Concentrated Photovoltaic

Energy demand in India increasing as population growth increasing but it is difficult to fulfill energy demand as the resources are limited. India has a significant capacity for solar energy generation from renewable energy sources-solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, small water, wind, biomass, biofuels, and others. While proven technologies have emerged over the last few decades, the economic practicality of renewable energy is yet to be achieved and requires creation and adoption of innovative business and financial models. India's energy problems include: Over 40 per cent of the households in India still don't have electricity. One third of our total energy availability is from non-commercial sources (organic manure and fertilizer). Per capita energy consumption is one third of the world's average and per capita electricity consumption. India faces a supply gap of about 11% shortage and 14% of peak power shortage supply demand. Solar energy is at forefront of clean, renewable energy, and this pace is increasing due to the progress in solar panels production and efficiency as well as rapid unstable fuel costs. Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells are the most easily achievable solar technology, and they work best in bright days, in which the event does not have little or an obstacle in the sunlight. Photovoltaic (PV) technologies convert energy into electricity directly from the sunlight. Sunlight semiconductor strikes the substance and produces electrons, releasing electrons from their nuclear bonds. PV panels have no moving parts and usually live with less maintenance for twenty years or more. Landlords can set up PV panels to reduce or eliminate their monthly electricity bill, and utilities can create large "farms" of PV panels to provide pollution-free electricity to their customers. When the sun is at its highest point in the sky, then the power generation can offset the costly electricity generated when daily demand is greatest. Concentrated photovoltaic technology (CPV) uses optics such as mirrors and lenses to focus on sunlight on solar cells to generate electricity. CPV benefits on photovoltaic concentration because it is the number of solar cells required for the same power generation. With the duration and intensity of the sunlight, the temperature also puts a big impact on the performance of the PV module because high temperature reduces production efficiency. This experiment tells a practical approach to increase the efficiency of the solar panel by the number of uses of the mirror mechanism. These reflectors are cheap, easy to use, quite simple to use and no additional equipment or device is required to use. But experimental results show a remarkable increase in the overall production of solar panel. Experimental readings received from (a) without reflectors, (b) with one reflector, (c) with two reflectors and (d) with three reflectors) with numbers of reflectors are compared.

This articleexploresthepotentialof1kWP low-concentrationphotovoltaic(LCPV)systemforcommer-
cial purposes.Real-timeanalysisofin-housedevelopedLCPVsystemshowsbetterperformancethanthe
flat panelPVsystems.Underactualtestconditions(ATC),theopen-circuitvoltage(VOC) decreaseswith
temperaturecoefficient ofvoltage E
0.061V/K.Thedynamicresistanceisfoundtohaveapositive
coefficient ofmoduletemperaturei.e., drd/dTE0.49 Ω/K. Theannualenergygenerationof1kWP LCPV
powerplantisenvisagedas1747.2kWh/kWP while theannualaveragedaily final yield,referenceyield
and arrayyieldwere3.76,5.09and4.29h/day,respectively.Theannualaveragedailyperformanceratio
and capacityfactorare72%and14%,respectively.Theannualaveragedailysystemlossesandcapture
losses are0.57and0.80h/daycorrespondingly.

A concentrating photovoltaic module design incorporating a spatial spectral splitting approach with dichroic mirrors is presented. The advantages of this technology are reported, as well as a short description of the design evolution process. The experimental results are summarised, highlighting possible improvements through the use of different production processes and components. Materials, design and assembly procedures are taken into account, keeping in mind the fundamental constrains of cost and reliability of the final product. Finally, the possibilities for market exploitation of this technology in the current photovoltaic landscape are analysed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Concentrated photovoltaic is a promising route to achieve high efficiency solar conversion. Concentration of sunlight increases the irradiation on panel along with its temperature. At higher temperature, the efficiency of the cells drops necessitating active cooling. However, flow of a coolant consumes pumping-power leading to reduction in net power output. These two counteracting factors lead to a two-stage optimization for designing an advection cooled concentrated photovoltaic (ACCPV) system. Here, we attempt developing a design methodology where standard numerical scheme for solving a multi-level conjugate heat problem is utilized to obtain optimal operating conditions in terms of the coolant flow rate, and the sunlight concentration ratio for a series of widely used photovoltaic materials: a-Si, m-Si, p-Si, CIGS, CdTe. For the chosen ACCPV geometry, the estimated concentration ratios are computed to be 7, 9, 9, 16 and 20 for m-Si, p-Si, CIGS, p-Si and CdTe cells, respectively. Even though the estimated values of optimal parameters depend on the choice of PV material, coolant and the geometry of the system, the methodology presented here is universally applicable for any such ACCPV system. The general intuition-higher the irradiation, better the performance-is demonstrated to be false through the present analysis.

ABSTRACT In this work the experimental results of a new PV concentrator (named Rondine®) are presented. This concentrating module has a medium concentration level (~25X) and employs silicon solar cells. The tests have been carried out in Italy and the energy production of a prototype module is compared with that produced from a tracking flat plate crystalline PV panel. The non-imaging optics of the concentrator allows for larger angular acceptance with respect to many solar concentrators, giving us the possibility to employ trackers for standard PV modules. The first results of complete systems of 3.9 and 4.8 kW of peak power installed in summer 2008 are presented here.