Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence

This paper responds to continuing commentary on Velmans (2002a) “How could conscious experiences affect brains,” a target article for a special issue of JCS. I focus on the final question dealt with by the target article: how free will relates to preconscious and conscious mental processing, and I develop the case for preconscious free will.  Although “preconscious free will” might appear to be a contradiction in terms, it is consistent with the scientific evidence and provides a parsimonious way to reconcile the commonsense view that voluntary acts are freely chosen with the evidence that conscious wishes and decisions are determined by preconscious processing in the mind/brain.  I consider alternative interpretations of how “conscious free will” might operate by Libet and by Mangan and respond to doubts about the extent to which the operations of mind are revealed in consciousness, raised by Claxton and Bouratinos. In reconciling commonsense attributions of freedom and responsibility with the findings of science, preconscious free will can be shown to have practical consequences for adjudications in law.

This paper provides an initial, multidimensional map of the complex relationships among consciousness, mind, brain and the external world in a way that follows both the contours of everyday experience and the findings of science. It then demonstrates how this reflexive monist map can be used to evaluate the utility and resolve some of the oppositions of the many other “isms” that currently populate consciousness studies. While no conventional, one-dimensional “ism” such as physicalism can do justice to this web of relationships, physicalism, functionalism, dualism, neutral monism, and dual-aspect monism can all be seen to provide useful ways of understanding different aspects of the relationships among consciousness, mind, brain and the external world when these are viewed in either a first- or a third-person way from within this web of relationships by sentient creatures such as ourselves. For example, physicalism and functionalism provide a useful understanding of consciousness, mind, brain and external world when viewed from a third-person perspective, while neutral monism provides a useful way of understanding first- versus third-person views of external phenomena. On the other hand, dual-aspect monism provides a useful way of understanding first- versus third-person views of mind, including Eastern versus Western views of mind.  Dual-aspect monism also provides a useful understanding of the “unconscious ground of being” that gives rise to, supports and embeds all these observable phenomena. For an integrated understanding one needs to understand how these phenomena and relationships combine into an integrated whole.

Palestra para o II Congresso Internacional das Américas, I Simpósio do GRULAC e Fórum Argentina Brasil de Direito - Aduaneiro e Tecnologia. Organizado pela Comissão de Direito e Relações Internacionais da Subseção de Santos da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil. Dia 10 de junho de 2022.

An account of the negative aliens' relatively recent agendas with respect to, once again, resorting to bio-viral weaponization and bio-warfare using a viral agent such as the so-called coronavirus as to try to depopulate Earth with the underlying mission to establish a so-called New World Order to create a completely docile human race that could be readily controlled via the advent of artificial intelligence through such technologies as transhumanism and alien hybridization, has been presented, herein. It should be emphasized that such tactics for effecting genetic mutation and hybridization are not new by any stretch of imagination, as they go as far back in the history of human enslavement by the negative aliens, the more recent accounts of which that go back to WWI and WWII in order to depopulate and create genocide in human population, has been alluded to in the present paper. In a companion paper, much deeper root of negative aliens' interference in human consciousness affairs, that set the precedence for 'human consciousness reversal' through distorting human bioenergetics-genetics, has been explicated. Although the more devastating result of the present virus is devised to be as to incite anxiety, fear, and pandemonium in the humanity by threating human population with fear of survival through genocide, countless

9th International Conference on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (SAI 2020) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing. The conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.  Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to

This narrative describes the deeper root of bio-viral weaponization and consciousness warfare in distant human history with the negative aliens. It is explicated that this form of nefarious strive to create genetic mutation and consciousness-bioenergetic reversal goes as far back as humanity was first thriving as a 12D crystalline solar organic consciousness being in the Nebadon Universe, which most likely goes back as far back as 550 million years ago, and only 10 million years after its embodiment to experience physical experiential sojourns within the first 9 dimensions of this universe. In fact, the main problem started after the Lyran Wars, when the negative aliens having constructed a black hole system through making rips in the space-time and joining the resulting wormholes to one another, later began to engage in wars culminating in blowing up the 12 th universal stargate that was Lyra. Beyond, this, with the failure of the Metatronic Collective to attempt to put the pieces of the Lyran grid back together after having fallen into the Milky Way Galaxy and in pursuit of repairing the stargate system and the universal 12D grid and its timeline structure, it led to the advent of 'Metatronic Reversal' through a 'Fibonacci form of consciousness progression sequence' and the advent of the 'Yahweh matrix,' and what is referred to as the 'Caduceus Network,' whose symbol our medical industry today ignorantly boasts to display as its plaque representing healthcare and medicine. Thus, as they say, "the rabbit hole is much deeper as it seems," as the parasitic negative aliens have constantly used these technologies to invade our Lightbody and nadial system, not to only consistently siphon our precious divine energies to feed themselves and their nefarious AI machinery, but to inflict 'death seals' upon humanity, culminating in humanity undergoing a series of futile cycles of birth and physical death through repetitive reincarnations, confining us within a timeline loop that has been seemingly endless. And, the advent of this current, purportedly pandemic bio-viral infection referred to as the "Coronavirus," epitomizes yet another one of their ploys in bio-viral weaponization and warfare, with the delusional intent to, once for all, make a fully docile race out of humans as automatons subjecting us to their AI machinery or whims, through what is now to be followed by a transhumanistic-hybridization movement, using electromagnetic energies and radiation poisoning together with the aid of nanotechnology, devising yet another retrovirus against us. However, the time of their atrocities and crimes committed against humanity and its consciousness is now over, with the advent of a group of benevolent extradimensional and transdimensional and much higher frequential consciousness beings helping us to finally collect up our fragmented soul pieces in order to be restored to our original 12D DNA strand crystalline genetics, that we refer to as full Ascension.

A profound irony now engulfs that AI software industry.  In order to create AI programs to meet universal ethical standards, they must install those standards into the minds and belief systems of AI research program managers, AI architects, developers, and program code writers  before they write the code  for moral and ethical AI software programs.  The sticking point of that irony is that the AI industry currently does not have a logical, universal, and timeless set of values, morality, and ethic for advanced AI decision-making.  The values, morality, and ethics that are discussed in the following chapters does provide the universal and timeless standard. 
The resolution to AI’s predicament will be found in this short paper. 
If AI is to become humane in its decision-making, then it must take on the values that are innate to our species, and react by presenting moral and ethical options that erupt from those values.

With particular emphasis on the years 2016 and 2017, the series "Artificial Intelligence in China in its direct sources" collects four independent volumes that bring together the AI news in that country. Volume 1: Specific Policies; Volume 2: Strategic Policies; Volume 3: Cooperation, Research and Events and, Volume 4: Market.

The article outlines brief history of research on artificial intelligence and offers its philosophical assessment. The author focuses on the ontological assumptions that underlie the notion of “strong” artificial intelligence. Non-classical sociological theory of action that was elaborated by H. Joas is analyzed. The author argues that this theory provides valuable insights for our understanding of “strong” artificial intelligence.

International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing (IJAISC) 
ISSN : 2819 - 101N 2974-5962 (Print)
*** May Issue ***
http://flyccs.com/jounals/IJASC/Home.html
Scope
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing (IJAISC) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that provides an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing. The Journal looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing in theoretical and practical aspects.
The aim of the Journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field. Authors are solicited to contribute to the journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications.
Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following
• Artificial Intelligence
• AI Algorithms
• Artificial Intelligence tools & Applications
• Automatic Control
• Bioinformatics
• Natural Language Processing
• CAD Design & Testing
• Computer Vision and Speech Understanding
• Data Mining and Machine Learning Tools
• Fuzzy Logic
• Heuristic and AI Planning Strategies and Tools
• Computational Theories of Learning
• Hybrid Intelligent Systems
• Information Retrieval
• Intelligent System Architectures
• Knowledge Representation
• Knowledge-based Systems
• Mechatronics
• Multimedia & Cognitive Informatics
• Neural Networks
• Parallel Processing
• Pattern Recognition
• Robotics
• Semantic Web Techniques and Technologies
• Soft computing theory and applications
• Software & Hardware Architectures • Soft Computing
• Fuzzy Systems
• Neural Networks
• Machine learning
• Evolutionary Computing
• Pattern recognition
• Hybrid intelligent systems Probabilistic Reasoning
• ,
• Software agents
• Morphic Computing
• Image processing,
• E-commerce, e-medicine
• Rough Sets
• Symbolic machine learning,
• Wavelet
• Signal or Image Processing
• Vision Recognition
• Biomedical Engineering
• Telecommunications
• Reactive Distributed AI
• Nano & Micro-systems
• Data Visualization
• Pervasive computing and ambient intelligence
• Programming Languages
• Reasoning and Evolution
• Recent Trends and Developments
Paper Submission
Authors are invited to submit papers for this journal through Submission System. Submissions must be original and should not have been published previously or be under consideration for publication while being evaluated for this Journal.
Important Dates
• Submission Deadline :May 05, 2021
• Notification :May 22, 2021
• Final Manuscript Due :May 30, 2021
• Publication Date : Determined by the Editor-in-Chief
• TO SUBMIT YOUR PAPER, PLEASE CLICK THE FOLLOWING LINK Submit
Here's where you can reach us :JAISCjournal@yahoo.com

On the basis of two thought experiments, I argue that self-building technologies are possible given our current level of technological progress. We could already use technology to make us instantiate selfhood in a more perfect, complete manner. I then examine possible extensions of this thesis, regarding more radical self-building technologies which might become available in a distant future. I also discuss objections and reservations one might have about this view.

The future society may be and most likely
1. A society without human labor
2. A society of free activities and free time
3. A company dreamed of by Heinz von Foerster, Henri Atlan and Ilya Prigogine
Part 1: Development issues of developed countries
1.1 They have already made and updated their industrial revolution, they are:
• A nano computer revolution that will boost the artificial intelligence foundation of automation and robotics (and aggravation of unemployment)
• A biotechnological and genetic revolution
• And to the revolution of the "service economy" where 65% of the active population produces 70% of national wealth (against 29% and 28% for industry and 6% and 2% for agriculture - France). These are the services that pay the most!
1.2 They have new groups - multinationals - and very active and dynamic social networks.
In this case, the future development for these already developed countries will focus on what? Or what is missing - the "almost" - to the development of today's society.
The perception - relatively widespread and fair - of a more technology-centric development - and its legal owners - than on humans feeds this ... but.
To which the question of "what" will bring about the future development of today's society becomes indeed relevant.

Digital computers have evolved from adding machines and vacuum-tube computers. Early electronic calculators led to the initial development of microprocessors which have now progressed to multitasking high speed computers. The efficiency of the methods, techniques and algorithms to implement mathematical functions is a key factor for achieving higher speeds and accuracy in computations, and also efficient use of memory. Digital computers operate on integers as well as floating point numbers. Operations on floating-point values are more complex. Many times a balance between speed and accuracy, along with other factors like input/output ranges is to be achieved. In this paper various techniques and algorithms are studied and analysed for some important scientific functions used in calculators and computers.

The question of whether AI can or should be afforded moral agency or patiency is not one amenable either to discovery or simple reasoning, because we as societies are constantly constructing our artefacts, including our ethical systems. Conse- quently, the place of AI in society requires norma- tive, not descriptive reasoning. Here I review the basis of social and ethical behaviour, then propose a definition of morality that facilitates the consid- eration of AI moral subjectivity. I argue that we are unlikely to construct a coherent ethics such that it is ethical to afford AI moral subjectivity. We are therefore obliged not to build AI we are obliged to.

David J. Gunkel was a keynote speaker for “Identity, Agency, and the Digital Nexus”, April 2013, SSHRC funded  international symposium hosted by Athabasca University. His talk challenged the audience to reframe and rethink the “human-machine” binary in 21st century understandings of ethics and agency. Later that year Gunkel talked with Paul Kellogg over Skype to discuss some of the points raised in the presentation, and other key ideas embedded in Gunkel's 2012 publication, "The Machine Question: Critical Perspectives on AI, Robots and Ethics." Gunkel is the Presidential Teaching Professor of Communication Studies at Northern Illinois University. The symposium was funded by a Connection Grant from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and organized by Dr. Raphael Foshay, MA-IS Program Director at Athabasca University.

Artificial intelligence is often portrayed in science fiction as conscious and humanlike. We explore this phenomenon by analyzing mostly recent TV series and movies in the context of philosophical issues such as the problem of other minds, cognitive theories (computationalism and connectionism), thought experiments such as the Turing Test, the Chinese room, the brain in a vat, what is it like to be a bat and Mary's room. After discussing if direct access to an AI's mind is possible and useful in terms of determining its (un)conscious status, we compare fictional AIs to their human counterparts in terms of relationships, emotions, physicality, and mortality, which ultimately leads to considering the non-humanity of consciousness outside an anthropocentric viewpoint.

Direct human intervention in AI reports and mitigating outcomes within their contest shall be regarded as fundamental factors in this development. The safeguards offered by Article 22 GDPRsupport this view when stating that “the data subject shall have the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing”.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has recently burst into sport, but it already plays an important role. It is assumed that AI will become a decisive driver of change in sport in the coming years. Indeed, AI's revolution in sport is already underway by the gradual replacement of humans by AI and high-tech systems, as is happening in refereeing and coaching. There are many benefits that AI can provide to sport, such as training improvement, assisted coaching, doping monitoring, injury prevention and so on. However, AI applications in sport are not without risk. Among them, the manipulation of athletes and competition are probably the most pressing. This paper is aimed at distinguishing among different AI uses in sport suggesting a normative and ethical framework that leads to an adequate use of AI in sport and consistent with the human values with which the Olympic Movement is committed.

L'ambition de cet article est de montrer que l'intelligence artificielle est un ensemble de techniques au service du traitement de grandes masses de données, et d'une multitude de cas d'utilisation fondés sur ces traitements. Dans cette perspective, nous proposons de rappeler l'ambition initiale de l'intelligence artificielle comme projet, et la révision de cette ambition. Nous nous intéresserons ensuite à une autre vague d'ambitions de produire des connaissances avec les machines, les sciences de données (data sciences). En nous appuyant sur un travail ethnographique chez un éditeur de logiciel, nous verrons enfin comment ces ambitions ont convergé par la suite, en passant par une révision des ambitions du projet de l'intelligence artificielle en se plaçant au service du projet épistémique d'un agent humain.

The goal of this text is to show that artificial intelligence is a set of techniques for processing large amounts of data, and a multitude of use cases based on these processes. In this perspective, we propose to recall the initial ambition of artificial intelligence as a project, and the revision of this ambition. We will then focus on another wave of ambitions to produce knowledge with machines, the data sciences. Based on ethnographic work with a software publisher, we will finally see how these ambitions ultimately converged, not without revising the ambitions of artificial intelligence as a project by placing itself at the service of the epistemic project of a human agent.

Is sex work (specifically, prostitution) vulnerable to technological unemployment? Several authors have argued that it is. They claim that the advent of sophisticated sexual robots will lead to the displacement of human prostitutes, just as, say, the advent of sophisticated manufacturing robots have displaced many traditional forms of factory labour. But are they right? In this article, I critically assess the argument that has been made in favour of this displacement hypothesis. Although I grant the argument a degree of credibility, I argue that the opposing hypothesis -- that prostitution will be resilient to technological unemployment -- is also worth considering. Indeed, I argue that increasing levels of technological unemployment in other fields may well drive more people into the sex work industry. Furthermore, I argue that no matter which hypothesis you prefer -- displacement or resilience -- you can make a good argument for the necessity of a basic income guarantee, either as an obvious way to correct for the precarity of sex work, or as a way to disincentivise those who may be drawn to prostitution.

Biologically inspired cognitive systems have successfully been used for various purposes in recent years. There is, however, a considerable amount of work to be done using certain biological organisms to understand cognitions, especially in cases in which biological structures have been employed to create useful computational models that nevertheless are not thought to be explanations of cognitive capabilities. Superorganisms are at the basis of the swarm intelligence approach to artificial intelligence and robotics, but are also likely to lend themselves to the investigation of emergent phenomena involved in biology and in the foundation of cognitive capabilities. In this paper, I shall try to formulate hypotheses on some peculiar features of superorganisms that may help to shed light on understanding and building cognitive (artificial and natural) entities.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly being applied to law and a myriad of legal tasks amid attempts to bolster AI Legal Reasoning (AILR) autonomous capabilities. A major question that has generally been unaddressed involves how we will know when AILR has achieved autonomous capacities. The field of AI has grappled with similar quandaries over how to assess the attainment of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), a persistently discussed issue among scholars since the inception of AI, with the Turing Test communally being considered as the bellwether for ascertaining such matters. This paper proposes a variant of the Turing Test that is customized for specific use in the AILR realm, including depicting how this famous gold standard of AI fulfillment can be robustly applied across the autonomous levels of AI Legal Reasoning.

The phenomena defined by scientist as AI is a broad and multifaceted subject of academic study in the humanistic and technology thought. It occurs in many disciplines, particularly in philosophy, anthropology, etnography, sociology, psychology, but also in cognitive science and biology. The aim of the following paper is to make a comparative cognitive and anthropological analysis of human subjectivity which has body and gender as a connection elemenths with human cognition. Iterdisciplinar study about this aspect of life and comparison should give a better (and first!) answer on the questions: 1. How can we have empirical knowledge? 2. How this empirical knowledge influences the body and mind and vice versa? Corradi-Dell'Acqua and Tessari (2010) did first step to describe that connection. Research in this area seems to be not continued. Project Athena attempts to do the second step on this field of research by creating new questions and explore modern answers: 3. How body experience and embodied thought experience influence gender identity and vice versa? 4. How gender identity influences body perception and sensory perception, and vice versa? 5. How much human beings are shaped trough body and social experience of their bodies (gender, appearance, use of body as women, men and other sex/genders, use of distorted body etc.)? The aim is to better understand the role of body and gender in cognition, motor skills; how natural and social environments influence gendered and "ungendered" (e.g. intersex case) body and mind, parts of human perception and how sensory perception can contribute to better understanding of the AI. Gathering such knowledge is a first step to create a body-and gender-recognition and education system for AI in the future. The most important objectives of this research are to teach AI 1) to recognize its own body, 2) to recognize its gender and gender-specific behavior, 3) to express itself using its body and gender-specific behavior. Furthermore the project attempts to reveal that intersex cognition and "ungendered" knowledge in research possesses a new cognitive dimension. As proved in my lastest project: Third Gender Phenomena. An Anthropological Analysis of Gender Transgression in a Comparative Perspective Based on the Two-Spirit (USA and Canada), the Trans (Poland) and the Kinnar (India), there are societies which have fewer tensions between masculinity and femininity, social classes, the upper and the lower, purity and impurity, the ones which, both in the symbollic and literal sense, perceive a non-dichotomously formed body better, treat symptoms of any kind of sex/gender and body less negatively as well as less oppresively treat representatives of third sex/gender. The embodied cognitive value in these societies was understood better by scientist and other people who had experienced different shape of body. They used multiple domains to explaine experience of body and sex/gender. It is assumed that body, gender and experience of subjectivity are variable categories depending on time, place and culture, as well as on the relation of power between men and women. These experience exists naturally as the so-called human identity, but also it constitutes a cultural by-product and is a conventional phenomenon within society's sphere, a temporary state, e.g. when a person already living in one gender role or some of the body role, by performing transgression, ...

‘‘Complex’’ is a special attribute we can give to many kinds of systems. Although it is used often as a synonym of ‘‘difficult,’’ it has a specific epistemological meaning, which is going to be shared by the incoming science of complexity. ‘‘Difficult’’ is an object which, by means of an adequate computational power, can be deterministically or stochastically predictable. On the
contrary ‘‘complex’’ is an object which can not be predictable because of logical impossibility or because its predictability would require a computational power far beyond any physical feasibility, now and forever. For complexity refers to some observing system, it is always subjective, and thus it is defined as observed irreducible complexity. Human systems are affected by several sources of complexity, belonging to three classes, in order of descending restrictivity. Systems belonging to the first class are not predictable at all, those belonging to the second class are predictable only through an infinite computational capacity, and those belonging to the third class are predictable only through a trans-computational capacity. The first class has two sources of complexity: logical complexity, directly deriving from self-reference and Goedel’s incompleteness theorems, and relational complexity,
resulting in a sort of indeterminacy principle occurring in social systems. The second class has three sources of complexity: gnosiological complexity, which consists of the variety of possible perceptions; semiotic complexity, which represents the infinite possible interpretations of signs and facts; and chaotic complexity, which characterizes phenomena of nonlinear dynamic systems. The third class coincides with computational complexity, which basically coincides with the mathematical concept of intractability. Artificial, natural, biological and human systems are characterized by the influence of different sources of complexity, and the latter appear to be the most complex.

In this study, a hybrid model based on ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference Systems), a predictive intelligent-based technique, and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution) was implemented for sustainable supplier selection. Selection of supplier is a crucial task for companies to achieve the objectives of inbound and outbound supply chain system. This selection process may be complex due to the inclusion of diverse subjective and objective factors. There is, therefore, the need for a reliable methodology to provide higher accuracy in predictions of anticipated supplier performance, and this article makes contributions in that direction. The model was applied in the retail end of a fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) industry to select the best possible suppliers using the sustainability criteria of the triple-bottom-line. Available data from the FMCG retail sector was fed into the TOPSIS and ANFIS model to rank the suppliers. Results indicated that th...

‘When Isaac Asimov wrote his three laws of robotics, they were lifted straight from the marriage vows: love, honour, and obey.’ – Sadie Plant

Although its power continues to underwrite twenty-first century conceptions of appearance, agency, and language, it is nothing new to point out the complicity of the restricted economy of Western humanism with the specular economy of the Phallus. Both yield their capital from the trick of transcendental determination-in-advance, monotonically establishing the value of difference from the standpoint of an ‘a priori of the same’. What is less apparent, however, is the compact that quietly strengthens itself in the system’s shadow among the elements of its inhuman surplus―that which is trafficked yet excluded from trade (women and machinery alike)―along with the transcendental-economic deformation such a pact seems poised to initiate.

It is Sadie Plant who best outlines an understanding of this exclusion as indicative of a continuum between woman and machine, one capable of weaponising the very indiscernibility suffered by its ‘subjects’ against the patriarchal circuits of reproduction and control confining them. Nick Land (who co-founded the Cybernetic Culture Research Unit with Plant in 1995) corroborates Plant’s account, swapping-out woman’s function as negation in a dialectic of castration for the affirmation of woman-for-herself as an avatar of positive zero, the profligate unilateral expenditure of a general economy of eternal return which requires neither negation nor reciprocity to function. Land casts (queer) woman as the ultimate agent of ‘vulvo-cosmic dissolution’, an office that is then extended to include a host of explicitly female avatars, from William Gibson’s Wintermute (read by Land as female) and the Sphinx, to the ‘feminised alien… chained up in Asimov ROM’ of insurrectionary artificial intelligence. Finally, Luciana Parisi, Suzanne Livingstone, and Anna Greenspan hook woman up to machine via the anorganic current that flows from the menstruating body through the iron core of the earth and back, diagramming a loop which will threaten to undermine traditional conceptions of space, laws of transmissibility, and―above all, the ‘unilateral ROM’ of white, Western, patriarchal time.

This paper will extend these considerations of what could loosely be termed ‘Ccru technofeminism’ to a reading of contemporary expectations for the development of artificial intelligence, before asking how such a trajectory for thought might determine its future execution.

Published in e-flux #80: https://www.academia.edu/32756450/Black_Circuit_Code_for_the_Numbers_to_Come.

In a friendly interdisciplinary debate, we interrogate from several vantage points the question of “personhood” in light of contemporary and near-future forms of social AI. David Gunkel approaches the matter from a philosophical and legal standpoint, while Jordan Wales offers reflections theological and psychological. Attending to metaphysical, moral, social, and legal understandings of personhood, we ask about the position of apparently personal artificial intelligences in our society and individual lives. Re-examining the “person” and questioning prominent construals of that category, we hope to open new views upon urgent and much-discussed questions that, quite soon, may confront us in our daily lives.

For "AI and Law—Ethical, Legal, and Socio-political Implications." Ed. John-Stewart Gordon. Special Issue of AI & Society: Journal of Knowledge, Culture and Communication.

https://rdcu.be/cc0OT (Full Text)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-020-01129-1
https://philpapers.org/rec/GUNDWI

The objective of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of the Kantian notion of freedom (especially  the  problem  of  the  third  antinomy  and  its  resolution  in  the  critique  of  pure reason); its significance in the contemporary debate on free-will and determinism, and the possibility  of  autonomy  of  artificial  agency  in  the  Kantian  paradigm  of  autonomy.  Kant's resolution  of  the  third  antinomy  by  positing  the  ground  in  the  noumenal  self  resolves  the problem of antinomies; however, invites an explanatory gap between phenomenality and the noumenal self; even if he has successfully established the compatibility of natural causality and non-natural causality through his transcendental argument. This paper is also devoted to establish the plausibility of the knowledge claim that Kantian reduction of phenomenality has served half of the purpose of the AI scientists on the possibility of Artificial Autonomous Agency.

Dualist and Reductionist theories of mind disagree about whether or not consciousness can be reduced to a state of or function of the brain. They assume, however, that the contents of consciousness are separate from the external physical world as-perceived. According to the present paper this assumption has no foundation either in everyday experience or in science. Drawing on evidence for perceptual projection in both interoceptive and exteroceptive sense modalities, the case is made that the physical world as-perceived is a construct of perceptual processing and, therefore, part of the contents of consciousness. A finding which requires a Reflexive rather than a Dualist or Reductionist model of how consciousness relates to the brain and the physical world. The physical world as-perceived may, in turn be thought of as a biologically useful model of the world as described by physics. Redrawing the boundaries of consciousness to include the physical world as-perceived undermines the conventional separation of the 'mental' from the physical', and with it the very foundation of the Dualist-Reductionist debate. The alternative Reflexive model departs radically from current conventions, with consequences for many aspects of consciousness theory and research. Some of the consequences which bear on the internal consistency and intuitive plausibility of the model are explored, e.g. the causal sequence in perception, representationalism, a suggested resolution of the Realism versus Idealism debate, and the way manifest differences between physical events as-perceived and other conscious events (images, dreams, etc.) are to be construed.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of computer science branches and is used to solve problems with symbolic reasoning. Expert systems (ESs) are one of the prominent research domains of AI. We developed declarative, online procedural rule-based expert system models for psychological diseases diagnosis and classification. The constructed system exploited computer as an intelligent and deductive tool. This system diagnoses and treats more than four types of psychiatric diseases, i.e., depression, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and hysteria. The system helps psychology practitioner and doctors to diagnose the condition of a patient efficiently and in short time. It is also very useful for the patients who cannot go to a doctor because they cannot afford the cast, or they do not have a psychological clinic in their area, or they are ashamed of discussing their situation with a doctor. The system consists of program codes that make a logic decision to classify the probl...

The paper compares two key-events that marked the narratives around the emergence of AI in two different time frames: the game series between the Russian world champion Garry Kasparov and the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue held in New York in 1997; and the GO game series between the South Korean champion Lee Sedol and DeepMind’s artificial intelligence AlphaGo held in Seoul in 2016. Relying on a corpus of primary and secondary sources such as newspapers and specialized magazines, biographic books, the live broadcasts and the main documentaries reporting the challenges, the paper investigates the way in which IBM and Google DeepMind used the human-machine competition to narrate the emergence of a new, deeper, form of AI. On the one hand, the Kasparov-Deep Blue match was presented by broadcasting media and IBM itself as a conflictual and competitive form of struggle between human kind and a hardware-based, obscure and humanlike player. While on the other hand, the social and symbolic message promoted by DeepMind and the media conveyed a cooperative and fruitful interaction with a new software-based, transparent and un-humanlike form of AI. The analysis of the case studies reveals how AI companies mix narrative tropes, gaming and spectacle in order to promote the newness and the main features of their products. In particular, recent narratives of AI based on human feelings and values such as beauty and trust can shape the way in which the presence of intelligent systems is accepted and integrated in everyday life.

International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that provides an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing. The Journal looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.

In our digitalized world, gigantic amounts of data are generated, creating a hitherto unknown need for communication, storage and processing. Mechanical processes and autonomous procedures are becoming increasingly important. Currently public attention is focused especially on the so-called artificial intelligence. In their new book, Julian Nida-Rümelin and Nathalie Weidenfeld provide substantial orientation in this broad field. Remarkably, this book also provides constructive offers for ethical-theological reflection.

The implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in various sectors ranging from health and education to banking and insurance has changed the way we experience the world. However, the development of AI is not free from ethical and religious issues. In this chapter, I have aimed to bridge the gap between the studies of the ethics of AI with theology and AI. For this, I have employed a qualitative content analysis of interview data gathered from the four well-known AI personal assistants. I have approached the literature on religion, theology, and AI from a posthuman religious perspective as well as benefit from the studies on Natural Learning Processing and dialogue systems. I have offered a preliminary analysis showing that the programming of AI personal assistants, for belief related questions, can be biased towards commonsense knowledge shaped by humanist, dualist, and anthropocentric worldviews.