Photovoltaic Solar Cells Research Papers

This paper presents the "state of the art" of the solar UAV (Unmanned Air Vehicle). Using conventional fuel is a pollutant, have a limited life and costly. So there is a huge demand for using an unlimited non-exhaustible source of energy... more

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- by Marco Villani
- •
- 14
  Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Technology, Renewable Energy

Future energy technologies must be based on renewable sources of energy and they must be sustainable. This workshop will provide insight into unintended impacts of renewable energy and how they can be avoided. In order to steer away from... more

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- by Otto Andersen
- •
- 25
  Photovoltaics, Renewable Energy, Hydrogen, Energy

AIAA Standard S-111-2005, Qualification and Quality Requirements for Space Solar Panels, was originally developed to provide a “gold standard” for space solar cell qualification, with provisions included to supplement industry standards... more

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- by CMC Toporow
- •
- 2
  Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Aerospae Engineering

Despite Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) is a potential candidate for solar cell applications, so far, low efficiency values have been reported. In particular, for spray-deposited CZTS, efficiencies lower than 2% are commonly achieved. It is well... more

Manufacturers generally share datasheet values of photovoltaic (PV) modules at only standard test conditions (STC). These conditions enable PV modules to generate high power but are rarely encountered in the real environment. Therefore,... more

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- by Ceyhun Kapucu
- •
- 3
  Matlab, Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Bisection method

Gallium Antimonide (GaSb) infrared sensitive photovoltaic (IR PV) cells can be used as solar cells or in infrared power beaming or in multiple thermophotovoltaic systems. GaSb cells can be made inexpensively. The argument is based on the... more

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- by Lewis Fraas
- •
- 2
  Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Thermophotovoltaics

This paper presents assessment of voltage stability of power systems in terms of critical loading with real and reactive power penetration from solar PV generation system. The impact on voltage stability in power systems has been... more

In the world, energy demand continues to grow incessantly. At the same time, there is a growing need to reduce CO 2 emissions, greenhouse effects and pollution in our cities. A viable solution consists in producing energy by exploiting... more

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- by Edoardo Patti
- •
- 31
  Photovoltaics, Renewable Energy, Energy, Neural Networks

Mesto ako globálny fenomén je produkt jednej univerzálnej idey. Koncentrácia ľudských aktivít sledovala zvýšenie ich efektivity, či už išlo o obchod, výrobu, bezpečnosť, vzdelávanie... Ako jednotiaci princíp (využijúc Mumfordov termín... more

Mesto ako globálny fenomén je produkt jednej univerzálnej idey. Koncentrácia ľudských aktivít sledovala zvýšenie ich efektivity, či už išlo o obchod, výrobu, bezpečnosť, vzdelávanie... Ako jednotiaci princíp (využijúc Mumfordov termín „urban implosion“ z jeho knižky The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects) sa mesto prirodzene kultúrne diverzifikovalo, jeho efektívnosť prekračovala vlastné hranice a opakovane hľadala nové východiská. Globálna vlastnosť mesta je koncentrovaná produkcia a súčasne spotreba. Čoraz zložitejšia logistika produktov a zdrojov vedie k stavu, že súčasné mesto naráža na bariéru vlastnej udržateľnosti. Za prežitie vlastného produktu – mesta je človek čoraz viac zodpovedný.

Súčasná polemika má dve zrejmé platformy. Diskutujeme udržateľnosť mesta z hľadiska jeho materiálneho fungovania a udržateľnosť mesta z hľadiska dichotómie kultúrna identita – globálne generikum. Tieto dve platformy je potrebné zjednocovať, alebo minimálne skúmať rad vertikálnych rezov. Polemika nemôže stáť na nevyhnutnosti voľby energetická + ekonomická ALEBO kultúrna udržateľnosť, pretože pri víťazstve ktoréhokoľvek hľadiska bude mesto atrofovať. Východisko je princíp win-win.

Na jednej strane máme literárne vyjadrenia, pre niekoho melodramatické, na druhej strane seriózny vedecký výskum. Kde leží pravda, ktorú chápeme?, alebo cítime? Aby sme si neskôr nemuseli povzdychnúť spolu s Kurtom Vonnegutom v jeho knižke A Man without a Country: „Dobrotivá Zem – mohli sme si ju zachrániť, ale boli sme príliš nečinní a leniví.“

Autori publikácie vychádzajú z premisy samozrejmosti zachovania kultúrnej identity, skúmajú možnosti udržania fundamentálnych funkcií urbánnych fragmentov, mestských štvrtí, prípadne mesta ako celku. Udržateľnosť je hľadaná v znižovaní ich energetickej spotreby, v rovine stavebných objektov ako hlavných prispievateľov emisií do ovzdušia. Výroba a distribúcia obnoviteľnej energie je skúmaná ako samostatná vrstva a ako proces kultivovania kultúrno-sociálneho súvrstvia mesta. Skúmajú v prvom rade alternatívy, ktoré sú relevantné pre architektúru mesta, pre vznik prípadnej novej estetickej paradigmy architektúry mesta. Skryté technológie nechávajú v druhom pláne. Za premisu považujú pôsobenie slnečnej energie na povrch mesta.

Vynálezy a inovácie nám dnes umožňujú návrat k čistej, bezpečnej energii, ktorá môže čiastočne konkurovať aj jadrovej energetike – jeden z možných scenárov je „solárna revolúcia“. Ovplyvní výraz budúceho mesta podobne ako to urobili priemyselné revolúcie?

Monografia nastoľuje dve primárne situácie – posúdenie potenciálu existujúcej objektovej štruktúry a generovanie optimalizovaných systémov architektúry mesta v prehľadnom veľkostnom systéme. Druhá stratégia je výskum kooperatívneho potenciálu prebytkových a deficitných objektov a ich zoskupení. Teória smartgridov má už solídnu výskumnú základňu, autori sa ňou zaoberajú práve v kontexte našej kultúrnej identity.

Vzťažný systém na posúdenie energetickej efektívnosti prestáva byť jednotlivý objekt, stáva sa ním urbánny fragment v rozmere smart gridu, pri budúcej optimalizácii mesto. Pri argumentačnej fixácii komplexnej udržateľnosti ide o mieru kultúrnej identity objektu, mestského fragmentu, mesta. Pokiaľ sa neudrží energetický, všeobecne logistický systém mesta, bude ohrozená jeho kultúrna identita, pokiaľ nedokážeme udržať jeho kultúrny a sociálny status, pomôže nám akokoľvek dobre alternatívne fungujúca infraštruktúra?

Samostatný problém predstavuje otázka, či prvoplánová aplikácia univerzálnych, povedzme solárnych PV technológií nevedie k riziku generického výrazu mesta naprieč kultúrami. Autori hľadajú účinnú argumentáciu, že kultúrna substancia mesta má odolať budúcim technologickým nánosom. Pri dôslednom postupe tu máme možno nový princíp komplexnej regulácie. Budeme ho kodifikovať alebo používať ako opatrný modifikátor?

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- by Ján Legény and +1
  Peter Morgenstein
- •
- 16
  Software Engineering, Architecture, Renewable Energy, Energy

This paper presents the implementation of a photovoltaic model using Matlab software, which can be representative of PV cell module, and array for easy use on simulation. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a... more

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- by IJEEE APM and +1
  Maninder Thakur
- •
- 7
  Photovoltaics, Matlab, Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Solar Energy

Floating photovoltaic (FPV) technology is gaining prominence as a means to alleviate land use conflicts while obtaining large solar PV deployments and simultaneously reducing evaporated water loss. In this study, an open source... more

The control and operation of electronic systems relies and depends on the availability of the power supply. Rechargeable batteries have been more pervasively used as the energy storage and power source for various electrical and... more

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- by Valerio Lo Brano
- •
- 3
  Renewable Energy, Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Solar Energy

The present work represents an overview for organic materials and their nano-structuration using carbon nano-tubes. Particular attention is allowed to the polyaniline polymer and single walled carbon nanotubes which are the subject of our... more

The present work represents an overview for organic materials and their nano-structuration using carbon nano-tubes. Particular attention is allowed to the polyaniline polymer and single walled carbon nanotubes which are the subject of our theoretical and experimental investigation after their functionalization. In the other hand, we give a detailed report concerning the previously used synthesis methods, incorporating polymers and carbon nanotubes. In fact, the functionalization process needs some technical treatments including purification, nanotubes dispersion and alignment on the organic matrix. Therefore, we give a detailed description of physical and chemical methods used to achieve the functionalization process. Moreover, the aptitude of organic nano-composites for the use as active layers in electronic devices, especially in electroluminescence and photovoltaic conversion is also discussed and evaluated by comparison to those of inorganic conventional semiconductors. The second section of this present work represents a correlation of experimental and theoretical results obtained in our laboratory on the Polyaniline/ single walled carbon nanotube as a prototype of organic nano-composite. The study is focused on the evaluation of the properties of the charge transfer between both components. In this context, Polyanilineemeraldine base (PANIEB) is doped with sulfonic acid in Dimethyl formamide (DMF) solvent and mechanically functionalized with single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). A systematic vibrational and optical study is achieved as a function of SWCNTs weight concentration. Also, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and optical absorption (OA) measurements were achieved. Our aim is to evaluate the functionnalization process between both components and to elucidate the corresponding changes on the optical properties. In this context and to support the charge transfer from doped polyaniline to carbon nanotubes, analogous theoretical study based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) is carried out. This study is based on the optical and vibrational

The objective of AMPS is to teach how material properties (e.g., band gap, affinity, doping, mobilities, doping, gap state defect distributions in the bulk and at interfaces, etc) and device design/structure together control device... more

Pentru a creste eficienta panourilor fotovoltaice clasice - mono sau policristaline - a fost realizata, se prezinta si se propune un model de aplicatie care permite obtinerea unor rezultate energetice (si nu numai) mult mai bune, in... more

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- by Valerio Lo Brano
- •
- 3
  Renewable Energy, Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Solar Energy

Four commercially available silver pastes for silicon solar cells front side metallization were examined and compared. Both rheological and printing experiments were used to correlate pastes properties and screens characteristics with... more

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- by Sébastien Thibert and +1
  Didier Chaussy
- •
- 8
  Photovoltaics, Rheology, Design of Experiments, Photovoltaic Materials

Un système photovoltaïque peut être soumis au cours de son fonctionnement, à différents défauts qui nécessitent une certaine approche pour les détecter. Vu la complexité des méthodes classiques et ses limitations, il existe des techniques... more

Observations were made for 30 days (1st - 30th June 2013). This was done by using cosmic ray intensity counts and average real-time bulk parameters of the solar wind speed data. These data was simplified by partitioning the values... more

Recently I have read an interesting article where it says: Any intelligent civilization on any planet will eventually have to rely exclusively on the energy of its parent star. People see the benefits of Sun for a long time. They warm and... more

Previous studies with fixed operating temperatures have shown that hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) was a promising absorber layer for solar photovoltaic–thermal (PVT) systems because of (a) a low temperature coefficient and (b)... more

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- by Joshua Pearce
- •
- 24
  Photovoltaics, Renewable Energy, Thin Films and Coatings, Energy

El modelo de cotización fue diseñado, probado y validado a partir de un proyecto concreto. Éste consistió en el suministro e instalación de un módulo solar (Equipo de Páneles Solares) para la Escuela Pública Secundaria en la localidad de... more

Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric 2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and chemical properties for various applications has gained significant interest. The present report demonstrates the synthesis of a novel... more

Modification of carbon nitride based polymeric 2D materials for tailoring their optical, electronic and chemical properties for various applications has gained significant interest. The present report demonstrates the synthesis of a novel modified carbon nitride framework with a remarkable 3:5 C:N stoichiometry (C3N5) and an electronic bandgap of 1.76 eV, by thermal deammoniation of the melem hydrazine precursor. Characterization revealed that in the C3N5 polymer, two s-heptazine units are bridged together with azo linkage, which constitutes an entirely new and different bonding fashion from g-C3N4 where three heptazine units are linked together with tertiary nitrogen. Extended conjugation due to overlap of azo nitrogens and increased electron density on heptazine nucleus due to the aromatic π network of heptazine units lead to an upward shift of the valence band maximum resulting in bandgap reduction down to 1.76 eV. XRD, He-ion imaging, HR-TEM, EELS, PL, fluorescence lifetime imaging, Raman, FTIR, TGA, KPFM, XPS, NMR and EPR clearly show that the properties of C3N5 are distinct from pristine carbon nitride (g-C3N4). When used as an electron transport layer (ETL) in MAPbBr3 based halide perovskite solar cells, C3N5 outperformed g-C3N4, in particular generating an open circuit photovoltage as high as 1.3 V, while C3N5 blended with MAxFA1–xPb(I0.85Br0.15)3 perovskite active layer achieved a photoconversion efficiency (PCE) up to 16.7%. C3N5 was also shown to be an effective visible light sensitizer for TiO2 photoanodes in photoelectrochemical water splitting. Because of its electron-rich character, the C3N5 material displayed instantaneous adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution reaching complete equilibrium within 10 min, which is significantly faster than pristine g-C3N4 and other carbon based materials. C3N5 coupled with plasmonic silver nanocubes promotes plasmon-exciton coinduced surface catalytic reactions reaching completion at much low laser intensity (1.0 mW) than g-C3N4, which showed sluggish performance even at high laser power (10.0 mW). The relatively narrow bandgap and 2D structure of C3N5 make it an interesting air-stable and temperature-resistant semiconductor for optoelectronic applications while its electron-rich character and intrasheet cavity make it an attractive supramolecular adsorbent for environmental applications.

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- by Pawan Kumar
- •
- 11
  Photovoltaics, Renewable Energy, Energy, Photovoltaic Materials

This study presents a life cycle analysis (LCA) of a 10-MW foam-based floatovoltaics (FPV) plant installed on Lake Mead, Nevada, U.S. A material inventory of the flexible crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based module involved massing and... more

This study presents a life cycle analysis (LCA) of a 10-MW foam-based floatovoltaics (FPV) plant installed on Lake Mead, Nevada, U.S. A material inventory of the flexible crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based module involved massing and determination of material composition of the module's encapsulation layers with ATR/FTR spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The LCA was performed using SimaPro and the results were interpreted in terms of cumulative energy demands, energy payback time, global warming potential, GHG emissions, and water footprint including negative values for reduced evaporation. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the lifetime of the modules and the foam-based racking. The results show 30-year lifetime foam-based FPV system have one of the lowest energy payback times (1.3 years) and the lowest GHG emissions to energy ratio (11 kg CO2 eq/MWh) in c-Si solar PV technologies reported to date. In addition, the foam-based FPV system also had 5 times less water footprint (21.5 m 3 /MWh) as compared to a conventional pontoon-based FPV (110 m 3 /MWh). The lifetime of the foam-based racking does not affect the result, while the lifetime of the modules has a significant effect on the lifecycle impacts of the foam-based FPV plant. Foam-based FPV has a net positive impact on the environment for CO2 emissions and energy consumption if its lifetime is above 7.4 years and the technology has the potential to become the greenest c-Si-based solar PV technology if the lifetime of the modules can be guaranteed for at least 26.6 years. Future work is needed to determine these lifetimes of these systems and expand them. Broader Context Sustainable solar photovoltaic (PV) technology can further improve its environmental performance by reducing materials needed for systems providing a given amount of energy or providing other services. Recent work has shown floatovoltaics (FPV) to be promising candidates for greener PV because of their symbiotic relationship with water. A new type of FPV that uses only foam as the racking material was shown in this life cycle analysis study to be the greenest form of crystalline silicon (c-Si)-based PV to date if its lifetime reaches 30 years. This is because it has one of the lowest energy payback times (1.3 years) and the lowest GHG emissions to energy ratio (11 kg CO2 eq/MWh) of any c-Si PV technology. In addition, FPV saves water from evaporating which could be critical in arid and semiarid regions. The foam-based FPV system also has 5 times less water footprint (21.5 m3/MWh) as compared to even the water resource benefits of a conventional pontoon-based FPV (110 m 3 /MWh). Overall, foam-based FPV has a net positive impact on the environment for CO2 emissions and energy consumption if its lifetime is above 7.4 years but future work is needed to determine the lifetimes of different components of these systems and optimize them to maximize the environmental benefit.

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- by Joshua Pearce
- •
- 20
  Environmental Engineering, Photovoltaics, Water, Renewable Energy

It has now been 175 years since 1839 when Alexandre Edmond Becquerel observes the photovoltaic (PV) effect via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light [1]. It is instructive to look at the history of PV cells [2] since... more

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- by Lewis Fraas
- •
- 5
  Climate Change, Electric Vehicles, Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Solar Energy

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- by MOHAMED M . S H A W K Y ABOU LIELA and +1
  Marwa Atef
- •
- 2
  Photovoltaic Solar Cells, Sustainable Architectural Design

All modern technology including "renewable" energy depends on the non-renewable resources that make it possible. For example, every step in the production of solar photovoltaic (PV) power systems requires a perpetual input of fossil fuels... more

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- by Thomas Troszak
- •
- 9
  Solar Cell, Solar, Solar Cells, Photovoltaic Solar Cells

paper can be assisted and will save time of building a literature about PV by this review that is considered part of a series compares the performance of PV technologies. In this paper, a comparison survey... more

The project feasibility study report represents the data required to assess a solar PV project’s techno-commercial viability at the very initial stage. The key features of the reports are – Climate data assessment, energy generation... more

Aggressive growth of land-based solar photovoltaic (PV) farms can create a land use conflict with agricultural production. Fortunately, this issue can be resolved using the concept of agrivoltaics, which is co-development of land area for... more

At an industrial scale, the front side metallization of solar cells is performed by screen printing for 40 years. A silver-based paste is printed before a high temperature annealing. This simple and robust process enables a high... more

At an industrial scale, the front side metallization of solar cells is performed by screen printing for 40 years. A silver-based paste is printed before a high temperature annealing. This simple and robust process enables a high throughput. However, the metallization is a critical step in production lines. On the one hand, the contact properties affect the final cell performances. On the other hand, the photovoltaic industry already accounts for 7% of the world's silver consumption. With the expected exponential growth of this sector, the mass of silver per cell becomes crucial as it governs their final cost. Consequently, it is mandatory to optimize the screen printing process to limit the amount of deposited silver and maximize the solar cell efficiency. The first part of this study focused on these two aspects. First, the rheological behavior of screen printing pastes is investigated. Then, a multifactorial study is combined with power loss simulations to assess the effect of screen printing parameters on the cell efficiency and the deposited silver mass. Besides, these studies have lead to an average cell efficiency of 19,0% at an industrial scale. To ensure the photovoltaic industry growth, the screen printing process should be replaced in coming years. Indeed, the heterogeneous contact microstructure causes significant electrical losses in comparison to high-efficiency cells. Moreover, the limited resolution of this process does no longer allow a contact width reduction, which has a direct impact on the optical losses and the silver mass per cell. Finally, the simultaneous optimization of the electrical and geometrical contact properties is difficult at an industrial scale. The seed and plate concept is an innovative solution that overcomes these limitations. First, a seed layer is printed to reduce the initial contact width and improve its interface with the cell. Then, a second layer is electrolytically grown to improve the conductivity and the height of the metal grid. Besides, this step enables an accurate control of the deposited silver amount. Several solutions are available to print the first layer. Because of a high throughput and flexibility, the flexographic printing process seems particularly well suited to meet the seed layer requirements at an industrial level. The second part of this study focuses on the development of this process. First, the rheological behavior of several inks is studied. Secondly, the flexographic printing process is adapted to print fine lines that can be thickened by light induced plating (LIP). The potential of this metallization scheme is then assessed using a simulation of cell performances and silver consumption. Finally, a promising 17,9% cell efficiency demonstrates the concept feasibility.

— With the recent introduction of ion implantation in the photovoltaic industry, it is now easier to carefully tailor the emitter doping profile. However the metallization layout should be optimized in the same time, as they are closely... more

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- by Sébastien Thibert and +1
  Didier Chaussy
- •
- 7
  Photovoltaics, Photovoltaic Materials, Photovoltaics Research, Photovoltaic Solar Cells

The release of the open source 3-D printer known as the RepRap (a self-Replicating Rapid prototyper) resulted in the potential for distributed manufacturing of products for significantly lower costs than conventional manufacturing. This... more

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- by Joshua Pearce and +3
  Jephias Gwamuri
  Khalid Khan
  Dhiogo Franco
- •
- 27
  Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Renewable Energy, Mechatronics

This book presents a set of solved examples on semiconductor device physics. Semiconductor devices is a core subject in electrical engineering and physics curricula. The level of the proposed examples corresponds to a semester course at... more

This book presents a set of solved examples on semiconductor device physics. Semiconductor devices is a core subject in electrical engineering and physics curricula. The level of the proposed examples corresponds to a semester course at senior undergraduate or junior graduate level. Readers are expected to have a basic background on quantum and solid state physics, moreover a reasonable mathematical knowledge reaching differential equations is also assumed.
There are many excellent text books on semiconductor device physics, however very often the examples are mostly numerical, trying to fix the order of magnitude of the obtained results. In this book, problems with a certain level of complexity are solved and explained step by step presenting at the same time the involved physics. This work does not replace a text book and lecture notes, but it may definitely be a good complement.
At the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (BarcelonaTech) one of the authors, R. Alcubilla, has been lecturing on semiconductor devices at different levels for more than 20 years. In particular together with C. Voz started in 2013 a semester course for engineering physics students at senior undergraduate level. This book collects the exercises of the different written tests since 2013.
The level of the students has been always rather high and the acceptation of the course has been also very good. Even if teachers tend to overestimate the motivation of the students, our feeling has been always very positive and the average result of the proposed tests good.
We cannot claim the authorship of all the proposed problems. As most professors know, the process for preparing a test is not easy, trying to question about the different parts of the course, equilibrating the difficulties, looking for interesting questions (the definition of interesting questions is subject of discussion between teacher and students). Some of the problems are
roughly original, classical ones or fruit of the previous experience of the authors, others are adapted from material found in different books, web sites, etc…
R. Alcubilla wants to thank Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (BarcelonaTech) for a 6 monthssabbatical leave used for writing the biggest part of this book. Finally, we want to thank ourstudents that during these years have “suffered” these exercises.

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- by Ramon Alcubilla and +2
  R. Alcubilla
  Cristóbal Voz
- •
- 2
  Semiconductor Devices, Photovoltaic Solar Cells

Energy from the sun is the best option for electricity generation as it is abundantly available everywhere and sustainable source. Advance of Photovoltaic (PV) technology in recent years has made solar energy one of the practical... more

Energy plays a crucial role as a global commodity and as a cornerstone of socioeconomic development of ay country. Cooking in particular plays a significant role in the social well-being of any society since it provides food to people, a... more

The outcome of the present work is to propose a high accuracy two-diode , photovoltaic (PV) panel model. This model is analyzed based on mathematical equations that describe the analogous of the two-diode PV panel circuit. This circuit... more

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- by Salam J. Yaqoob
- •
- Photovoltaic Solar Cells

Menghitung Instalasi Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya (PLTS) untuk Solar Home System 50WP 100WP 200WP 300WP 400WP 500WP Kami Supplier Alat Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya Indonesia - menjual produk produk ramah lingkungan yang berarti... more

The use of distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is growing more common as solar energy conversion efficiencies increase while costs decrease. Thus, PV system installations are increasing in non-optimal locations such as those... more

Photovoltaic system utilizes the naturally available solar energy without creating any negative effect on the environment. Solar energy is relatively available in different regions of the world and this makes it a very vital source of... more

Grorashal power station (GPS) is the largest power station in Bangladesh which plays a major role in the power sector of Bangladesh. GPS produces 950 MW electricity from the steam turbines and 365 MW from combined cycle power stations... more

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- by Kelvin Loh
- •
- 2
  Space Technology, Photovoltaic Solar Cells

A maximum power point tracker is required to improve the power conversion efficiency of the solar photovoltaic generation system (PVGS) and ensure maximum power transfer from panel to the load through continually matching their internal... more

A simulation study of a Cu(In1 - xGax)Se2 (CIGS) thin film solar cell has been carried out with maximum efficiency of 24.27 % (Voc = 0.856 V, Jsc = 33.09 mA/cm(2) and FF = 85.73 %). This optimized efficiency is obtained by determining the... more

Photovoltaic Solar Cells

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