Lab Report

Soaps and detergents are used frequently in our daily life. There is a significant difference between them where the soaps are produced from the natural products while the detergents are synthetic or man-made. The objectives of the experiment is to prepare soap and compare its properties to that of a synthetics detergent. The soap is prepared by heating the mixture of mineral oil, ethanol and sodium hydroxide until they become paste-like mixture before being cooled off in ice bath for 15 minutes and filtered using vacuum filtration apparatus. The filtered soap is then stored in vacuum chamber for one week to ensure the water is fully removed from the soap. The synthetics detergent used in the experiment is Dynamo. The pH of the soap and detergent is 11 and 8, respectively. Emulsification occurs only on the distilled water sample and not on detergent solution and soap solution sample. Soap produce precipitate if in contact with acidic water or hardness in water such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and Fe3+ ion as in the experiment but not the case for detergent. The hydrochloric acid needed to change the pH of the soap solutions to 3 is 10 drops of HCl while for detergent solution is 2 drops of HCl. Relative cleanliness for detergent solution, soap solution and detergent without dilution with distilled water are the most clean, clean and slightly clean, respectively. Detergent solution is more effective compared to soap solution. The objectives are successfully obtained, therefore the experiment is successfully done.

The objective of this report is to introduce the backgrounds, importance of Lithium Ion Battery.
To discuss the most effective manufacturing process and production lay out of the factory. To
evaluate the quality assurances and quality control of the process along with the economical
conditions of the industry with the advancement of technology.
The report also discusses the future prospects in regards to the improvements that can be
implemented in regards to quality management and to make the product more cost effective.

Question 1: J1.S.P0054 Design a program that lets users input coefficients of superlative and quadratic equations. Display the odd, even and square numbers from input coefficients. Guidelines:-Algorithm (Students read in the Lab Assignment)-Code sample (Students have to add more code in order to complete the question):-Hints: Students create 4 classes named:-Students design the menu as following: Display the menu:-Code sample (Students patiently add more code in order to complete the question:

Abstract— nowadays, it is essential for medical professionals to organize and keep track of their patients’ medical records. Keeping this kind of information is absolutely not an easy task, especially with a numerous amount of records and other documents that need to be filled, which are usually in rows of labeled folders in file cabinets. The lack in automated electronic medical recordkeeping is apparently more in the field of pediatrics. The growing influence of mobile phones, computers or technology as a whole, along with the advances in medical devices, are becoming a crucial part in the future of healthcare. All kind of technology driven devices are creating their way towards becoming essential tools in offices of medical practitioners. Furthermore, with these tools and equipment, record keeping of medical information of patients could be made more productive, convenient and fuller in content, not only including pictures but video and audio records as well.
Telemedicine is a generic term which is used to characterize various aspects of health care at a distance. In its most expansive application, telemedicine can be defined as the use of telecommunication technologies to provide medical information and services. The key aspect of telemedicine is the use of electronic signals to transfer information from one site to another. The term, telemedicine, is becoming most recognized as referring to remote clinical care and consultation through the use of electronic equipment that provides with images. By using Telemedicine technologies and a well-planned timeline, the SERENITY APP has successfully drawn down its hospitals complement. Telemedicine services that integrate electronic medical records can decrease the number of cases where doctors cannot access the records of patients. According to the Institute of Medicine, around 30% of physicians could not have accessed their patient's files in existing non-telemedicine systems and about 70% of the records were deficient.
Key Words: Telemedicine, Technologies, Telecommunication,  Institute of Medicine.

One of the techniques for the determination of the specific heat of liquids uses the Newton's law of cooling for the analysis of the experimental data instead of the usual calorimeter method. The success of this technique depends on the possibility in determining the temperatures of the system immediately before and after the internal heat transfer due to the immersion of the sample (whose specific heat I want to measure) with small uncertainties in a container filled with hot water. In this paper a refinement of this technique is proposed using two curve fittings for the function that describes the law of cooling and small extrapolations to determine those temperatures, as well their uncertainties.[2] In this experiment, the specific heat of an unknown liquid is 0.852 joule per kg per °C with an error of 65.76%. This allows determining not only the value of the specific heat, but also the uncertainty of this value by error propagation.

The objective of this experiment was to produce triphenylmethyl methyl ether (TPMME) via an S n 1 substitution reaction. The " reflux " method was applied to run the reaction. Methanol was mixed with triphenylmethyl chloride (TPMCl) and then added to a round-bottom flask to be heated and boiled for fifteen minutes. During the fifteen minutes of boiling, the vapors travelled through a simple distillation apparatus, leaving TPMME in the flask to be crystallized. The TPMME was recrystallized using vacuum filtration and tested for purity using a TLC test. The theoretical yield of the TPMME (2.000g) was used to calculate the % yield (50.45%) based on the mass of the recovered TPMME (1.009g). The results of the TLC tests between the product, starting material and a sample of the two combined, concluded that the TPMME was pure. This was determined because the R f value of the product (0.568) was very similar to the R f value of the pure TPMME (0.523) that was separated from the combined sample. Even though the % yield was on the lower side, the sample produced showed to be very pure.

The main objective of this experiment was to perform a microscale preparation of benzoic acid via the Grignard reaction. Once the benzoic acid was prepared, it was recrystallized and the purity of the product was assessed by measuring the melting point. Lastly, the % yield was measured to determine how much product was created. To a reaction tube containing 52mg of magnesium, 0.5mL of dry, anhydrous ether was added along with 1mL of bromobenzene through a syringe. A reaction occurred and the phenyl-magnesium bromide (product) was poured over dry ice (CO 2). The ice melted and the ether evaporated, leaving a glassy substance behind (magnesium bromide salt of benzoic acid). The addition of hydrochloric acid dissolved the remaining metal and pure benzoic acid was crystallized via vacuum filtration and purity was assessed by measuring the melting point. When the experiment was completed, the % yield was measured (5.29%), showing some inefficiencies. The melting point was then measured and since the product MP range(87-89ºC) was so much lower than the literature MP (122ºC), the product was not pure.

Problem Name: First-Come First-Serve (FCFS) process scheduling algorithm without arrival time. Objectives: To implement FCFS scheduling algorithm using a FIFO queue which is non-preemptive that is if a process started then CPU executes the process until it ends. Introduction: The FCFS is a non-preemptive scheduling algorithm in which a process is automatically queued and processing occurs according to an incoming request or process order implementation of the FCFS policy is managed with a FIFO queue. When a process enters the ready queue, its PCB is linked onto the tail of the queue. When the CPU is free, it is allocated to the process at the head of the queue.

In this investigation, the titration of a strong acid, HCl, with a strong base, NaOH, was conducted. The investigation primarily aimed to determine the molarity of the HCl solution by titrating it with a NaOH solution of known concentration. During the study, several important data regarding the acid base titration process were precisely recorded in addition to the pH measurements that were done in every 0.5 mL addition of NaOH. With the data obtained during the titration, a graphical representation of the titration experiment was generated. By interpreting the titration graph it was possible to determine the equivalence point, the pH at this particular point and the molarity of the HCl solution that was completely titrated by the added NaOH solution.

En esta practica se utilizo un cuerpo con movimiento circular uniformemente acelerado cuando su trayectoria es una circunferencia y su aceleración angular es constante. Se trabajó con un disco con su eje, en él se le enrollo aproximadamente 2 metros de hilo alrededor del disco mediano, al final del hilo se sujetó una masa y esta se dejó caer a partir del reposo para observar el tiempo en el que tardaba en llegar a una cierta distancia para poder obtener la aceleración angular, aceleración tangencial y el radio del disco de una forma experimental I. OBJETIVOS A. Generales • Determinar el radio de un disco que gira con su eje en el centro. B. Especificos * Determinar si la relación de las aceleraciones lineal y angulare del sistema de poleas implican la obten-ción del radio esperado en el disco. * Contrastar y analizar los datos teóricos y prácticos obtenidos. II. MARCO TEÓRICO El movimiento circular uniforme variado es el movi-miento que describe una partícula cuando da vueltas so-bre un eje estando siempre a la misma distancia (r) del mismo y desplazándose a una velocidad constante. La posición en la que se encuentra la partícula depen-de de su posición inicial y de la velocidad a la que se desplaza, esta se puede calcular a partir del incremento angular de la velocidad angular y de la velocidad tangen-cial. Uno de los factores que intervienen en el movimiento circular uniformemente variado es la aceleración angular. Es la variación que experimenta la velocidad angular en un intervalo de tiempo o respecto del tiempo, se puede calcular utilizando la siguiente ecuación. α = dw dt (1) En el caso de que la aceleración angular permanezca constante, el movimiento pasa de ser movimiento circular uniforme ha uniformemente variado y el resultado de integrar la ecuación de la aceleración angular (1) se ob-tienen las siguientes ecuaciones. w f = w o + αt (2) θ f = θ o + w o + 1 2 αt 2 (3) Si el sistema se suelta desde el reposo, las condiciones iniciales desplazamiento angular inicial θo = 0 y la veloci-dad inicial wo = 0, por lo tanto las ecuaciones anteriores quedarian:. w f = αt (4) θ f = 1 2 αt 2 (5) Cuando a un disco giratorio se amarra a una soga de la cual cuelga una masa, se estaría creando un produc-to de tangencia, en el cual se podría observar cómo se comporta la aceleración tangencial y la aceleración angular constante del sistema y esta descrita por la siguiente ecuación. Y = 1 2 αt 2 (6) La relación entre la aceleración angular y lineal del Sistema se relaciona por medio de la siguiente ecuación. a = R * α (7)

Our sources of water, including municipal water systems, wells, lakes, rivers, and even glaciers, contain some level of contamination including heavy metals. The objectives of the experiment is to determine the levels of chlorine (total and free), iron, sulphates and phosphorus in the lake water sample and ascertain whether they comply with Malaysia Water Standards. The reagents used are DPD Total Chlorine Powder Pillow, DPD Free Chlorine Powder Pillow, Sulfa Ver 4 Sulfate Reagent Powder Pillow, Phos Ver 3 Phosphate Powder Pillow, Ferro Ver iron Reagent Powder Pillow and Chroma Ver 3 Reagent Powder Pillow. Five sample of 10 mL lake water with different reagent is prepared in sample cell bottles to determine the concentration of chlorine total, chlorine free, sulphate, phosphorus and iron using hach spectrophotometer. The concentration of chlorine total, chlorine free, sulphate, phosphorus and iron are 0.50 mg/L, 0.17 mg/L,10.0 mg/L, 1.40 mg/L and 0.59 mg/L, respectively. The lake water does not comply with the Malaysian water quality standard, therefore the lake water is not suitable for drinking purposes. The lake water needs to be treated in order to be used for daily life activities The objectives are successfully obtained, therefore the experiment is successfully done.

In this experiment, un unknown solid was identified by using a Thomas Hoover Apparatus to determine the mixture melting point. The melting point (mp) range for Unknown #3 was 109.5C-112.7C. The mp range was compared to the known mp for a set of solids provided in a data table. The closest matches to Unknown #3 (acetanilide, 113-115C; fluorene, 114-116C) were mixed with the unknown substance to find mixture mp. The results concluded that the unknown was acetanilide because the melting point measured was within the literature mp range.

The purpose of this experiment was to identify two unknowns by separating a mixture using fractional distillation. The process of fractional distillation was used to separate two components of a mixture based on the differences in boiling points of the two. The mixture was heated and the unknowns separated, lower boiling point first, through the process of evaporation and condensation into marked test tubes. Once the unknowns were separated, a refractive index was measured using a refractometer to further confirm the identity of the two compounds. The unknown mixture used in this experiment was unknown #6, which was a mixture of methanol (lower BP) and 2-methyl-1-propanol (higher BP). Methanol has a boiling point of 64.7C and a refractive index of 1.3292, while unknown A had an average boiling point of 70.1C and a refractive index of 1.3341. Unknown A's BP and RI came the closest to methanol's BP and RI, confirming that it was methanol. 2-methyl-1-propanol has a boiling point of 108C and a refractive index of 1.3960, while unknown B had an average boiling point of 106.1C. These similar values confirmed the identity of unknown B as 2-methyl-1-propanol. Boiling points and refractive indices were used to match the unknowns with a known compound.

The experiment was carried out to show that the mass of the bob has no effect on the period of the oscillation. In the experiment, both the length and the mass of the bob were varied. Other variables such as the angle of displacement were kept constant in the experiment. The experiment performed served its purpose well. The experiment clearly showed that the mass of the bob has no or negligible effect on the period of the oscillation while changing the length has a direct relation with the period of oscillation.

The spring constant and effective mass of a given spring can be determined by recording the vibration of the spring along a vertical line when its one end is loaded with a mass. The rigidity modulus of the given spring can also be determined upon knowing the number of turns in the spring, radius of the spring, radius of the wire of the spring and the spring constant. The spring constant of the given spring was found to be 11504.347 dyne/cm, the effective mass of the loaded spring was found to be 31 gm and the rigidity modulus was found to be 9.050x10 11 dynes/cm 2 with a error of 9.04%

Meter Bridge is very easy and useful technique for measurement of unknown resistance. The resistance per unit length of meter bridge wire is determined using this technique. Resistivity of a wire is also measured by using this method.[1] The specific resistance of the giver wire is found 10.4 X 10-6 Ω-cm. with an error of 24.96%. This technique is very useful to determine unknown resistance and resistivity.

In the Extraction experiment, liquid-liquid extraction was used to separate and purify naphthalene and benzoic acid from a mixture of the two through a separatory funnel. This process works by dissolving the naphthalene/benzoic acid mixture into two different solvents, one aqueous and one organic (ether) solution. Naphthalene was combined with the organic solvent, tert-butyl methyl ether (TBME) and the benzoic acid was combined with the aqueous solvent, sodium hydroxide (NaOH). These two solutions did not mix due to differences in polarity, making it possible to separate the two through the funnel. Once the extraction was finished, the recrystallization process was used to remove the pure compounds from their respective solvents and the percent recoveries of naphthalene (49.0%) and benzoic acid (71.4%) were calculated. To confirm the purity of the recrystallized naphthalene and benzoic acid, a thin layer chromatography (TLC) experiment was performed comparing the two pure compounds to the original mixture of the two. The R f values were then calculated for the pure naphthalene (0.224), benzoic acid (0.830), and the two parts of the original mixture (naphthalene: 0.269, benzoic acid: 0.810). The similarities of the R f values concluded that the " pure " naphthalene and benzoic acid were, indeed, pure. Melting points would have further-supported the purity of the isolated substances, but they were not measured in this experiment due to time constraints.

Objectives: We can observe the sinusoids in the oscilloscope by using a simple RC circuit. By this experiment, we will be able to learn about the uses of oscilloscope. Which is an essential element of circuit learning. By this experiment we can get the characteristics of the sinusoid from the oscilloscope. We will be able to get the values from the waves shown in the oscilloscope. Circuit Diagrams:

As considered as one of the physical properties of liquids, density also plays its role as one of the properties that differentiate it from other liquids. Density is defined as mass per unit volume. In this experiment, the relationship between the mass of a substance and how it affects its overall liquid’s density by how much space it takes up or simply its volume will be distinguished.
The purpose of this experiment is to understand the meaning and significance of the density of a substance. Density is the basic physical property of a homogeneous substance that is an intensive property, which means it depends only on the substance composition and does not vary with the size or amount. In which it can be concluded as the greater the mass, the greater the density.

There are many way of measuring this gravity acceleration, but the experiment of compound pendulum is the easiest and effective among them. In the experiment the acceleration due to gravity was measured using the rigid pendulum method. In this experiment the value of g, acceleration due gravity by means of compound pendulum is obtained and it is 988.384 cm per sec 2 with an error of 0.752%. Which is a negotiable amount of error but it needs to be justified properly.

For many years, the effects of mass on objects rolling down an inclined plane have been studied and well known. Generally, having a greater mass means that a rolling object, such as a ball, will have a greater moment of inertia. Having a greater moment of inertia will require more energy in order for the object to begin accelerating rotationally. Heavier objects also have more potential energy at the top of the ramp, since potential energy = mgh.

In addition, heavier objects will be more resistant to the effects of air resistance and rolling resistance. Also, some objects like rigid objects need a change in the work-energy principle. A point mass can't rotate. Well, maybe it can. However, if it is really just a point, how would you know it's rotating? A rigid object can clearly rotate. There is a difference between a stick moving in a translational motion and a rotating stick. This means that we need another type of kinetic energy, rotational kinetic energy.

Furthermore, in this experiment, the model is an experimenter-made wherein the inclined plane is controlled. It is a paper-based material, but rigid enough and has impact resistance to prevent foldability of the incline during the rolling of the tennis and ping pong ball. It is not frictionless, thus, friction will be one of the significant factor that will be considered in this experiment.

Has done practical entitled " Friction Force " aims to explain the factors that affect the force of the friction, understand the concepts of static friction and kinetic friction coefficient as well as determine the static and kinetic. Some tools that we used are spring balance 0-5 N, pulleys, beams rough, slippery beams, load @50 grams, ropes, beams, plank runway, inclined plane, the stopwatch and the meter. In this practical work done 4 activities namely on the first experiment to determine the relationship between the normal force and force of friction, which must be observed in this activity is the appointment of the spring balance scales when the mass of a load of personalised way (normal style change), the second activity carried out to know the relationship between the State of the object and the surface friction, which in this case is the type of the object's surface (rough or smooth) the third and fourth activities, conducted to determine the coefficient of friction (static and kinetic). The fourth such activities are all factors that affect the small force great friction. The conclusion of the experiment is a great force of friction on the objects affected by the normal force, the State of the surface, and the angle of the slope. The greater weight/ normal force then the greater the heaviest of force anyway. The more rugged a surface then the greater the heaviest of force and also the greater the angle of the slope the smaller force the heaviest.