Quality Factor

In this paper a novel rail-to-rail fully differential operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) working at low- supply voltages (1.5 V) with reduced consumption and showing high DC gain is presented. An adaptive biasing circuit allows to obtain low stand-by power dissipation (lower than 0.19 mW in the rail-to-rail version), while the high DC gain (over 80 dB) is ensured by a positive feedback. The circuit, designed in a standard CMOS integrated technology (AMS 0.35 mum), has a 40 V/mus slew-rate for a capacitive load of 15 pF. The calculated values of two quality factors, named FOMS/L, in the literature, show the validity of the proposed OTA.

A novel optical technique is proposed for the characterization of MEMS resonators. The proposed technique is based on measuring the response of the resonator (resonance frequency and quality factor) optically, which eliminates the electrical parasitic effects. The proposed technique was applied to a comb-drive resonator and the obtained results show good agreement with the standard electrical technique with 2-5% deviation in the resonance frequency and 2-10% in the quality factor.

In this paper, a new cross-coupled microstrip filter based on the grounded patch resonators is designed, fabricated and measured. Coupling characteristics of three basic coupling structures encountered in this class of filters are investigated using full-wave electromagnetic simulations, and the design curves for coupling coefficients and the external quality factor are presented. As the demonstration, a fourth order cross-coupled filter of this type is designed, fabricated and measured.

SUMMARY A batch-compatible, post-fabrication annealing technique based upon filament-like heating of microstructures is demon-strated as an effective means for trimming the reSonance fre-quencies (fa's) and increasing the quality factors (Q's) of surface-micromachined, ...

PbZr0.53Ti0.47O3 films were deposited on Si-SiO2-Ta-Pt substrates via a conventional sol-gel procedure. Electrical properties of the films were: resistivity ca. 5 × 1011 Ωcm, relative dielectric permittivity 900-1100, remnant polarization ca. 20 μC/cm2, breakdown electric field larger than 50 MV/m. The deflection amplitude of piezoelectrically excited Si cantilevers, covered with SiO2-Ta-Pt-PZT-Al, was determined with the aid of a heterodyne Mach-Zehnder

ABSTRACT Classical views on testing and their associated testing models are not dealing with the question of fault repairing but only focus on fault detection. Diagnosis consists of determining the nature of a detected fault, of locating it and hopefully repairing it. Correlatively, the only standardized quality factors implied in the detection/repair aspects of software engineering are testability and maintainability: those quality factors are misleading since they do not pinpoint this question of the location/repairing effort, that can be identified under the concept of diagnosability. This paper is thus concerned with diagnosability, its definition and the axiomatization of its expected behavior. The paper aims at:•introducing and analysing diagnosability as a significant and complementary dimension of software testability,•producing a high-level definition and axiomatization of a diagnosability measurement generic enough to be adapted to various software paradigms: this property-based approach serves as a measurement “specification”, independent on the application context and thus reusable,•detailing a diagnosability measure dedicated to data-flow software and especially test strategies impact on diagnosis and testing effort (from measure implementation to case study),•illustrating the reuse of the high-level axiomatization to the specific question of measuring the impact of assertions (or contracts for a designed by contract OO system) on diagnosis effort and preciseness.Throughout the paper, the concepts are illustrated on a case study provided by an industrial partner. At last, the reusability of the axiomatization is illustrated by proposing a measure of the impact of assertions (or contracts in a design by contract approach) on global software diagnosability. Main lessons concern both the diagnosability significance as a quality factor and the interest of an axiomatization-based methodology for building trustable software measurement.

In a thin and large area PZT-ceramics piezoresonator (PR) with relatively low resonance impedance, caused by high-frequency resonance and high PR capacitance, the effect of electrode resistivity and parasitic resistive and inductive elements in the measurement fixture results in significant distortion of the measured thickness-mode (longitudinal TL, shear TS) resonance response-resonance frequency shifts and characteristics deformation. This distortion may not allow the precise measurement of the PR characteristic frequencies, quality factor, and electromechanical coupling coefficient so essential to a complete PR and material characterization. A theoretical description of the "energy-trap" phenomena in a thickness-vibrating PR with resistive electrodes is presented. To interpret electrical measurements, the electromechanical model, including for completeness both the PR with resistive electrodes (as a system with distributed parameters) and the measurement fixture, is dev...

A micron-sized liquid droplet acts as a very high-quality factor optical cavity. The cavity modes are referred to as morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs), which are sensitive to the droplet size, shape, and inclusions. The MDRs greatly lower the input intensity needed to generate detectable amounts of linear and nonlinear optical radiation and exhibit sharp peaks in the spectra of elastic scattering,

The Lg wave quality factor (QLg) in Britain has been modelled using data from the UK Seismic Network, operated by the British Geological Survey. The data set consists of 631 vertical, mostly short-period recordings of Lg waves from 64 earthquakes (2.7-4.7 ML) and 93 stations. We have inverted for both regional average QLg and tomographic images of QLg, and simultaneously a source term for each event and a site term for each station for 22 frequencies in the band 0.9-10.0 Hz. The regional average model is 266f0.53 between 1.0 and 10.0 Hz and indicates that attenuation in Britain is slightly higher than in France, and significantly higher than in eastern North America and Scandinavia. Tomographic inversions at each frequency indicate that QLg varies spatially. Broadly speaking, southeastern England, the Lake District and parts of the East Irish Sea Basin, and a small region between the Highland Boundary Fault and the Southern Uplands Fault are characterized by higher than average attenuation. Southwestern England, eastern central England and northwestern Scotland are regions of relatively low attenuation. To some extent, these regions correlate with what is known about the tectonics and structure of the crust in the UK.

Local parks and walkable neighborhoods are commonly cited as elements of the urban environment that promote physical activity and reduce obesity risk. When those vulnerable to obesity-related diseases live in neighborhoods without these qualities, it works against environmental justice goals that aim for a fair distribution of amenities. We use geographic information systems (GIS) to evaluate the relationship between the distribution of populations vulnerable to obesity and proximity to parks and walkable street networks in ...

The design and analysis of infinite impulse response (IIR) peak and notch filter has been performed, which is employed various communication systems to eliminate unwanted narrow band interference. In communication system, radio frequency band for FM lies between 88MHZ - 108MHZ. A method for design of digital peak and notch filter of center frequency 90MHZ has been presented. Two parametric values like pass band ripple & stop band attenuation have been calculated by using mathematical modelling. Various transposed second order system (SOS) algorithm such as direct form I and II elliptic design method have been applied. By tuning quality (Q)-factor, peak filter (order 4) and notch filter (order 2) for range of Q between 2 -18 and 2 –100000 respectively have been generated with the help of different RF & AF oscillator. Filter approximation and order of the notch and peak filter determines overall performance in terms of multiplier, adder, no. of states, multi per input sample (MPIS) and add per input Sample (APIS) narrow band interference. From the realization perspective, the filter consumes more power and becomes more complex with increase in filter order. It is easy to implement in communication at transmitter or receiver point and has good communication system response. The observed settling time & fixed bandwidth gain confirms the performance of designed filter.