold fusion process as an eco-friendly technology for producing energy for water treatment distillation. In fact, greening cold fusion as an energy source for water treatment distillation may be considered as a promising perspective. However, the term "greening" means here a process without any nuclear hazards and inherent pollutions.

Quasicrystals (QCs) are a novel form of matter, which are neither crystalline nor amorphous. Among many surprising properties of QCs is their high catalytic activity. We propose a mechanism explaining this peculiarity based on unusual dynamics of atoms at special sites in QCs, namely, localized anharmonic vibrations (LAVs) and phasons. In the former case, one deals with a large amplitude (~ fractions of an angstrom) time-periodic oscillations of a small group of atoms around their stable positions in the lattice, known also as discrete breathers, which can be excited in regular crystals as well as in QCs. On the other hand, phasons are a specific property of QCs, which are represented by very large amplitude (~angstrom) oscillations of atoms between two quasi-stable positions determined by the geometry of a QC. Large amplitude atomic motion in LAVs and phasons results in time-periodic driving of adjacent potential wells occupied by hydrogen ions (protons or deuterons) in case of hydrogenated QCs. This driving may result in the increase of amplitude and energy of zero-point vibrations (ZPV). Based on that, we demonstrate a drastic increase of the D-D or D-H fusion rate with increasing number of modulation periods evaluated in the framework of Schwinger model, which takes into account suppression of the Coulomb barrier due to lattice vibrations. In this context, we present numerical solution of Schrodinger equation for a particle in a non-stationary double well potential, which is driven time-periodically imitating the action of a LAV or phason. We show that the rate of tunneling of the particle through the potential barrier separating the wells is enhanced drastically by the driving, and it increases strongly with increasing amplitude of the driving. These results support the concept of nuclear catalysis in QCs that can take place at special sites provided by their inherent topology. Experimental verification of this hypothesis can lead to new ways of engineering materials containing nuclear active environments based on QC catalytic properties.

The idea of a “cesspool”. It does not seem so farfetched. It would seem that the “cesspool” idea, adds a few strings to the process of LIFE creation. THE ENERGY as well, does not obey the common rules of current to resistance variations, see Figures 1, 2 & 6. Therefore, compounds like water, would be a tool, just as resistance would be another tool. Very High Resistance allows barricading, allowing a process to occur as like being in an Egg Domain; How else would there be all nutrients needed for the process of Genes, DNA, and Protein creation—Not completely in that order—? If elementary particles to elements, to compound creation, are not questioned as being rare commodities in the LIFE creation process of being in an Egg Domain; We would not know the answer concerning the Origin of LIFE.

The AI Machine

In reference of a body construction for an AI, there are materials that already exist to construct a physical body. Unlike the building of an AI mind, building the body is easier. Material construction, does not have to include anything such as DNA. What would be the purpose of DNA, when building materials already exist?

Since the announcement by Fleischmann and Pons that the excess enthalpy generated in the negatively polarized Pd-D-D2O system was attributable to nuclear reactions occurring inside the Pd lattice, there have been reports of other manifestations of nuclear activities in this system. In particular, there have been reports of tritium and helium-4 production; emission of energetic particles, gamma or X-rays, and neutrons; as well as the transmutation of elements. In this communication, the results of Pd-D co-deposition experiments conducted with the cathode in close contact with CR-39, a solid-state nuclear etch detector, are reported. Among the solitary tracks due to individual energetic particles, triple tracks are observed. Microscopic examination of the bottom of the triple track pit shows that the three lobes of the track are splitting apart from a center point. The presence of three α-particle tracks outgoing from a single point is diagnostic of the 12C(n,n')3α carbon breakup reaction and suggests that DT reactions that produce ≥9.6 MeV neutrons are occurring inside the Pd lattice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the production of energetic (≥9.6 MeV) neutrons in the Pd-D system.

A method may include the steps of supplying current to the
electrodes of an electrochemical cell according to a first
charging profile, wherein the electrochemical cell has an
anode, cathode, and electrolytic solution; maintaining a generally
constant current between the electrodes; exposing the
cell to an external field either during or after the termination
of the deposition of deuterium absorbing metal on the cathode;
and supplying current to the electrodes according to a
second charging profile during the exposure of the cell to the
external field. The electrolytic solution may include a metallic
salt including palladium, and a supporting electrolyte,
each dissolved in heavy water. The cathode may comprise a
second metal that does not substantially absorb deuterium,
such as gold. The external field may be a magnetic field.

Fusion power, solution to the global energy crises in 21 st century Introduction to Fusion Even before the development of nuclear energy, scientists realized that a type of nuclear reaction different from the fission was theoretically possible as a source of nuclear energy. Instead of using the energy released as a result of fission of fissile materials like Uranium and Plutonium, the liberation of energy in the fusion reaction of hydrogen isotopes is possible. In fact, this process is the opposite of fission since it involves the fusing together of the nuclei of hydrogen isotopes. It is for this reason that the energy generation based on nuclear fusion is often called nuclear fusion energy. Of the three isotopes of hydrogen the two heaviest species, Deuterium and Tritium, combine most readily to form Helium. Although the energy released in the fusion process per nuclear reaction is less than fission, the same quantity of hydrogen isotopes contains many more atoms than fissile materials. Thus the energy released from hydrogen isotopes fuel is almost four times as much as fissile materials and also 10 million times more than fossil fuels. Of course, this estimation is based on the complete fusion of all hydrogen isotopes atoms. Fusion reactions occur only at extremely high temperatures about 15 million °C, and the rate of reaction increases enormously with the increase in temperature. Such nuclear reactions are known as thermonuclear reaction. Strictly speaking, the term thermonuclear implies that the energy release of nuclei is highly dependent on the temperature, and high temperature plays an important role in proceeding of fusion reaction. Development of fusion reaction is possible only at high temperatures because a huge amount of heat is necessary to trigger fusion through the collision of isotopes of hydrogen nuclei. To start the fusion reaction, the repulsion of positively charged nuclei has to be ovileercome. When the nuclei get close enough to touch, the strong nuclear force becomes the dominant force. This is exactly the process that happens in the inner core of the sun, where the temperature is about 15

In this paper we will discuss how we can study some effects associated with LENR from the principles of classical electromagnetic theory and also from a very new approach based on the submicroscopic concept of physics. Perhaps our considerations have their own risks because the majority of mainstream physicists consider nuclear fusion rather as a phenomenon associated with tunneling through a Coulomb barrier, which is a pure quantum effect. We will discuss that there are some aspects of Classical electromagnetic theories which may have impact on our understanding on LENR phenomena, including: a. nonlinear electrostatic potential as proposed by Eugen Andreev, b. vortex sound theory of Tsutomu Kambe, c. nonlinear ponderomotive force, and d. submicroscopic consideration.

The resistance of superconducting joints within MICE coils is an important issue particularly for the coupling coils. The MICE tracker solenoids have only two superconducting joints in the three spectrometer set (end coil 1, the center coil and end coil 2). The AFC magnets may have only a single joint within the coil. The coupling coils may have as many as fifteen joints within the coil, due to relatively short piece lengths of the superconductor. LBNL and ICST looked at three types of coil joints. They are: (1) cold fusion butt joints, (2) side-by-side lap joints, and (3) up-down lap joints. A theoretical calculation of the joint resistance was done at LBNL and checked by ICST. After looking at the theoretical resistance of the three types of joints, it was decided that the cold welded butt joint was not an attractive alternative for joints within a MICE superconducting magnet coil. Side-by-side and up-down lap joints were fabricated at ICST using two types of soft solder between t...

The Pd/D co-deposition process was developed by Stan Szpak at the Naval Laboratory in San Diego as an alternative means of initiating LENR. Besides heat, other nuclear products that have been measured using Pd/D co-deposition include tritium and the emission of γ- and X-rays, neutrons, and energetic particles. This communication summarizes 19 years of LENR research that has focused on

In the article, the report «Dialectics of innovative technologies and ecological culture: philosophical reflections» offered a new vision in relation to the phenomenon and the process of cavitation. In addition to the statement famous Soviet Academician V.I. Vernadsky that the radiation source is free (in addition being) energy, and "Cavitation is a source of free energy". This means that cavitation may be converted, where appropriate, in addition being a source of energy. Thus, it is time to radically change the situation in the heating system: become extensive to abolish the existing heating system, replacing it with intensive heating system. The article also has an assertions claiming a two scientific discoveries: 1. "The phenomenon of cavitation - not just a source of additional energy, cavitation, or more precisely - the ancestress of the free energy opposes the spontaneous growth of entropy in nature, as well as natural radiation". 2. «The birth and creating of ball lightning have cavitation in conventional zippers, i.e. they also formed, as in the air-steam plasma, bubbles, and - charged: they too collapse, and everything else - just as in a normal vortex cavitation phenomenon, but, because of the power of combination and cavitation or magnetism and cavitation unusual will travel speed in the space and high permeability».

Article Experimentation and methodology. Applied to cold fusion research Graßhoff, Gerd and Michael Schneegans " Experimentation and methodology. Applied to cold fusion research. " Philosophia Naturalis, 32(1): 47-70. Bibtex: grasshoff1995-5 @ARTICLE{grasshoff1995-5, author = {Gra{\ss}hoff, Gerd and Schneegans, Michael}, title = {Experimentation and Methodology. Applied to Cold Fusion Research}, volume = {32}, pages = {47-70}, number = {1}, date = {1995}, journaltitle = {Philosophia Naturalis}, }

I show that the conflicting pressures to publish quickly and to publish accurately (which requires careful checking) allow for a rational tradeoff from the perspective of credit maximization. Under some plausible assumptions, the balance that is optimal for the individual scientist will be suboptimal from a social perspective. In particular, I demonstrate in two models (one in which accuracy trades off against speed and one in which accuracy trades off against speed and impact) that scientists will tend to publish work of a lower accuracy level than is socially desirable. I illustrate the relevant phenomena using a case study of Fleischmann and Pons' research on cold fusion. I consider philosophical and practical implications of my results as well as consequences for how Fleischmann and Pons' work should be evaluated.

Since the announcement by Fleischmann and Pons that the excess enthalpy generated in the negatively polarized Pd–D-D2O system was attributable to nuclear reactions occurring inside the Pd lattice, there have been reports of other manifestations of nuclear activities in this system. In particular, there have been reports of tritium and helium-4 production; emission of energetic particles, gamma or X-rays, and neutrons; as well as the transmutation of elements. In this communication, the results of Pd–D co-deposition experiments conducted with the cathode in close contact with CR-39, a solid-state nuclear etch detector, are reported. Among the solitary tracks due to individual energetic particles, triple tracks are observed. Microscopic examination of the bottom of the triple track pit shows that the three lobes of the track are splitting apart from a center point. The presence of three α-particle tracks outgoing from a single point is diagnostic of the 12C(n,n′)3α carbon breakup reaction and suggests that DT reactions that produce ≥9.6 MeV neutrons are occurring inside the Pd lattice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the production of energetic (≥9.6 MeV) neutrons in the Pd–D system.

The prehistory, present state, and prospects of LENR and transmutation of stable and radioactive isotopes in growing biological objects are considered in detail. The prerequisites, biological, and physical causes and methods for optimizing the process of isotope transmutation are discussed. Experiments on transmutation of various isotopes (including the production of rare stable isotopes and the deactivation of reactor radioactive waste) are also considered. It is shown that the most likely physical mechanism of LENR in biological systems is connected with the formation of coherent correlated states of interacting particles. This process is accompanied by giant energy fluctuations, which can exist for a long time, sufficient to produce nuclear reactions. This process happens automatically in nonstationary potential nano-wells, which are formed in various biophysical and biochemical processes in growing biological objects—for example, during cell division, at DNA replication, at the ...

Since the announcement by Fleischmann and Pons that the excess enthalpy generated in the negatively polarized Pd–D-D2O system was attributable to nuclear reactions occurring inside the Pd lattice, there have been reports of other manifestations of nuclear activities in this system. In particular, there have been reports of tritium and helium-4 production; emission of energetic particles, gamma or X-rays, and neutrons; as well as the transmutation of elements. In this communication, the results of Pd–D co-deposition experiments conducted with the cathode in close contact with CR-39, a solid-state nuclear etch detector, are reported. Among the solitary tracks due to individual energetic particles, triple tracks are observed. Microscopic examination of the bottom of the triple track pit shows that the three lobes of the track are splitting apart from a center point. The presence of three α-particle tracks outgoing from a single point is diagnostic of the 12C(n,n′)3α carbon breakup reaction and suggests that DT reactions that produce ≥9.6 MeV neutrons are occurring inside the Pd lattice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the production of energetic (≥9.6 MeV) neutrons in the Pd–D system.