Electrical Circuit Theory

Thunderstorms and the lightning that they produce are inherently interesting phenomena that have intrigued scientists and mankind in general for many years. The study of thunderstorms has rapidly advanced during the past century and many efforts have been made towards understanding lightning, thunderstorms and their consequences. Recent observations of optical phenomena above an active lightning discharge along with the availability of modern technology both for data collection and data analysis have renewed interest in the field of thunderstorms and their consequences in the biosphere. In this paper, we review the electrification processes of a thunderstorm, lightning processes and their association with global electric circuit and climate. The upward lightning discharge can cause sprites, elves, jets, etc. which are together called transient luminous events.

Textbooks play an integral role in teaching and learning across disciplines and levels of undergraduate engineering education. In this paper we present an empirically derived framework for evaluating engineering textbooks, based on prior findings from the field of engineering education research. Our more specific focus is content related to DC resistive circuits. We begin with a review of prior literature on textbook analysis in engineering education and other fields, and then provide a detailed description of our analytic framework, which includes three different categories of analysis: presentation features, conceptual content, and use of analogies. To demonstrate the utility of the proposed framework, we apply it to the content of a first-year engineering textbook. Our analysis reveals significant gaps between the textbook's coverage of electric circuit theory and recent advances in engineering education research, which provide many insights about effective teaching and learning techniques based on a conceptual understanding approach. Our analysis is relevant for textbook authors, who can use the framework presented in this paper to guide textbook development and revision. Instructors can also benefit by using our criteria to evaluate and select textbooks, and incorporating supplemental materials to address common conceptual gaps.

The open electron resonator, described by Duncan et al. [D.S. Duncan, M.A. Topinka, R.M. Westervelt, K.D. Maranowski, A.C. Gossard, Phys. Rev. B 64 (2001) 033310. [1]], is a mesoscopic device that has attracted considerable attention due to its remarkable behaviour (conductance oscillations), which has been explained by detailed theories based on the behaviour of electrons at the top of the Fermi sea. In this work, we study the resonator using the simple quantum quantum electrical circuit approach, developed recently by Li and Chen [Y.Q. Li, B. Chen, Phys. Rev. B 53 (1996) 4027. [2]]. With this approach, and considering a very simple capacitor-like model of the system, we are able to theoretically reproduce the observed conductance oscillations. A very remarkable feature of the simple theory developed here is the fact that the predictions depend mostly on very general facts, namely, the discrete nature of electric charge and quantum mechanics; other detailed features of the systems described enter as parameters of the system, such as capacities and inductances.

A sensing material based on calix[4]arene molecules (Azo-C[4]) dispersed in a conjugated polymer (MEHPPV) is deposited by spin coating onto a transparent conducting substrate (ITO) to fabricate new chemical sensors. The electrochemical properties of the sensor are investigated by impedance spectroscopy. Transfer and ion diffusion processes of metal cations (Cu 2+ , Eu 3+ ) in the Azo-C[4]-MEHPPV membranes are studied. The calixarene molecule behaviour into the polymer membranes is characterised by impedance spectroscopy showing the cation complexation by both, Azo-calix[4]arene and MEHPPV, components of the membrane. The differences in selectivity are found to be represented by variations in the bulk resistance of the membrane (R m ) and in the charge transfer resistance (R tc ) of the interface. The impedance behaviour of the Azo-C[4]-MEHPPV electrodes is modelled by an equivalent electrical circuit. Optical excitation tests of these membranes show that the sensing activity of the calixarene molecules entrapped in the polymer matrix is preserved.

Ohmic drop and capacitive current, two major nuisances in electrochemical experiments, can be used to great advantage for heating solutions homogeneously within their bulk without significant electrolysis or corrosion of electrodes. This is achieved by submitting a two-electrode cell to an alternating potential with a sufficiently large frequency, so that only minimal charging of the cell double layers is possible. The potential difference across each double layer is thus maintained between the threshold values corresponding to the onset of anodic and cathodic Faradaic reactions, although potentials with the large peak-to-peak amplitudes required for a large heating power are applied to the cell. A simple analysis based on an ideal RC cell is adequate for delineating the fundamental principle of ohmic heating and for identifying the gross parameters controlling the system. Within the framework of this first order approximation, classical voltammetry provides a facile and rapid examination of various electrode materials so as to select the best electrodes for a given application. A method is then proposed to ensure in situ that a cell is operated safely. This is exemplified in the case of a NaCl solution and DSA electrodes. The same method affords all parameters required to elaborate an equivalent electrical circuit which adequately describes the cell under the conditions of its operation, since this is required for the final optimization of the process, viz., selection of the nature and frequency of the alternative potential input, as well as of the applied current density.

This paper addresses the question of how to predict the series feedback termination required to generate negative resistance in a microwave transistor in different circuit configurations. Although this question is usually approached through computer modelling and simulation, we present here a simple closed form equation that predicts the value of feedback reactance most likely to generate negative resistance at the input of a 2-port sub-circuit comprising a transistor plus series feedback, based solely on the 2-port S-parameters of the transistor. This simple equation provides new insight into the effect of series feedback on a transistor and leads us to propose a general rule, namely that the series feedback reactance required to generate negative resistance in a given transistor in a given configuration depends on the sign of the imaginary part of the sum of the 2-port Sparameters for the device in that configuration.

Results of kinetic modelling of an X-ray preionised, discharge-pumped ArF excimer laser, operating with a spikersustainer circuit are presented. The parallel-resistor model includes the complete ArF laser kinetics and calculations of the Boltzmann equation in each layer taking into account the effects of electron-electron and super-elastic collisions. The model further includes a detailed description of the electrical circuit and the formation of filaments with a realistic electrode profile. This model shows a good correspondence with the experimental results in predicting laser energy and optical behaviour. Neglecting the formation of filaments and the electron-electron and super-elastic collision processes yields remarkably poorer results. Parametric studies on the electrode profile, the formation of micro-arcs and on the electrical circuit parameters were performed numerically. : 42.55.Lt; 52.80.Hc; 42.60.By Recently, interest in the electric-discharge-excited ArF laser (λ = 193 nm) has grown strongly, due to its application possibilities in medicine and lithography. The processes taking place in the active medium of this laser were studied experimentally [1-9] and theoretically . The number densities of electrons, of negative fluorine ions and of several excited species were measured in [1-3], respectively. The optimisation of the gas mixture composition, the electrode construction, the electrical circuit and the application of a gas cleaning system yielded a laser efficiency of up to 2.1% [4], laser pulse energies of up to 550 mJ , pulse lengths of up to 120 ns [6] and increased gas-mixture life times of up to 10 9 pulses in one month . Numerically, the upper energy limit for a typical ArF laser pulse, as imposed by the development of micro-channels, was evaluated in the frame of a zero-dimensional model and for an idealised electric circuit . A one-dimensional fluid model was described in , to study the formation of cathode and anode layers and to investigate the effects of gas

Electrical circuits can behave quantum mechanically when decoherence induced by uncontrolled degrees of freedom is su ciently reduced. Recently, di erent nanofabricated superconducting circuits based on Josephson junctions have achieved a degree of quantum coherence su cient to allow the manipulation of their quantum state with NMR-like techniques. Because of their potential scalability, these quantum circuits are presently considered for implementing quantum bits, which are the building blocks of the proposed quantum processors. We have operated such a Josephson qubit circuit in which a long coherence time is obtained by decoupling the qubit from its readout circuit during manipulation. We report pulsed microwave experiments which demonstrate the controlled manipulation of the qubit state. ?

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

In this communication we propose a 3D numerical model In which the magnetic field and electric circuit equations in the absence of eddy currents are solved simultaneously. To consider the magnetic equations we use a magnetic vector potentlal formulation with the gauge condition (A.w=O) which permHs to reduce the number of unknowns. To take into account the magnetic and electric non-linearities, the Newton-Raphson algorithm has been used. Two applications have been considered an Iron core coil fed by sinusoidal voltage through a diode and a current transformer. In the last example the results obtained from the simulation are compared with experimental ones.

La neurostimulation lors des blocs nerveux périphériques doit logiquement suivre un déroulement stéréotypé après vérification du neurostimulateur et de l'intégrité du circuit électrique. Nous rapportons quatre circonstances cliniques où l'absence de localisation du nerf périphérique était liée à un défaut du circuit électrique non diagnostiqué et proposons une procédure simple et efficace pour en prévenir la survenue. © 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés.

The design, fabrication and experimental results of lateral-comb-drive actuators for large displacements at low driving voltages is presented. A comparison of several suspension designs is given, and the lateral large deflection behaviour of clamped-clamped beams and a folded flexure design is modelled. An expression for the axial spring constant of folded flexure designs including bending effects from lateral displacements, which reduce the axial stiffness, is also derived. The maximum deflection that can be obtained by comb-drive actuators is bounded by electromechanical side instability. Expressions for the side-instability voltage and the resulting displacement at side instability are given. The electromechanical behaviour around the resonance frequency is described by an equivalent electric circuit. Devices are fabricated by polysilicon surface micromachining techniques using a one-mask fabrication process. Static and dynamic properties are determined experimentally and are compared with theory. Static properties are determined by displacement-to-voltage, capacitance-to-voltage and pull-in voltage measurements. Using a one-port approach, dynamic properties are extracted from measured admittance plots. Typical actuator characteristics are deflections of about 30 µm at driving voltages around 20 V, a resonance frequency around 1.6 kHz and a quality factor of approximately 3.

This paper explores how the remaining useful life (RUL) can be assessed for complex systems whose internal state variables are either inaccessible to sensors or hard to measure under operational conditions. Consequently, inference and estimation techniques need to be applied on indirect measurements, anticipated operational conditions, and historical data for which a Bayesian statistical approach is suitable. Models of electrochemical processes in the form of equivalent electric circuit parameters were combined with statistical models of state transitions, aging processes, and measurement fidelity in a formal framework. Relevance vector machines (RVMs) and several different particle filters (PFs) are examined for remaining life prediction and for providing uncertainty bounds. Results are shown on battery data. 1

The Drude-Lorentz model is a well-known method used to estimate the permittivity of a material, describing its atoms as oscillating dipoles. Notwithstanding its simplicity, in many contexts that model is quite effective and so today it's widely used. In this paper we are going to present a circuit model analogous to the Drude-Lorentz one and formally governed by the same harmonic equation. In order to better describe the atomic dipole, we also introduce the concept of half-capacitor, i.e. a circuit element allowing to accumulate net charge on a node. The resulting circuit is quite simple but easy to be extended in 3D and to multi-orbital atoms. However, it is primarily intended to be a powerful project tool for microscopic structures in the field of metamaterials.

Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of the white, colored and mixture noise perturbations as Gaussian process on the parameters of the RL electrical circuit including potential source and resistance. Design/methodology/approach -By adding different noise terms in the voltage and resistance parameters of an RL electrical circuit, the deterministic model is replaced by a stochastic differential equation (SDE). Findings -Owing to the application of multiple Ito's formula the analytical solutions of resulted SDEs have been obtained. Furthermore, based on a numerical method involving Euler-Maruyama scheme, the solution of the problem at the point of interest as a continuous time stochastic process has been obtained. Also shown is that the confidence interval for mean of solutions with colored and mixture noises is better than white noise. Practical implications -Numerical tests via Matlab programming are performed in order to show the efficiency and accuracy of the present work. Numerical experiments show that an excellent estimation on the solution can be obtained within a couple of minutes time at Pentium IV-2.4 GHz PC. Originality/value -It is believed that the stochastic model of an RL circuit with colored and mixture noises in potential source has not been studied before. Furthermore, according to latest information from the research works, two stochastic parameters in voltage and resistance of RL circuit including colored and mixture noise processes have been investigated for the first time in this paper.

Electromechanical systems consisting of electrical, mechanical and acoustic subsystems are of special importance in various technical fields, e.g. precision device engineering, sensor and actuator technology, electroacoustics and medical engineering. Based on a circuit-oriented representation, providing readers with a descriptive engineering design method for these systems is the goal of this textbook. It offers an easy and fast introduction to mechanical, acoustic, fluid, thermal and hydraulic problems through the application of circuit-oriented basic knowledge. The network description methodology, presented in detail, is extended to finite network elements and combined with the finite element method (FEM): the combination of the advantages of both description methods results in novel approaches, especially in the higher frequency range. The book offers numerous current examples of both the design of sensors and actuators and that of direct coupled sensor-actuator systems. The appendix provides more extensive fundamentals for signal description, as well as a compilation of important material characteristics. The textbook is suitable both for graduate students and for engineers working in the fields of electrical engineering, information technology, mechatronics, microtechnology, and mechanical and medical engineering.

There are lot's of problem that comes to the circuit theory in electrical and electronics engineering. For simple problems it wouldn't be much problem to obtain the basic nature of current and voltage at transient period like switching. But for complex problems it would be tedious and time consuming. So, with the development of fast operating computers and efficient softwares, calculation and simulation of those circuits can easily visualized. But still, the underlying principles and theories should be understood before applying them to computer solution. In this article, we will see a circuit theory problem and solve it with analytical method using laplace method and using MATLAB/SIMULINK. First we derive the basic circuit equation and its Laplace transform and the inverse of transform is determined from MAT-LAB. The time domain equation is then plotted in MATLAB which is finally compared with the result that obtained from SIMULINK. Let us take a circuit below: 100 V

If you’ve thought about getting into electronics, but don’t know where to start, this book gives you the information you need. Starting with the basics of electricity and circuits, you'll be introduced to digital electronics and microcontrollers, capacitors and inductors, and amplification circuits – all while gaining the basic tools and information you need to start working with low-power electronics.

Electronics for Beginners walks the fine line of focusing on projects-based learning, while still keeping electronics front and center. You'll learn the mathematics of circuits in an uncomplicated fashion and see how schematics map on to actual breadboards. Written for the absolute beginner, this book steers clear of being too math heavy, giving readers the key information they need to get started on their electronics journey.

This study deals with the modeling of a magnetostrictive strain sensor. The sensor comprised of a conducting wire of copper covered with a strain-sensitive magnetic film of Permalloy (80% Ni–20% Fe by weight) that was deposited electrochemically. The voltage response of the ...

Monografie „Elektrotechnické stavebnice a jejich význam pro vzdělávání“ reaguje na moderní trendy, tj. na podporu technického vzdělávání ve snaze zvýšit zájem mladé generace o techniku a technická povolání. Zaměřuje se na využití  elektrotechnických stavebnic, které poskytují příležitost k rozvoji zájmu žáků o elektrotechniku, robotiku a v širších souvislostech i o informační technologie.
Problematika elektrotechnických stavebnic má na českých školách tradici, avšak stejně jako v zahraničí jsou v posledních letech do vzdělávání aplikovány špičkové technologie, mj. stavebnicový komplex Arduino nebo Lego Mindstorms, které posouvají možnosti rozvoje žáků z roviny manuálně‑dovednostní do roviny kognitivně‑kreativní.
Uvedené stavebnicové systémy výrazně přispívají k rozvoji myšlení, k dovednosti řešit problémy a nacházet tvůrčí řešení. Podporují u žáků algoritmické schopnosti ve smyslu kreativního návrhu algoritmu a jeho funkčního testování a případného
modifikování.
Elektrotechnické stavebnice spadají do konceptu badatelsky orientované výuky a jejího uplatňování v technických předmětech na základních školách. Tyto předměty
prošly výraznou transformací od tradičního manipulativního charakteru k podobě výrazně provázané s přírodovědnými předměty, poskytující příležitosti propojit „ruku a mysl“. Důraz je kladen na navrhování a konstruování, na nacházení nových řešení namísto provádění známých způsobů činností na základě instrukcí.
Monografie vychází z teorie konstrukcionismu Seymoura Paperta, autora programovacího jazyka LOGO. Na jedné straně zdůrazňujeme význam uplatňování konstruktivistických
teorií zejména ve vazbě na rozvoj dovedností spojených s myšlením a řešením problémů a na druhé straně význam činnostního – zážitkového učení. Spojení uvedených dvou přístupů považujeme za podstatné pro uspokojení požadavků
kladených společností na podobu dnešního technického vzdělávání realizovaného na základních školách.

A novel method is proposed for performing multilabel, interactive image segmentation. Given a small number of pixels with user-defined (or pre-defined) labels, one can analytically and quickly determine the probability that a random walker starting at each unlabeled pixel will first reach one of the pre-labeled pixels. By assigning each pixel to the label for which the greatest probability is calculated, a high-quality image segmentation may be obtained. Theoretical properties of this algorithm are developed along with the corresponding connections to discrete potential theory and electrical circuits. This algorithm is formulated in discrete space (i.e., on a graph) using combinatorial analogues of standard operators and principles from continuous potential theory, allowing it to be applied in arbitrary dimension on arbitrary graphs.

The design of a linear integrated Op Amp circuit as an alternative solution to differential equation model of RLC Circuit is presented. The fundamental assumption used in the cascaded Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) design is that Op Amp acts linearly. In this paper, we will examine the behavior of the Op Amp when it is used in the cascaded circuit that is an electrical analog to the differential equation model of RLC circuit, which arises in numerous applications particularly in control and communication systems such as ringing circuits, resonant circuits, filters and oscillators. We will design the cascaded op amp circuit that is analog to differential equation model of RLC circuit and obtain graphical results of output function versus time using PSpice Software Probe. To confirm the validity of the design of a linear integrated Op Amp circuit as an alternative solution to differential equation model of RLC circuit implemented in the PSpice Software, simulation results are compared with RLC circuit where we find good agreement between the theoretical predictions of the differential equation model of RLC circuit and the design of a linear integrated Op Amp circuit.

Superposition states that the current or voltage in any branch of a linear circuit having more than one independent source equals the algebraic sum of responses caused by each independent source acting alone where all other independent sources are replaced by their internal impedances. Thevenin theorem is widely used for circuit analysis simplification and to study circuit's initial condition and steady state responses. Norton Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any circuit no matter how complex it is to an equivalent circuit with just a single current source.

We present a study of the streamer-to-spark transition in a self-pulsing dc-driven discharge called a transient spark (TS). The TS is a streamer-to-spark transition discharge with short spark duration (∼10-100 ns), based on charging and discharging of the internal capacity of the electric circuit with repetition frequency 1-10 kHz. The TS can be maintained under relatively low energy conditions (0.1-1 mJ pulse −1 ). It generates a very reactive non-equilibrium air plasma applicable for flue gas cleaning or bio-decontamination.

La mayoría de los dispositivos CMOS contienen circuitería de protección para proteger-se frente a daños generados por altas tensiones estáticas o campos eléctricos. Sin embargo , deben tomarse precauciones para evitar la aplicación de cualquier tensión mayor que la tensión máxima nominal. Para un funcionamiento correcto, las tensiones de entrada y salida deberían estar comprendidas entre tierra y V CC. Recuerde también que las entradas no utilizadas deberán conectarse siempre a un nivel lógico apropiado (tierra o V CC). Las salidas no utilizadas pueden dejarse en circuito abierto.

s): 1. The order of (human) nature is inherently good. 2. Natural order is the basis for beauty, virtue and wisdom. 3. Virtuous order is attained through emulation of natural order. 4. Power with. 5. Order through reciprocal collaboration between sun (breath, active, relatively masculine from the finite human perspective 1 2 , pollen, sperm, mind, etc.) and moon/earth (blood, latent, feminine, flower, egg, emotion, etc.). 1 "I like it except I recommend removing the gender labels. A number of Indigenous cultures saw the sun as female for example. Genderizing is a problematic on many levels which is why many creation stories represented adronenous characters. This gender duality causes binary thinking without the complementarity. If we saw each of us having "solar and lunar" qualities, we would be less homophobic for example." (Four Arrows, Personal Communication April 29, 2018) My Response (I have edited my responses a bit and they are quite a bit longer than the original questions and statements Four Arrows responded to):

This research investigated students' understanding of electrochemistry following a 7-9week course of instruction. A list of conceptual and propositional knowledge statements was formulated, and this provided the framework for semistructured interviews that were conducted with 32 students in their final year of high school chemistry, following instruction in electrochemistry. Three misconceptions identified in this study and five which have been reported earlier are incorporated into an alternative framework about electric current. The framework is grounded 0