Angelo Beltran Jr.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) cells have attracted substantial interest recently owing to environmental concerns and the energy crisis. However, the efficiency of power generation by solar PV cells depends on various factors, such as climatic conditions and tilt angle. Therefore, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for PV modules is important. This work proposes a novel robust design, which relies on various combinations of insolations, temperatures, and tilt angles, in a stand-alone PV system with MPPT. Orthogonal experiments are carried out using the Taguchi method, avoiding a full factorial experimental design. In the proposed Taguchi-based MPPT robust design of the PV system, insolation and temperature are regarded as an input and ‘noise’, respectively; insolation passage, tilt angle, and load resistance are factors that affect the results of the Taguchi experiments in multiple scenarios. A fuzzy logic controller, tuned by chaos particle swarm optimization (PSO) was utilized to implement MPPT. A stand-alone PV system was used to demonstrate the results that were obtained by the robust design of MPPT and applicability of the proposed method. Finally, a Digital Signal Processor-in-the-Loop simulation was performed using an OP5600 real-time digital simulator by Opal-RT to demonstrate the viability of the proposed scheme.

One of renewable energy system problems is uncertainties of the solar irradiation. This work proposes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm that utilizes type-2 fuzzy logic to deal with uncertainty problems from outside disturbances such as varying insolation and temperature. The proposed method uses a MPPT controller and DC/DC boost converter to adjust the duty cycle to make sure that the PV solar operates on its maximum power point. The results obtained by the proposed method are compared to those obtained by other algorithms which are incremental conductance and fuzzy logic control. The study of proposed algorithm is done using MATLAB/Simulink software for off-line simulation.

The increasing number of mobile devices are the main reason for the development of a power bank. However, it needs a physical connection with the portable device in order to transfer power. In recent years, efforts were made to eliminate the need of cords and cables for charging devices. Bluetooth can be used for wireless power transfer. However, the mobile device should be powered-on. In this research paper, the near field communication technique was used to implement power transfer. Transceiver circuit was developed and mobile charging devices with lithium–ion batteries were used. Statistical methods using t-test analysis were used to analyze the obtained data. Results shows that wireless power transfer was achieved using NFC.

This paper proposes the design of maximum power point tracking based on fuzzy logic control for standalone PV system. A complete model of the fuzzy logic maximum power point tracking for standalone PV system is compiled and loaded on the eMEGAsim using the RT-Lab real-time simulation platform from Opal-RT. The effectiveness of the proposed fuzzy logic control has been compared with the perturbation and observation algorithm in tracking the maximum power point of the solar PV array. Real-time simulation studies are carried out in RT-Lab which allows real time control and the results are presented to verify the validity of the proposed control technique. Experiment results demonstrate that the fuzzy logic control scheme provides the system with maximum power, high dynamic performance, improve tracking performance, and better control for this application.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) system generates electricity using the solar energy. In order for the system to be efficient, the PV system should always operate at its maximum power point (MPP). However, the amount of the power harnessed varies depending on solar irradiance and temperature. Therefore, MPP also varies. This paper presents the use of Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) with Gradient Descent for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Using the software MATLAB/Simulink, a simulation of the system was shown. The temperature was considered constant at 25 degrees Celsius while the solar irradiance was varied from 400 to 600 W/m2 or Suns from 0 to 6 seconds. The PV System was connected to a DC/DC boost converter as well as to the FLC. With different values for the gain parameters in the FLC, each value was simulated and compared in order to see the best gain parameter value that would result to MPP.

This work proposes an enhanced particle swarm optimization scheme that improves upon the performance of the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm. The proposed algorithm is based on chaos search to solve the problems of stagnation, which is the problem of being trapped in a local optimum and with the risk of premature convergence. Type 1" constriction is incorporated to help strengthen the stability and quality of convergence, and adaptive learning coefficients are utilized to intensify the exploitation and exploration search characteristics of the algorithm. Several well known benchmark functions are operated to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The test performance of the proposed method is compared with those of other popular population-based algorithms in the literature. Simulation results clearly demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits faster convergence, escapes local minima, and avoids premature convergence and stagnation in a high-dimensional problem space. The validity of the proposed PSO algorithm is demonstrated using a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking control model for a standalone solar photovoltaic system.

In recent years, there has been a growing interests and increasing attention for researchers and students who embarks and pursue the PhD degree in particular to electronics and electrical engineering. There have been several scattered information that provides literature reviews in the area. However, up to this date, it appears that there is a lacking of a single useful paper that may provide useful information and advises in specific for PhD students under in the electronics or electrical engineering discipline. The focus of this paper is to give comprehensive insights, useful advises, background knowledge, and valuable source of information for students entering a PhD in electronics or electrical engineering program. An attempt is made to address this issue by combining the proponent experiences, several available articles, and reading materials, presenting therefore this paper as a useful guide and a reference compilation. It is envisage that this paper may provide potential benefits for students who undertakes PhD in electronics or electrical engineering, and may have a future career direction through research.

This paper proposes an MCU based robotic elbow movement  control.  In recent years, a lot of research has been developed  in alignment with mimicking body movement especially in the  field of medical and industrial applications. Robotic movement has different implementations. The usual method is through PID controller. However, implementation is complicated,  response is slow, and movement control is delayed. Speed is  also a problem causing the human arm and robotic arm not  synchronized with their movement. In this paper, the fuzzy logic method is substituted to PID control. The MCU is used in the implementation of robotic elbow movement. The experimental results are now carried out to demonstrate the  effectiveness of the proposed technique and method. Results  show that the proposed method is preferable and better over the conventional PID from response, delay, and also the movement control through three variable speed controls. Also,  the  movement control of the robotic elbow do synchronized  with the human arms with negligible delay. In conclusion, the  application of microcontroller does improve the movement of  the robotic elbow. The switching response is faster and the delay is minimized caused by the PID control.

This paper presents a project design for which the pet owner can feed his own pet even without his presence by just sending a text message to the system through his cellular phone. The system uses the concept of GSM technology to receive signal from the owner. If the system received the message, the servo motor and solenoid valve will be activated. The servo motor will rotate that will serve as the food transportation and the solenoid valve will be opened for the water to freely flow. Once the feeding is already done, the owner will receive a text message from the system which notifies him of a successful feeding. The concept was intended for people who always have a busy schedule to feed his/her pet.

This paper presents the chest worn pulse
oximeter with integrated universal software radio peripheral
(USRP) with the global positioning systems (GPS) disciplined
clock transceiver from the National Instruments. It
illustrates the respiratory cardio monitoring using the
flexible reflective pulse oximeter with ECG. The gathered
cardio respiratory data assessed by the microcontroller and
the output is sent through to the remote monitor display by
means of wireless system. The device also incorporates an
early warning feature to alert then both the user and also the
person being monitored. The GPS device is included for
tracking and to determine the present location of the client
in case of an emergency situation. The output is then
transmitted and also displayed to a web based server via
radio frequency (RF). A complete hardware prototype model
is designed, developed, tested, and implemented thus
validated the proposed scheme. The statistical assessment
method is then integrated where the parameters gathered
are evaluated.

This paper presents a approach on how to reduce
stress and fatigability in the user’s eyes, muscles and  also
backbone when  the user is using a computer. The study uses image processing technique for the detection of the face of the user. The monitor of the desktop computer is connected with a DC motor that will auto align itself to the face of the user in order to make sure it is in front of the user’s face. If the user moves its head sideward the monitor will align and this will help the user to have movements of the bone and also muscles on its back. The movement of the monitor through the microcontroller  and  also  the face detection part was programmed on the python software.

Majority of  engineering  colleges, universities and
the technical institutions are undertaking all initiatives to stay competitive. Efforts are exerted to continuously improve the curriculum in order to provide quality and relevant education for the students in response to global call for outcomes-based education. This paper presents the procedures, techniques, methods,  and advantages of using Altium Designer software in teaching electronic circuits. Altium Designer is a schematic capture, simulation, and PCB design software, dedicated to analyzing electronic circuits which is based on interconnected icons of electronic components. The approach makes it easier for the students to visualize the system they are attempting to design, model, and study. Likewise, it makes debugging and error correction simpler. Moreover, an example has been provided  also  to show how to use  the software for teaching and research in electronic circuits.

This paper presents the design and implementation
of  the power management system utilizing supercapacitors for the hybrid vehicle. The researchers develops a system that has monitoring and cell balancing using a microcontroller board which controls, monitors, and charges the battery efficiently to avoid overcharging. The system uses a generator to charge the supercapacitor utilizing it for the electric motor. The supply was in single phase form and it uses step-up transformer with 48V volts switch-mode power supply. Before storing the energy gathered from the generator, the battery will undergo for cell balancing to ensure that all battery pair are equal to each
other. The power management system  in the project  balances the supercapacitors that are connected in series.

This  paper presents an automation of packaging
and material handling using a programmable logic controller. The idea is to automate the process of placing the materials inside a box, detecting good and bad items in terms of weight, and sealing using a packaging tape. The purpose of the study is to replace the manual system being used in the industry, compare the time, and manpower requirement for both the existing system with the proposed automated system. The Mitsubishi FX series programmable logic controller is used to mechanize the system. Sensors such as proximity and load sensor are used to provide the input to the system. The motors, pneumatics, and  also the  solenoids serve as the output. The researchers used a ladder diagram as a software that will control  then  the  whole system between its input and output components. An experimental prototype is produced to fully automate the system.  The experimentation is done through different trials and the rate of travel time is measured thru averaging. It is found out that the  system decreases time and manpower requirements for every station as compared with
traditional manual system. A reduction of 50% to 75% was
observed in terms of time allotment for filling, weighing, and
sealing stations. About 90% of full automation without human is specified  also  in the system. The paper ends with  the recommendation of integrating the experimental prototype with  the  human machine interface or HMI and feedback mechanisms for the rejected items using artificial intelligence techniques and methods.

This  paper proposes the usage of a  gyroscope Freescale MMA8451QT-ND module as a sensor for change in
angular position for an automated naval weapon  system. It is intended to feed information to a controller that will control the driver to a motor in order to maintain its target position regardless of any vertical movement of the platform. It uses both direct accuracy estimation from test data and sigma levels to estimate the accuracy over various maximum misalignment specifications. The effectiveness of the proposed method and control algorithm is further demonstrated by an experimental study on the control system. Data is gathered over a small fixed distance and the angular accuracy is computed. The overall result in the evaluation of the system is used as a reference. The proposed control system implemented to an automated
weapon increased its accuracy as compared to the change in
position due to wave motion without gyro stabilizer.

This paper presents a novel method for speech recognition system which then uses the mel frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) and also with the vector quantization (VQ) for processing. The system consists of two phases: the training phase where a database of known speakers are stored, and the testing phase to recognize and identify speech. The MFCC processing is used for feature extraction and the VQ is used for feature matching for the speech recognition system of this paper. Simulation studies have been performed and carried out for speech recognition using MATLAB equipped with DSP based MFCC and VQ to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Simulation results have shown that the proposed method is remarkably effective for speech recognition. The proposed scheme is less complex, easy to realize, feasible, and accurate.

This paper presents a novel approach for angular positioning of a robotic elbow movement and reducing the error response using kalman filter. In recent years, there is an increasing trend of research in robotics application to be place in terrain, sky, and ocean. Robotic elbow movement is introduced in this paper for mimicking human arm to help doing functions such as welding, painting, manufacturing and production assembly, welding, screwing, etc. Simulation study is carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The system developed in this work was done with ISIS. A random noise is introduced in the system making the angular positioning movement of the DC motor unstable. Kalman filter is applied and is able to correct itself. The desirable response is met and the error response of the angular positioning of a DC motor was smoothened. In conclusion, the application of kalman filter improves the accuracy and response of angular position of the robotic elbow.

Sinusoidal pulse width modulation is a popular
modulation for most alternating current induction motor. It
only requires fewer calculations and is easy to implement.
However, the shortcomings of using it are low DC voltage
utilization, and poor inverter transmission capability. In
recent years, there is an increasing trend and more research
concentration of using space vector pulse width modulation
in adjustable speed drives and renewable energy systems
because it has better DC bus utilization, better performance,
lower loss, lower ripples,  and wide application range. This
paper introduces space vector pulse width modulation and
applies to speed control of alternating current induction
motor. The three  phase alternating current induction motor
is reviewed based upon space vector representation.  The
development of space vector pulse width modulation  and
implementation to speed control of induction motor is done
using Matlab/Simulink. The simulation is conducted by
analyzing the response of stator current, stator voltage,
speed, voltage, frequency, and  the  electromagnetic torque.
Simulation results shows that space vector pulse width
modulation which generates the voltage patterns at real time
is able to control the speed of a three phase alternating
current induction motor. It indicates the validity of space
vector pulse width modulation in controlling the speed of a
three phase alternating current induction motor (ACIM). In
conclusion, the use and realization of space vector pulse
width modulation has been validated by the Matlab/Simulink
simulation experiment for controlling the speed of a three
phase alternating current induction motor.

This paper presents reduced image noise on shape
recognition by incorporating singular value decomposition.
The singular value decomposition is used for image noise
reduction for pick and place robotic system. It is possible to
find the best approximation of the original data points using
fewer dimensions; hereby, processing the edges of the image by smoothening. Experimental studies have been carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The graphical user interface (GUI) uses the image acquisition toolbox of Matlab and it is used to capture the image. The object borders are decomposed into  the  vector points in the form of matrix. Results have shown that the proposed method is effective and the robotic arm  then  enables to determine the object through various tests of  the  different shapes. By using the proposed scheme, additional functions can be added such as monitoring, roaming, etc. leading to a smart pick and place robotic system.

The control and operation of electronic systems
relies and depends on the availability of  the  power supply.
Rechargeable batteries have been more pervasively used as
the energy storage and power source for various electrical and electronic systems and devices, such as communication
systems, electronic devices, renewable power systems, electric vehicles, etc. However, the rechargeable batteries are
subjected to the availability of the external power source when it is drained out. Because of the concern of battery life,
environmental pollution and a possible energy crisis, the
renewable solar energy has received an increasing attention
in recent years. A fuzzy logic control based grid tied
uninterruptible power supply integrating renewable solar
energy can be used for electrical and electronic systems to
produce power generation. This paper presents the design and implementation of fuzzy logic control based grid tied
uninterruptible power supply integrating the renewable  solar power energy system. The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system is characterized by the rechargeable battery that is connected  with  the Photovoltaic Panel through the DC/DC converter,  the  utility AC through the AC/DC  converter  and the load is connected through the DC/AC converter. The whole operation is controlled by the fuzzy logic algorithm. A complete hardware prototype system model of the fuzzy logic control based  on the  grid tied uninterruptible power supply integrating with the  renewable solar energy is designed and implemented. The operation and effectiveness of the proposed system is  then  demonstrated by  the  actual and  real-time implementation of  the  fuzzy logic control grid tied operation 
uninterruptible power supply integrating renewable  solar
energy connected to the rechargeable battery bank and a PIC
microcontroller platform for fuzzy logic control and operation.

This paper presents the new Lorenz unlike chaotic attractor which is constructed by a three non linear first order differential equations. These equations are arranged in a three dimensional autonomous systems. The dynamic behavior of the new chaotic system is shown such as time series, strange attractors, and bifurcations. Numerical experience also shows that when the parameter 'd' is varied, the global non linear amplitude is also varying. The paper ends with some possible research and development recommendations.

Industrial control systems are nowadays exposed in environments with rapid and unstable parameter changes and uses measuring equipments with critical output sensitivity. In the case of thermal gas analyzer, measurement errors are contributed by temperature, gas flow, and pressure. Error compensation is a key problem for these control systems. In recent years, it has been proven in the literature that artificial neural network (ANN) is a reliable and low cost solution to manage errors. Among all the algorithms of ANN, the back propagation is commonly used because of its simplicity and learning methodology is easy to realize. However, it has two notable drawbacks: (a) it is likely to run into local minimum, and (b) convergence is slow. Thermal conductivity gas analyzer often works in adverse surroundings, which requires fast and accurate measurements. Therefore, a strong learning network is needed. This paper proposes a novel thermal gas analyzer using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. The effectiveness and validity of the proposed method is verified by simulation studies using MATLAB. Fuzzy membership rules are created to allow regulation of learning parameters. Further, the fuzzy adaptive network model is constructed to train large data samples while the high precision compensation of sensor error is realized by the improved flow. Simulation results reveal that the convergence speed and output accuracy is improved and the learning parameters in thermal gas analyzer are automatically corrected by the proposed method in comparison with the back propagation algorithm of artificial neural network.

Direct torque control (DTC) is known to produce quick and robust response in alternating current drives. However, during steady state, notable torque and flux ripple occur. They are reflected in speed estimation, speed response and also in increased noise. The electrically excited alternating current induction motor has typically small synchronous inductance values and quite low transient values because of the damper windings mounted on the rotor therefore the torque and stator flux linkage ripples are high in conventional direct torque control due to the implementation of hysteresis control. In this paper, an attempt is made to address this problem using direct torque control scheme with space vector pulse width modulation scheme. It is based on the compensation of the stator flux linkage vector error using the space vector modulation in order to decrease the torque and flux linkage ripples and produced fixed switching frequency under the principle that the torque is controlled by the torque angle on alternating current induction motor. The alternating current induction motor is supplied by a two level thyristor inverter powered by space vector modulation. Conventional principles of direct torque control and space vector pulse width modulation were described. It can be used in various applications like electric vehicles, and industrial control where field weakening operation is required. Simulation research is carried out in Matlab/Simulink which illustrates steady state and dynamic performances of the developed system. Simulation results demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the torque control response which properly combines with space vector pulse width modulation that shows faster dynamic response, lower torque ripple and lower flux ripple. Moreover, simple Matlab/Simulink model is introduced for two level space vector modulation inverter which can be realized and implemented in practice for three phase alternating current induction.

Embedded systems rely on chip to chip communi-cations for exchange of data to be processed. Communication protocols between chips are complex and verification becomes consuming which leaves time and effort for the system designers. In addition, 32-bit microcontrollers and serial eeprom are gaining popularity as they are very suitable for high end processing and data storage. Furthermore, chip to chip communication has to be tailored and optimized to meet the demands of wide range applications. They pose significant challenges to the system designer. In this paper, we present a design methodology needed for chip to chip communication via microwire bus communication protocol interface that combines design and verification together to make it work and operate. A 32bit DSP-RISC based microcontroller and a serial eeprom chip is used to validate the microwire bus communication protocol scheme proposed in this paper. The modeling framework consists of hardware interfacing and software design steps formalized as finite state machines. Circuit design, software algorithm and different set of experimental test are presented in this work. The protocol is implemented and experiment shows data communication between chips without detectable error. The results are satisfactory for both hardware and software level hierarchy and proved the effectiveness of the proposed method. The benefits achieved from this development can be used to aid the system designer for generic chips used to implement the microwire bus communication protocol and verify their correctness.

The design of a linear integrated Op Amp circuit as an alternative solution to differential equation model of RLC Circuit is presented. The fundamental assumption used in the cascaded Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) design is that Op Amp acts linearly. In this paper, we will examine the behavior of the Op Amp when it is used in the cascaded circuit that is an electrical analog to the differential equation model of RLC circuit, which arises in numerous applications particularly in control and communication systems such as ringing circuits, resonant circuits, filters and oscillators. We will design the cascaded op amp circuit that is analog to differential equation model of RLC circuit and obtain graphical results of output function versus time using PSpice Software Probe. To confirm the validity of the design of a linear integrated Op Amp circuit as an alternative solution to differential equation model of RLC circuit implemented in the PSpice Software, simulation results are compared with RLC circuit where we find good agreement between the theoretical predictions of the differential equation model of RLC circuit and the design of a linear integrated Op Amp circuit.