Japanese

This textbook is designed to follow” Nihon-go kaiwa 30-shuu I, Roomaji-hen”(Japanese in 30 Weeks I – Romaji course) by the same author, which emphasizes the structure of fundamental Japanese sentences in Romaji.  The present volume, “Kana-kanji-hen” (Kana-Kanji Course), introduces students to a wide variety of expressions and expanded structures written in Kana and Kanji.

The course presents a total of 420 Chinese characters in addition to Hiragana and Katakana.  The 420 kanji have been carefully selected from the 881 Kyooiku Kanjji (Essential kanji and 115) Bikoo Kanji (Reference kanji), all of which appear in elementary school textbooks in Japan.  Except for the first two lessons in which Kana are learned, 15 new Kanji appear in each lesson.  The 30 lessons can normally be completed at the rate of one lesson a week.

The colloquial patterns in each lesson are introduced in the context of a continuous story about a Canadian, Greg Honderick, who comes to live in japan.  He has to undergo many new experiences while getting used to Japanese life: apartment-hunting, eating-out, shopping, telephoning, sight-seeing, corresponding, losing his way, sickness, bathing at a bath house, visiting a cemetery, typhoon season, an interview and employment, a Sukiyaki party, and so on.  He gets married to a Japanese woman, Midori, and finally when their son is born, they go back to Canada to visit Greg’s parents.

Presentations in each lesson concentrate on colloquial and modern expressions.  In each lesson, the Oral Exercises in Section 4 should be done with a native Japanese teacher, if possible.  The students should also be drilled in reading and writing Kana and Kanji in section 3 according to their requirements.  Although grammatical notes are not contained in this volume, teachers trained in the SWACIA Online language school teachers’ Training Course will be able to answer questions about material not already explained in the first volume.

Spesso si studia una lingua straniera per viaggiare. Lo stesso apprendimento, in realtà, somiglia un po’ a un viaggio, in quanto ci fa scoprire la vita e la cultura di un Paese, nonché la storia e la mentalità di una popolazione, elementi che si riflettono nella lingua.
Per esprimersi bene in una lingua è necessario imparare a pensare con essa. È un’impresa ardua, che sovente viene accantonata nella prima fase dello studio. Se, invece, partissimo da una conoscenza organica delle differenze rispetto alla lingua madre, forse si riuscirebbe ad affrontare più serenamente il viaggio, magari trovando una via più agevole per avvicinarsi al modo di pensare giapponese.
Questo libro è dedicato a tutti gli italofoni curiosi della cultura giapponese: attraverso parole già familiari e aspetti della cultura ormai noti anche in Italia, offre loro uno strumento per comprendere il meccanismo con cui la lingua funziona.
La differenza tra le due lingue è enorme, non lo nascondiamo, non sarà quindi un apprendimento “senza fatica”, ma nessun timore: sarà un viaggio stimolante e divertente. È un percorso pratico, adatto a chi studia per hobby o per lavoro, e qualora visitasse il Giappone, potrà mettere in pratica tutto ciò che ha imparato qui.

Perceptual asymmetries for tasks involving aesthetic preference or line bisection can be affected by asymmetrical neurological mechanisms or left/right reading habits. This study investigated the relative contribution of these mechanisms in 100 readers of Japanese and English. Participants made aesthetic judgments between pairs of mirror-reversed pictures showing: (a) static objects, (b) moving objects and (c) landscapes. A line bisection task

This study investigated the effect of multilingual linguistic experience on the perception of Japanese durational contrast by learners of Japanese as a foreign language at the basic level. Five monolingual and five multilingual learners listened to recorded sentences c)ntaining the utterances /iken/ or /ikken/ and were asked to identify which of the two utterances was employed in each sentence. Amongst the multilingual subjects, some spoke languages that utilize segmental durations phonemically, whilst some spoke languages that did not. Although the results indicated superior perceptual performance by multilingual learners over monolingual learners, there was no significant difference between the two types of multilingual subjects. The results support the hypothesis that not only specific but also non-specific, broadened linguistic experience can result in increased perceptual performance. Other results and their implications are discussed. (Contains 29 references.) (MDM) Reproducti...

La plus grande difficulté pour les occidentaux qui s'approchent de la culture orientale se trouve dans une vision fortement cartésienne qui nous induit à des procédés de rationalisation ne pouvant être aisément compris par les orientaux. Tout de même, l'aspect le plus fascinant dans cette rencontre avec l'Orient consiste dans la lecture des philosophies à la base du projet d'architecture, qui, même si aujourd'hui elle est pénétrée de tentatives de réconciliation culturelle avec l'Occident, ne s'éloigne jamais des racines qui ont toujours caractérisé les lieux de l'habiter. Donc, pour nous approcher de ce contexte culturel, on ne peut ne pas comprendre quelques définitions importantes concernant la structuration de l'espace de l'habiter et par conséquent on ne peut pas se confronter à des termes comme MA, EN, OKU.

Various tropical grasses sometimes contain oxalate in sufficient concentration as to induce calcium deficiency in grazing animals. Napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum), a useful tropical grass for ruminants was examined for oxalate levels with regard to season, variety and botanical fractions. It was observed that oxalate content was significantly (P < 0.001) affected by the season with the highest value (3.77%) being associated with early summer samples and the lowest value (1.76%) with late autumn samples. Compared to a normal, non-dwarf variety, a dwarf variety exhibited a higher oxalate content but the difference was not statistically significant. With regard to the botanical fractions, oxalate content was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (2.78%) in leaf tissues compared to stem with leaf sheath (2.05%). In another experiment, a late, dwarf variety was re-grown four times to evaluate re-growth period effects on oxalate content during the early summer. Oxalate content increased gradually from the re-growth period 1 (6 June to 28 June) to re-growth period 3 (21 June to 12 July), and declined in re-growth period 4 (28 June to 19 July). Results suggest that when napiergrass is grown in early summer, it could achieve oxalate levels that are toxic to ruminants.

Working memory capacity refers to the ability to store and process information simultaneously in real time and has been shown to correlate highly with first language (L1) reading skill. This study examines the sensitivity of second language (L2) working memory capacity to differences in reading skill among advanced L2 learners. The index of working memory capacity used was the reading span test (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980). Subjects with larger working memory capacities scored higher on measures of reading skill, in contrast with the lack of strong correlations between measures of passive short-term storage (memory for strings of random words or digits) and the same reading measures. This result is consistent with an interpretation of the reading span test as an index of working memory capacity, in which capacity is defined functionally in terms of a trade-off between active processing and storage. Issues involved in investigating working memory capacity are discussed and the role of...

Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couche Minces (LPICM), Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau 91128, France 1Liquid Crystal Display Research and Design Center (SEC LCD), Samsung Electronics, San #24, Nongseo-ri, Giehung-eup, Yongin, Gyeonggi-...

In 2015, the Japanese imperial army’s system of military sexual servitude/military prostitution once again became central to relations between South Korea and Japan. After the signing of a 2015 agreement meant to resolve disputes between the two countries, the Statue of Peace, an effigy of a young Korean woman, was reproduced in both physical form and through digital media, expanding its visual presence in both the material and virtual worlds. This study examines events between 2015 and 2018 through the lens of visual politics and argues that, to fully understand the political impact of the Statue of Peace, we need to assess it not only as a physical effigy, but also as a form of digital reproduction. In doing so, it highlights that the mechanical reproduction of the Statue of Peace freed it from the limitations of being a physical representation, and allowed it to interact in more diverse contexts as a tool of resistance against the Japanese government’s proposal and the Korean government’s complicity with the 2015 agreement. This study adds to the analytical toolbox of visualising Korea with the aim of providing greater insight on an important issue facing South Korea and its relationship with Japan.

Detey, S., Fontan, L., Le Coz, M. & Jmel, S. (2020). Computer-assisted assessment of phonetic fluency in a second language: a longitudinal study of Japanese learners of French. Speech Communication 125: 69-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2020.10.001

Available here: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344594440_Computer-assisted_assessment_of_phonetic_fluency_in_a_second_language_a_longitudinal_study_of_Japanese_learners_of_French

Abstract: Automatic second language (L2) speech fluency assessment has been one of the ultimate goals of several projects aiming at designing Computer-Assisted Pronunciation Training (CAPT) tools for L2 learners. Usually, three challenges must be tackled in order to solve the issues at stake: 1) Defining fluency from a threefold interdisciplinary perspective (acoustic and perceptual phonetics, computer science, L2 education); 2) Using a cost-effective algorithm; 3) Testing the procedure with actual learners' data. Despite rapid technical developments in the field of automatic speech processing, the tools which are actually available for learners are still scarce, and most of them rely on automatic speech recognition (ASR). Moreover, most research on the topic is focusing on English as the target L2. Therefore, in this article, we address the following research questions: (a) is it possible to use a non-ASR-based low-level signal segmentation algorithm to predict human expert assessment of phonetic fluency in beginner Japanese learners of French in a text-reading task during the first stages of their learning? (b) if the answer to (a) is positive, then what are the best predictors of phonetic fluency among a set of available measures (see below for more details)? (c) is it possible to use this algorithm to monitor the evolution of phonetic fluency (and of its associated predictors) in these learners in a longitudinal study? As a first step, a corpus of French sentences read aloud by 12 Japanese learners of different proficiency levels in French was used to design a prediction system. 2 speech fluency, speech rate, regularity of speech rate, speech fluidity (i.e. smoothness of transitions between phones). Inter-rater agreement and reliability were high for all dimensions, and the average human ratings were compared with the scores provided by our prediction system. The results show strong correlations between human and automatic scores of speech rate and regularity of speech rate, and a weak correlation for speech fluidity. Automatic scores were finally combined together through a multiple linear regression model in order to predict overall speech fluency. The best model led to a correlation coefficient of .92 between automatic and human ratings, with a root-mean-square error of .38. In the second step of this study, a corpus of identical sentences read aloud four times over two years by 12 Japanese learners of French (after 4, 7, 12, and 19 months of French courses in Japan) was fed to the automatic system. The results show regular progress in overall speech fluency, which fits with the regular progress the Japanese learners under scrutiny were expected to make through their academic program in French at their university in Japan every semester. Our study suggests a positive answer to our first and third research questions, with speech rate as the best predictor to answer our second research question. In a pedagogical perspective, it seems that such a simple algorithm could be integrated in a CAPT tool to monitor learners' progress in phonetic fluency in reading-aloud tasks.S

Farewell to Manzanar Farewell to Manzanar is an autobiographical memoir of Jeanne Wakatsuki-Houston, one of the thousands of Japanese-Americans who were forced into internment camps in the 20 th century by order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, in December of 1941. At the age of seven, young Jeanne and her family were evacuated to Manzanar-an internment located in Owens Valley, California. Over the span of three and a half years, Jeanne experienced brokenness within her family, uncomfortable living conditions, inedible food, culture shock, and ambiguous grief of her father after spending an unspoken nine-months in Fort Lincoln, North Dakota. Manzanar itself went through radical changes since its first impressions in 1942 with the development of churches, schools, clubs, job openings, and extra-curricular activities available. 1945 marked the end of World War II and naturally, the closing of internment camps.

「心でどこを探してみても、自分より、愛しい者を見いだすことはできない。
　それと同じく、他の者にとっても、自分のことが愛しい。
　ゆえに、自己を愛する者は、他の者を害さぬように」（マッリカー経）

■ 他人のことを無理やり思いやろうとする必要はありません。ただ正直に自分の心を見つめ、「自分は傷つけられたくない。害されたくない。自分が愛しい」と確認します。さらに、「他人も同じだ。他人にとっても自己が愛しい。だから傷つけてはならない。害してはならない」と、丁寧に理解するだけでよいのです。
このように理解することで、自己を想う「自己愛」から、他者を想う「他者への慈しみ」へと、自然に広がっていくのです。
（本文より）

■ 目　次

はじめに　だらしない自分が嫌い

第１章 「自己を大切にする」とは？
・マリッカー経
　１．自己愛を否定しない
　２．視点を転じて、他人に思いを向ける
　３．自己を想う「自己愛」から、他者を想う「他者への慈しみ」へ

第２章　「自己への慈しみ」を育てる５つのステップ
・自分を思いやる
・怒りではなく、やさしさを選択する
・比べない
・心を前向きに
・定期的に瞑想する

第３章　自分を相手の立場に置き換える
・わが身にひきあてて

第４章　我（attā）から無我（anattā）へ
・「私（attā）」を使って心を育てる
・だれが実践するのか？
・輪廻の苦しみを感じてみる
・なんとかしなければ！
・なぜ、「無我」なのか？
・「我」からスタートして「無我」へ

第５章　自己をよりどころに
・心を育てる３つの詩句
　気づいたときから実践をスタート
　自分を守ってくれるもの
　自分の目的をあきらめない　

第６章　自己改善のための「私（attā）」
・自分をいたわり、他者をいたわる
・心の改革へ

あとがき　心のベクトルの転換

Mallikā Sutta 「マッリカー経」


■ 著者紹介
チャンディマ・ガンゴダウィラ長老　Ven. Dr. Chandima Gangodawila

テーラワーダ仏教長老。
2008年、スリランカの国立スリジャヤワルダナプラ大学で、学士号（優等学位）を取得。最優秀賞受賞。2015年、博士号を取得。
カナダに渡り、ブリティッシュコロンビア大学で４年間、仏教チャプレンを務め、さらにヴィクトリア大学にて教鞭を執る。
現在、カナダのオタワにあるテーラワーダ・ブッディスト・ヴィハーラに在住。
カナダを中心に、イギリスのケンブリッジ大学、アメリカ、マレーシア、タイ、スリランカの大学や寺院で、講演や法話をおこなう。
著書に、『感情の波にのまれない心のトレーニング: ストレスから心を解き放つ』『幸せへの鍵：慈経（Metta Sutta）に学ぶ〈15の善習慣〉と〈10の善行為〉』『妄想の対処法―認識プロセスを観察し、妄想ループを絶ち切る：蜜丸経（Madhupiṇḍika Sutta）』『新しい生き方を切り拓く７つの実践：小業分別経（Cūlakammavibhaṅga Sutta）』『業（カルマ）は直線ではない－生き方を変えられるのは、いま：大業分別経（Mahākammavibhaṅga Sutta）』『涅槃への道を妨げるもの: 老いない経（Na Jīrati Sutta）』『新型コロナウイルスへの不安と恐れを乗り越える８つのポイント』, シンハラ語の著書に『රතන සූත්‍රයේ පදගතාර්ථ සහ විවරණ , Ratana Sutta：Text, Word-to-word Meaning, Translation, and Explanations, 英語の著書に『Papañca to Nippapañca：Mental Proliferation to Mental Non-Proliferation』『8 Buddhist Tips to Overcome COVID-19 Fear』(以上 Sukhī Hotu), 『An Annotated Translation Into English Of Ratnamālāvadāna With A Critical Introduction』『A Critical appraisal of the contribution of Germany and France to Sanskrit studies』などがある。
ブログ：Paṭisota (https://patisota.blogspot.com/)
法話(英語)：Paṭisota YouTube Channel (https://www.youtube.com/Patisota/)


■ 訳　者
出村 佳子　Yoshiko Demura

翻訳家。訳書に、チャンディマ・ガンゴダウィラ長老著『感情の波にのまれない心のトレーニング: ストレスから心を解き放つ』『幸せへの鍵：慈経に学ぶ〈15の善習慣〉と〈10の善行為〉』『妄想の対処法―認識プロセスを観察し、妄想ループを絶ち切る：蜜丸経』『新しい生き方を切り拓く７つの実践：小業分別経』『業（カルマ）は直線ではない―生き方を変えられるのは、いま：大業分別経』『涅槃への道を妨げるもの: 老いない経』『新型コロナウイルスへの不安と恐れを乗り越える８つのポイント』（以上 Sukhī Hotu）, バンテ・Ｈ・グナラタナ著『慈悲の瞑想：慈しみの心』（春秋社）, 『マインドフルネス：気づきの瞑想』『マインドフルネスを越えて』『８マインドフル・ステップス』、アチャン・チャー著『アチャン・チャー法話集　第一巻　戒律』『アチャン・チャー法話集　第二巻　マインドフルネスの原点』『アチャン・チャー法話集　第三巻　智慧への道』, エリーン・スネル著『親と子どものためのマインドフルネス』（以上サンガ）などがある。
ブログ：Sukhī Hotu 智慧と慈悲の実践 (https://sukhi-hotu.blogspot.com/)

VISIT AMAZON TO PURCHASE A COPY
https://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/B08KP1937J/

SUMMARY
Effects of metals such as Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe have been studied by growing the seeds of Vigna radiata under different concentrations
of sulphate salts. These metals play a significant role in the growth of Vigna radiata and soil enzyme activity of amylase and cellulase.
It was found that higher concentration of these metals significantly altered the growth of Vigna radiata and soil enzyme activity.
Key Words : Amylase, Cellulase, Micronutrient, Soil enzyme activity, Vigna radiata

Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/transference Part of the Classical Literature and Philology Commons, Comparative Literature Commons, East Asian Languages and Societies Commons, European Languages and Societies Commons, French and Francophone Language and Literature Commons, German Language and Literature Commons, Linguistics Commons, Modern Languages Commons, Modern Literature Commons, Poetry Commons, Reading and Language Commons, and the Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Commons

上級の学生を対象に2012年冬学期に開講した翻訳実習コースは、日本語という第二言語を通じて日英翻訳・英日翻訳の基本的なスキルを学ぶと同時に、実践的な翻訳作業を通じて翻訳に必要な日本語能力を身につけることを狙いとしている。翻訳の中でも実務翻訳に特化し、広告・ビジネス文書・新聞記事・製品マニュアル等、多ジャンルにわたる生教材を主教材に、実践的な翻訳作業を通じて学習者に翻訳技術を学ばせた。
実際にコースを運営していく過程で見えてきたのは、本コースで翻訳の基礎を学んだ学習者が、より専門的な翻訳技術のために、コース修了後も自律して訓練を続ける必要があるということである。このような自律的な学習者を育てるために、本コースでは、学習者の協働に重きをおき、協働プロジェクトやピアラーニングといった、学習者主体の授業活動を試みた。これは、ピアラーニングによって、学習者が自身の学習に責任を持ち、教室を超えて自律性を育むことが可能になる（ナズキアン, 2010）という研究結果を踏まえたアプローチである。例えば、クラス全員で安全の手引きを翻訳するプロジェクトでは、翻訳者と添削者でチームを作り、協働して翻訳の質を高めた。翻訳課題では、翻訳を客観的に評価、考察する能力を伸ばすために、学習者は課題の翻訳をクラウド(Dropbox)上に載せ、教師の評価に先立って学習者同士で互いの翻訳を批評・添削した。
このような授業活動の結果、学習者の翻訳技術は短期間で上達した。本発表では、学習者主体の授業活動とその狙いを具体的に解説するとともに、その試みをいかに自律学習につなげていくか、今後の課題も踏まえて考察する。

In production, word-initial voicing contrast of plosives in Tokyo Japanese is not robustly based on VOT, since young speakers tend to devoice previously voiced plosives. Meanwhile, speakers rely heavily on f0. The present study aims to examine the role of VOT and f0 cues in perception. We conducted an identification test using resynthesized stimuli along a VOT continuum (-60 to +40 ms) orthogonal to an f0 continuum. Results suggested a categorical perception of VOT, while f0 was especially useful when VOT was around 0 ms. Higher f0 contours affected the response rate more than lower f0 contours , suggesting that the perceptual role of f0 raising was more important than f0 lowering. Hence, plosive devoicing in production is not preceded by listeners' misparsing of low f0 and pre-voicing. Their misattribution of high f0 to voiceless-ness may play a more important role in the shift of VOT-f0 cue weighting in perception and production.

This paper investigates changes in the dialect of a group of northern Japanese immigrants from the Tôhoku dialect speaking areas who migrated to Hawai‘i. The speakers moved to Hawai‘i as sugar plantation workers between 1899 and 1923 and the data were recorded between 1972 and 1975. Being latecomers to the plantations as well as a linguistic minority in the Japanese community in Hawai‘i, Tôhoku immigrants experienced dialect discrimination by other Japanese immigrants. The data tell us that the traditional Tôhoku dialect forms were replaced almost completely by the non-Tôhoku dialect forms after the speakers’ immigration. This study suggests that obvious dialect stigmatization led to the Tôhoku dialect speakers’ adoption of non-Tôhoku dialect features in order to gain acceptance in the local Japanese communities. Interestingly, however, the speakers transferred their Tôhoku dialect phonology to the newly acquired non-Tôhoku dialect forms. The findings support current second dialect ...

Global Perspectives on Japan (GPJ) is a yearly, Open Access, peer-reviewed multi-disciplinary academic journal on Japanese studies published by FORUM TAURİ Press.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

- Editor’s Note, Erdal Küçükyalçın

Abstracts

ARTICLES

- State, Political Parties, and the Nation: Triangular Political History without a Center of Gravity, Shimizu Yuichirō

- An Ottoman Staff Officer in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): General Pertev Bey’s Impressions and Evaluations, Doruk Akyüz

- Railroads of the Glorious Empires in the late 19th Century: From the Great Game to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5, Semiha Karaoğlu

- Tracing the Royal, Romantic and Demonic Roots of the Nio Warrior Guardian, Jennifer Norris

- Yōkai as the Edge of The World, Kōda Retsu 甲田烈

REVIEWS

- Sinan Levent. Japon Turancılığı (Japanese Turanism) by , Selçuk Esenbel

- Hook, Glenn D. and Gavan McCormack. Japan’s Contested Constitution, Can Öçalan