Future of artificial intelligence

9th International Conference on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (SAI 2020) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing. The conference looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.  Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to

A profound irony now engulfs that AI software industry.  In order to create AI programs to meet universal ethical standards, they must install those standards into the minds and belief systems of AI research program managers, AI architects, developers, and program code writers  before they write the code  for moral and ethical AI software programs.  The sticking point of that irony is that the AI industry currently does not have a logical, universal, and timeless set of values, morality, and ethic for advanced AI decision-making.  The values, morality, and ethics that are discussed in the following chapters does provide the universal and timeless standard. 
The resolution to AI’s predicament will be found in this short paper. 
If AI is to become humane in its decision-making, then it must take on the values that are innate to our species, and react by presenting moral and ethical options that erupt from those values.

International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing (IJAISC) 
ISSN : 2819 - 101N 2974-5962 (Print)
*** May Issue ***
http://flyccs.com/jounals/IJASC/Home.html
Scope
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Soft Computing (IJAISC) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that provides an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing. The Journal looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing in theoretical and practical aspects.
The aim of the Journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field. Authors are solicited to contribute to the journal by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the areas of Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications.
Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following
• Artificial Intelligence
• AI Algorithms
• Artificial Intelligence tools & Applications
• Automatic Control
• Bioinformatics
• Natural Language Processing
• CAD Design & Testing
• Computer Vision and Speech Understanding
• Data Mining and Machine Learning Tools
• Fuzzy Logic
• Heuristic and AI Planning Strategies and Tools
• Computational Theories of Learning
• Hybrid Intelligent Systems
• Information Retrieval
• Intelligent System Architectures
• Knowledge Representation
• Knowledge-based Systems
• Mechatronics
• Multimedia & Cognitive Informatics
• Neural Networks
• Parallel Processing
• Pattern Recognition
• Robotics
• Semantic Web Techniques and Technologies
• Soft computing theory and applications
• Software & Hardware Architectures • Soft Computing
• Fuzzy Systems
• Neural Networks
• Machine learning
• Evolutionary Computing
• Pattern recognition
• Hybrid intelligent systems Probabilistic Reasoning
• ,
• Software agents
• Morphic Computing
• Image processing,
• E-commerce, e-medicine
• Rough Sets
• Symbolic machine learning,
• Wavelet
• Signal or Image Processing
• Vision Recognition
• Biomedical Engineering
• Telecommunications
• Reactive Distributed AI
• Nano & Micro-systems
• Data Visualization
• Pervasive computing and ambient intelligence
• Programming Languages
• Reasoning and Evolution
• Recent Trends and Developments
Paper Submission
Authors are invited to submit papers for this journal through Submission System. Submissions must be original and should not have been published previously or be under consideration for publication while being evaluated for this Journal.
Important Dates
• Submission Deadline :May 05, 2021
• Notification :May 22, 2021
• Final Manuscript Due :May 30, 2021
• Publication Date : Determined by the Editor-in-Chief
• TO SUBMIT YOUR PAPER, PLEASE CLICK THE FOLLOWING LINK Submit
Here's where you can reach us :JAISCjournal@yahoo.com

The academic community cannot ignore the growing opportunities offered by artificial intelligence. Especially relevant are developments in this ares against the background of growing challenges and threats arising from the use of the digital environment by actors of psychological warfare-by strategists and tactics of "color revolutions' as well as terrorist and criminal groups. The main objective of the paper is to develop efective instruments to counter the destructive psychological impact on the individual, society, and the state. As a tool in such psychological warfare, the authors see the use of hybrid intellectual systems for decision support bazed on fuzzy cognitive maps, the method of hierarchies, and artificial neural networks. The authors also state for the creation of the mathematical models of decision support in psychological warfare and discuss the need for training based on data mining, obtained from the Internet, using deep learning networks.

Is sex work (specifically, prostitution) vulnerable to technological unemployment? Several authors have argued that it is. They claim that the advent of sophisticated sexual robots will lead to the displacement of human prostitutes, just as, say, the advent of sophisticated manufacturing robots have displaced many traditional forms of factory labour. But are they right? In this article, I critically assess the argument that has been made in favour of this displacement hypothesis. Although I grant the argument a degree of credibility, I argue that the opposing hypothesis -- that prostitution will be resilient to technological unemployment -- is also worth considering. Indeed, I argue that increasing levels of technological unemployment in other fields may well drive more people into the sex work industry. Furthermore, I argue that no matter which hypothesis you prefer -- displacement or resilience -- you can make a good argument for the necessity of a basic income guarantee, either as an obvious way to correct for the precarity of sex work, or as a way to disincentivise those who may be drawn to prostitution.

The application of algorithms to decision making processes both within the public governance and administrative sectors, specifically targeted toward serving policy goals is increasing. Computer algorithms and analytics are playing an increasingly influential role in government, business and society. They underpin popular information services and autonomous intelligence systems such as machine learning and artificial intelligence applications and all its subsets: Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Reinforcement Learning Powered by algorithms, these smart technologies are having a direct and significant impact on human lives across a wide socioeconomic and cultural spectrum. Algorithms allow the exploitation of rich and varied data sources from different spheres including cultures, in order to support human decision-making and/or take direct actions that could serve the diverse interests of the societies in which they operate. As a result, this has invariably led to a standardized, speedy, efficient and comprehensive system of public decision making and implementation. Nevertheless, there are growing concerns regarding the social, ethical, political and legal implications of this and as to whether these implications are in fact being produced or reinforced by these systems. As gatekeepers of consequences in delegated administrative decisions including policing, there are rising concerns as to who is liable when decisions are made that violate cultural and societal norms in a given setting. Such cases are prompting the formation of multidisciplinary teams, for example, the IEEE P7003 Working Group on Algorithm Bias to rethink old ethical and moral questions, such as what constitutes cultural fairness and social equality and whether such definitions change when they intersect with algorithmic culture. Asking such questions is necessary since varying degrees of bias and exclusion, depending on the context, may emerge in the way that algorithms determine knowledge and present them in ways that are both digestible and consumable by users. For instance, it is evident that the employment of algorithms used to categorize and present knowledge, depending on the context, results in not only engendering hegemonic assumptions in a given culture but causes these assumptions to become coded as the default. The identification of this phenomenon has led international multidisciplinary teams to work on research and to translate their findings into evidence based tutorials, guidelines and standards. The aim is to eliminate or to reduce the probability of such algorithms and autonomous intelligence systems making decisions that are biased or that are not sensitive to the diverse cultures that they are meant to serve. This paper proposes that achieving cultural parity in algorithm design and application could benefit from three major routes: Firstly, through the technological route, designers can direct algorithm and associated AI's outputs by way of hard coded instructions and constraints for fairness and nondiscrimination, this will open up opportunities for affirmative action equivalents and paying attention to the 'translation' problems that arise when policy goals need to be converted into computer code. Secondly, governments can institute legal

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of computer science branches and is used to solve problems with symbolic reasoning. Expert systems (ESs) are one of the prominent research domains of AI. We developed declarative, online procedural rule-based expert system models for psychological diseases diagnosis and classification. The constructed system exploited computer as an intelligent and deductive tool. This system diagnoses and treats more than four types of psychiatric diseases, i.e., depression, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and hysteria. The system helps psychology practitioner and doctors to diagnose the condition of a patient efficiently and in short time. It is also very useful for the patients who cannot go to a doctor because they cannot afford the cast, or they do not have a psychological clinic in their area, or they are ashamed of discussing their situation with a doctor. The system consists of program codes that make a logic decision to classify the probl...

International Journal on Soft Computing, Artificial Intelligence and Applications (IJSCAI) is an open access peer-reviewed journal that provides an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing. The Journal looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Artificial Intelligence, Soft Computing in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.

The implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies in various sectors ranging from health and education to banking and insurance has changed the way we experience the world. However, the development of AI is not free from ethical and religious issues. In this chapter, I have aimed to bridge the gap between the studies of the ethics of AI with theology and AI. For this, I have employed a qualitative content analysis of interview data gathered from the four well-known AI personal assistants. I have approached the literature on religion, theology, and AI from a posthuman religious perspective as well as benefit from the studies on Natural Learning Processing and dialogue systems. I have offered a preliminary analysis showing that the programming of AI personal assistants, for belief related questions, can be biased towards commonsense knowledge shaped by humanist, dualist, and anthropocentric worldviews.

Un système photovoltaïque peut être soumis au cours de son fonctionnement, à différents défauts qui nécessitent une certaine approche pour les détecter. Vu la complexité des méthodes classiques et ses limitations, il existe des techniques qui font partie des méthodes émergentes comme les réseaux de neurones artificiels qu'ils ont prouvé leur efficacité dans beaucoup de domaines. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés spécifiquement à la détection et la localisation des défauts du générateur photovoltaïque (GPV) par l'approche neuronale.

Yapay Zeka bütün kuralları değiştiriyor. Çalışma kitabını edinin.

Yapay Zeka yeni kullanılmaya başlanan bir alandır. Bir başka deyişle, işletmeler yeni Yapay Zeka teknolojilerinde uzmanlaşırken bir yandan da yeni müşterilerin ihtiyaçlarını ve yeni düzenlemelerden kaynaklanan gereksinimleri gözden geçirmek zorundadır. Bu çalışma kitabı size yardımcı olmak için tasarlanmıştır. Bu kitabın okurları uzman tavsiyeleri, sektördeki en iyi uygulamalar ve kanıtlanmış Yapay Zeka stratejileriyle şunları öğrenebilir:

-Hızlı bir şekilde Yapay Zeka kullanmaya başlama
-Yapay Zeka çözümlerinizi satmak ve yeni müşteri adayları bulmak için pazarlama stratejileri geliştirme
-Yapay Zekanın temsil ettiği yeni gelir fırsatları ve bunlardan nasıl yararlanılacağı
-İşletmenizin işe alması gereken teknik beceriler ve bunların nasıl eğitileceği
Ve daha birçok konu
Bugün kullanmaya başlayın. Yapay Zeka çalışma kitabını indirin ve işletmenizi geleceğe hazırlayın.

In the field of computer vision, Automatic detection of human emotions is a topic of great importance. In the past, researchers used facial expression recognition (FER) systems for extracting emotions from face expressions. In this research paper, a novel approach is purposed to predict the satisfaction of customers. The purposed system used a traditional system of facial expressions and facial emotions model for predicting the customer satisfaction. The purposed approach has several stages. In the first stage, pre-processing of images is done, which basically detects the face in the images then images are resized. In the second stage, feature extraction algorithms and Facial Landmarks are used, that basically extracts features from the videos of facial expressions. In this stage testing and training datasets are generated. The dataset consists of facial expressions of Sadness, Fear, Neutrality, Happiness, Surprise, Anger and Disgust. The customer's satisfaction is predicted on three levels satisfy, not-satisfy and neutral, A "Happy expression" represents satisfy customer, "Bad expression" represents not-satisfy and "an average expression" represent a neutral customer. Support vector machine (SVM) is used to predict the emotion. Evaluation of the classifier is done using a Confusion Matrix technique (CM). The databases KDEF and CK+ are used for testing the purposed approach. However, the rate of prediction of the purposed approach is 99.16% from CK+ dataset.

Automation is a powerful word that lies everywhere. It shows that without automation, application will not get developed. In a semiconductor industry, artificial intelligence played a vital role for implementing the chip based design through automation .The main advantage of applying the machine learning & deep learning technique is to improve the implementation rate based upon the capability of the society. The main objective of the proposed system is to apply the deep learning using data driven approach for controlling the system. Thus leads to a improvement in design, delay ,speed of operation & costs. Through this system, huge volume of data’s that are generated by the system will also get control.

For a long time, one of my dreams was to describe the nature of uncertainty axiomatically, and it looks like I've finally done it in my co∼eventum mechanics! Now it remains for me to explain to everyone the co∼eventum mechanics in the most approachable way. This is what I'm trying to do in this work. The co∼eventum mechanics is another name for the co∼event theory, i.e., for the theory of experience and chance which I axiomatized in 2016 [1, 2]. In my opinion, this name best reflects the co∼event-based idea of the new dual theory of uncertainty, which combines the probability theory as a theory of chance, with its dual half, the believability theory as a theory of experience. In addition, I like this new name indicates a direct connection between the co∼event theory and quantum mechanics, which is intended for the physical explanation and description of the conict between quantum observers and quantum observations [4]. Since my theory of uncertainty satises the Kolmogorov axioms of probability theory, to explain this co∼eventum mechanics I will use a way analogous to the already tested one, which explains the theory of probability as a theory of chance describing the results of a random experiment. The simplest example of a random experiment in probability theory is the " tossing a coin ". Therefore, I decided to use this the simplest random experiment itself, as well as the two its analogies: the " "flipping a coin " and the " spinning a coin " to explain the co∼eventum mechanics, which describes the results of a combined experienced random experiment. I would like to resort to the usual for the probability theory " coin-based " analogy to explain (and first of all for myself) the logic of the co∼eventum mechanics as a logic of experience and chance. Of course, this analogy one may seem strange if not crazy. But I did not come up with a better way of tying the explanations of the logic of the co∼eventum mechanics to the coin-based explanations that are commonly used in probability theory to explain at least for myself the logic of the chance through a simple visual " coin-based " model that clarifies what occurs as a result of a combined experienced random experiment in which the experience of observer faces the chance of observation. I hope this analogy can be useful not only for me in understanding the co∼eventum mechanics.

Thanks to more powerful hardware and a new generation of learning algorithms, artificial intelligence is supporting the automation of a number of tasks and activities that are changing the job landscape as much as they have impacted on our everyday life. The first part of the chapter introduces artificial intelligence from its origins: its definition and its main research and application areas. The nature and the importance of machine learning for artificial intelligence applications are presented in the second part of the chapter. Existing approaches to machine learning are also classified and illustrated. The third part describes artificial intelligence tools and solutions by supported functionalities and automated tasks. Cases of applications in tourism are provided, from the best known and widely adopted, e.g., personal assistants, to the most challenging, i.e., semantic systems. Future trends and risks related to the applications of artificial intelligence are considered in the last part of the chapter.

La vida artificial es una ciencia de frontera que intenta comprender la esencia y la naturaleza de la vida mediante la construcción (simulación o síntesis) de sistemas artificiales que exhiban propiedades normalmente asociadas a los organismos vivos. Se trata, por lo tanto, del primer esfuerzo de investigación sistemático orientado a desentrañar la lógica de la vida -y de los sistemas (artificiales) que exhiben características o comportamientos propios de la vida, entendiendo la vida como un fenómeno de complejidad creciente. Este libro es una introducción a la ciencia de la vida artificial, un tema sobre el que la literatura en español es escasa. En su núcleo, el texto reivindica el papel de la vida artificial como un proyecto de investigación científica por derecho propio y pone de manifiesto su valor científico, filosófico e ingenieril de cara al nuevo marco del conocimiento y a las nuevas formas de acción sobre el mundo que se condensan en las ciencias de la complejidad y en la ingeniería de sistemas complejos, respectivamente.

◊ Artificial intelligence (AI) since the early 2010s has
witnessed a series of technical breakthroughs due to
the increase in computing power, the amount of data
generated and the application of machine learning
techniques.
◊ Artificial intelligence will have major economic
impacts by increasing productivity worldwide.
However, many jobs, both blue- and white-collar
workers, are at risk of being automated. This implies
that important efforts in terms of education and
training will have to be undertaken to keep these
people on the job market.
◊ Artificial intelligence will also have major impacts on
international and national security. It will rebalance
the international balance of power, empower
individuals and shift the global strategic balance
towards those states that have a strong AI industrial
base and heavy investment, both public and private,
in AI research and development.
◊ The Arab Gulf countries will also be faced by the
economic and security implications of AI. It has the
potential to profoundly change the economic structure
of Gulf societies. Expats will be the hardest hit by
automation, but AI is also expected to profoundly
affect governmental jobs. This implies that Gulf
countries governments have to massively invest in
education to best prepare future generations for this
transformation. Continuing education programmes
also have to be put in place to provide national
workers with re- and upskilling opportunities.
◊ In terms of military and security consequences, selforganised
collective decision-making in swarms of
autonomous agents will likely become a defining
feature of future battlefields. The impact of swarming
strategies has the potential to upset the offensedefence
balance and impact strategic stability both
regionally and globally accordingly. It will also act
as a force multiplier for non-state actors that could
directly impact the Gulf countries’ military forces
operating in Middle Eastern theatres of operations.
◊ The cyber domain will be very conducive for the
development and engagement of fully autonomous
weapons as surrogates. Given the Gulf region’s past
record with regard to cyber-attacks, one cannot
exclude that AI will magnify instability in the region.
◊ The use of artificial intelligence for massive
manipulations through the forgery of images, films
or voices is already a reality. Its use by malicious
actors has the potential to magnify the tensions in
the Gulf region and increase its instability.
◊ The broadening of the scope of threats, vulnerabilities
and potential mis- and malicious uses of AI, but also
of other emerging technologies, calls for a rethinking
of global governance mechanisms so that they can
better deal with dual-use technologies.

Deep learning and image processing are two areas of great interest to academics and industry professionals alike. The areas of application of these two disciplines range widely, encompassing fields such as medicine, robotics, and security and surveillance. The aim of this book, 'Deep Learning for Image Processing Applications', is to offer concepts from these two areas in the same platform, and the book brings together the shared ideas of professionals from academia and research about problems and solutions relating to the multifaceted aspects of the two disciplines. The first chapter provides an introduction to deep learning, and serves as the basis for much of what follows in the subsequent chapters, which cover subjects including: the application of deep neural networks for image classification; hand gesture recognition in robotics; deep learning techniques for image retrieval; disease detection using deep learning techniques; and the comparative analysis of deep data and big data. The book will be of interest to all those whose work involves the use of deep learning and image processing techniques

Her ne kadar yapay zeka (AI), ve yapay zekanın şirketler ve sektörler üzerindeki itici güç olarak olası etkileri için duyulan heyecan hızla yayılıyor olsa da, şirketlerin yapay zekanın avantajlarından nasıl yararlanacaklarına dair içgörüler ve gerçekten neler yaptıkları oldukça sınırlıdır.

Bu çalışmada, yerel şirketlerle yapılan yeni anket, görüşme ve vaka çalışmalarından elde edilen bilgilerle Türkiye’de mevcut AI durumunun anlık fotoğrafı sunulmaktadır. Çalışma, gündemdeki AI konusunun stratejik olarak önemini, olası etki ve avantaj alanlarını, şirketlerin adaptasyon açısından olgunluk seviyesinin analizini içermekte olup, çalışmada AI uygulaması sırasında başarı için gerekli becerilerle ilgili rapor edilmiş yeterlilik seviyeleri incelenmektedir.

Şirketlerin şu anda AI faaliyetlerini nasıl yönetmekte olduğunu ve önlerindeki zorluk ve fırsatlara nasıl yaklaştıklarını daha derinlemesine kavrayın.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of computer science branches and is used to solve problems with symbolic reasoning. Expert systems (ESs) are one of the prominent research domains of AI. We developed declarative, online procedural rule-based expert system models for psychological diseases diagnosis and classification. The constructed system exploited computer as an intelligent and deductive tool. This system diagnoses and treats more than four types of psychiatric diseases, i.e., depression, anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and hysteria. The system helps psychology practitioner and doctors to diagnose the condition of a patient efficiently and in short time. It is also very useful for the patients who cannot go to a doctor because they cannot afford the cast, or they do not have a psychological clinic in their area, or they are ashamed of discussing their situation with a doctor. The system consists of program codes that make a logic decision to classify the problem of the patient. The methodology for developing the declarative model was based on the backward chaining, also called goal-driven reasoning, where knowledge is represented by a set of IF-THEN production rules. The declarative programs were written in the PROLOG. While the design of the procedural model was based on using common languages like PHP, JavaScript, CSS, and HTML. The user of the system will enter the symptoms of the patients through the user interface and the program executes. Then the program links the symptoms to the pre-programmed psychological diseases, and will classify the disease and recommend treatment. The proposed online system link: http://esp-online.site/

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that affect success of logistics companies adopting AI by studying the application of AI in the logistics industry. Although the application of technology and artificial intelligence has been widely studied, the factors affecting the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) are still unknown in the existing literature. Therefore, the main research in this paper is to explore the influence of success factors on AI by integrating technology, organization and environment (TOE) framework. The framework is judged by case analysis of logistics companies. This study provides some suggestions on successful adoption of AI technology fortheir logistics operations.

Updated February 2022:
The creation, or emergence, of a technological singularity is the subject of a wide array of speculations. Due to their lack of tangible criteria, the prospect of an upcoming singularity is still unclear, if not completely mysterious. This paper proposes to unfold a precise and exhaustive profile that may be applicable to any class of emergent singularity. The guideline for this endeavor is Immanuel Kant’s critical philosophy, as expressed in his tripartite epistemological groundwork, The Three Critiques. As Kant never intended the first two of them (Critique of Pure Reason and Critique of Practical Reason) to be merely descriptions of ‘human’ or ‘psychic’ cognition, they have always been an invitation to ponder non-human forms of scientific world-exploration, technical world-building, and moral behavior.
Even the Critique of Judgement, which is more focused on the evolution and culture of actual human beings, can teach us a great deal about a singularity to come. The working hypothesis is that Kant’s Three Critiques are a complete set of universal concepts and principles, involving scientific, technical, and moral reason, and that they must, as such, contain a blueprint for technological singularities. Hence, this paper deduces a set of ten laws that will govern any future singularity. By the force of these laws, the singularity must be a polycentric subject – just as we humans are. In the process, we will confirm Nick Bostrom’s orthogonality thesis, solve David Chalmers’ “hard problem” of consciousness, and confirm the unwavering validity of Kant’s critical philosophy for science and technology in the 21st century, and beyond.

This paper argues that any discussion of “AI for everyone” needs to be situated within the context of the highly oligopolistic AI Industry. I argue that one should distinguish between the desirability of AI for everyone and the feasibility of AI for everyone. While several Marxian thinkers have argued for the social desirability of AI, the feasibility of an AI for everyone has not been explored. This paper explores this topic by drawing on the notion of “reconfiguration” elaborated first by Jasper Bernes in a critical assessment of logistics infrastructure. I assess whether AI might be “seized” by non-capital, and how, if wrested from capital, it might be operated. I show how contemporary AI differs from the industrial means of production studied by Marx. I conclude that today, a reconfiguration of AI towards social ends seems difficult at best.

A world ship is a concept for manned interstellar flight. It is a huge, self-contained and self-sustained interstellar vehicle. It travels at a fraction of a per cent of the speed of light and needs several centuries to reach its target star system. The wellknown world ship concept by Alan Bond and Anthony Martin was intended to show its principal feasibility. However, several important issues haven’t been addressed so far: the relationship between crew size and robustness of knowledge transfer, reliability, and alternative mission architectures. This paper addresses these gaps. Furthermore, it gives an update on target star system choice, and develops possible mission architectures. The derived conclusions are: a large population size leads to robust knowledge transfer and cultural adaptation. These processes can be improved by new technologies. World ship reliability depends on the availability of an automatic repair system, as in the case of the Daedalus probe. Star systems with habitable planets are probably farther away than systems with enough resources to construct space colonies. Therefore, missions to habitable planets have longer trip times and have a higher risk of mission failure. On the other hand, the risk of
constructing colonies is higher than to establish an initial settlement on a habitable planet. Mission architectures with precursor probes have the potential to significantly reduce trip and colonization risk without being significantly more costly than architectures without. In summary world ships remain an interesting concept, although they require a space colony-based civilization within our own solar system before becoming feasible.

The popularity and application of artificial intelligence (AI) are increasing rapidly all around the world - where, in simple terms, AI is a technology which mimics the behaviors commonly associated with human intelligence. Today, various AI applications are being used in areas ranging from marketing to banking and finance, from agriculture to healthcare and security, from space exploration to robotics and transport, and from chatbots to artificial creativity and manufacturing. More recently, AI applications have also started to become an integral part of many urban services. Urban artificial intelligences manage the transport systems of cities, run restaurants and shops where every day urbanity is expressed, repair urban infrastructure, and govern multiple urban domains such as traffic, air quality monitoring, garbage collection, and energy. In the age of uncertainty and complexity that is upon us, the increasing adoption of AI is expected to continue, and so its impact on the sustainability of our cities. This viewpoint explores and questions the sustainability of AI from the lens of smart and sustainable cities, and generates insights into emerging urban artificial intelligences and the potential symbiosis between AI and a smart and sustainable urbanism. In terms of methodology, this viewpoint deploys a thorough review of the current status of AI and smart and sustainable cities literature, research, developments, trends, and applications. In so doing, it contributes to existing academic debates in the fields of smart and sustainable cities and AI. In addition, by shedding light on the uptake of AI in cities, the viewpoint seeks to help urban policymakers, planners, and citizens make informed decisions about a sustainable adoption of AI.

This introduction to the special issue of the Journal of Implicit Religion on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and religion will explore the some initial but important reasons why the interplay between these two fields should be of interest to the religious studies scholar. After introducing AI as well as elements of its cultural history and narratives, this article will lay out three arguments for researching AI and religion. First, that the potential disruption wrought by AI will effect society, and as religion and society are intrinsically intertwined these changes will have implications for religion. Second, that AI is potentially reinvigorating for contemporary religion, and may also incite the creation of new religious movements. And third, that AI’s uncertain status as a potential new intelligent being raises questions about personhood that religions have traditionally attempted to resolve based upon their theological understandings of the person, and that the continuing debate in this area will be of interest to scholars of religion.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Religious Studies, technology, Christiainity, New Religious Movements, anthropology of religion, history of religion

The idea that in the near future we should expect “the Singularity” has become quite popular recently, primarily thanks to the activities of Google technical director in the field of machine training Raymond Kurzweil and his book The Singularity Is Near (2005). It is shown that the mathematical analysis of the series of events (described by Kurzweil in his famous book), which starts with the emergence of our Galaxy and ends with the decoding of the DNA code, is indeed ideally described by an extremely simple mathematical function (not known to Kurzweil himself) with a singularity in the region of 2029. It is also shown that, a similar time series (beginning with the onset of life on Earth and ending with the information revolution – composed by the Russian physicist Alexander Panov completely independently of Kurzweil) is also practically perfectly described by a mathematical function (very similar to the above and not used by Panov) with a singularity in the region of 2027. It is shown that this function is also extremely similar to the equation discovered in 1960 by Heinz von Foerster and published in his famous article in the journal “Science” – this function almost perfectly describes the dynamics of the world population and is characterized by a mathematical singularity in the region of 2027. All this indicates the existence of sufficiently rigorous global macroevolutionary regularities (describing the evolution of complexity on our planet for a few billion of years), which can be surprisingly accurately described by extremely simple mathematical functions. At the same time it is demonstrated that in the region of the singularity point there is no reason, after Kurzweil, to expect an unprecedented (many orders of magnitude) acceleration of the rates of technological development. There are more grounds for interpreting this point as an indication of an inflection point, after which the pace of global evolution will begin to slow down systematically in the long term.

Also available for review at https://tinyurl.com/StrangeVisitor.

We recognize myths for what they indicate about the values and beliefs of the cultures who were the authors and audiences of those myths; many of the earliest communicators of myth were telling stories about subjects they counted as people (somewhat) like themselves. Yet, despite our modern sophistication, today’s consumers of narrative still often treat fictions as though they are real, thinking and feeling people.  We are introduced to Superman, for instance, as a fiction, but circumstance often leads consumers to discursively treat that invented hero as a human subject.  Now, though, we verge on a technological future in which just such sympathies might become functionally useful. In our modern science fiction like Star Trek: The Next Generation and Westworld, we have already begun to imagine how we will come to treat our narrative inventions of tomorrow. Strange Visitor: Subjectivity, Simulation, and the Future of the First Superhero begins to ask what our actual responsibilities will become when fictions can be rendered with volition.  In its opening chapters, the text studies how we humanize a figure like Superman in our own perceptions, and how that treatment--along with his continuing narrative development--makes him a prime candidate for an experiment in complex, highly verisimilitudinous simulation.  Superman is a central point of consideration here simply because there is so much of him to consider. He may be the most content-dense fiction ever created, but the innumerable opportunities consumers have had to get to know the character mean that he is also eminently familiar.  Superman has maintained his presence in our media and discourses, across the decades, as consumer populations have continued to grow and our communications structures have commensurately evolved and expanded. Superman is the subject of this study not because he has become so popular, but because he has managed to stay that way at a particularly sharp inflection point in the history of human communications. 

But, the Man of Steel is often generalized as infallible and, therefore, rather dull.  The first part of this work--an expansive psychological assessment--troubles such a presumption, though, by examining the complex mind that has accrued within decades of narrative, across media, and which must be carefully navigated in any exhaustive analysis.  This first section also considers Superman’s relationship with his media consumers: from how we use him to form childhood bonds with one another, to how we respond to his continuing humanization.  For, Superman is powerfully determined by how audiences actually treat any given instance of the figure as Superman.  Today, we find that we can engage with particularly realistic media, encouraging us even more urgently to invest in the verisimilitude and humanity of the characters and places being presented, and doing so often makes a narrative more appealing.  Accordingly, Superman’s relationship with his own media is particularly convenient to an examination of the intersection between fictional narrative, high technology, and identity negotiation.  To understand Superman's potent humanization, the first half of this text presents an assessment of his identity from multiple essential perspectives, including those of his content creators and consumers, as well as the complex judgments of himself and his fictional society as they have been presented in his narratives. Diegetic evidence is considered in historical and psychological capacities in order to assess how Superman’s media has been constructed--practically from the beginning--to encourage consumers to invest themselves in the figure’s humanity and relatability.

In its second part, Strange Visitor moves from relevant questions of identity into a more practical application of those insights to current and emerging technologies.  We already enjoy vastly interactive ways of engaging with our fictions, and we can anticipate continuing advancements in the verisimilitude, interactability, and spontaneity of artificial intelligences.  Accordingly, fewer and fewer holes in the experiential tapestry of narrative will have to be ignored as both storytelling techniques and rendering technologies continue to evolve.  Soon, what we practically treat as a ‘human’ subject may have more to do with that figure’s specific engageability than with its biology or physical consistency.  Given the view of the detailed project proposal that constitutes the second part of this work, spontaneous, humanlike, autonomous simulations culled from fictional worlds could very well become reality within the foreseeable future.  Emerging from our science fiction dreams, several considerable, real-world technological initiatives would see us reconstruct the intellects of great thinkers, such as Gandhi, Curie, or Hawking. But, reconstructing and functionalizing the consciousness of a real person--living or dead--is an ethically dubious proposition from the start.  Instead of an original personality, though--seemingly ‘complete’ at first, but limited in contextual understanding--what if researchers built a simulated subject from the material of a robustly developed fiction?  If the first of our deep, humanlike engagements with such technology will be the most important, Superman seems a fitting choice, given how we have already embraced him on personal and cultural levels.

But, as real technologies advance toward that imagined outcome, we must also ask how the practical, livable terms of fictionality would change. How would our own responsibilities evolve as we produced and engaged with such personalities?  The prototypical solution I propose here--referred to as the Metropolis Simulation System--could be considered one of Andrew M. Butler’s necessary explorations into the role of the simulacrum (“Postmodernism and Science Fiction” 147).  Whatever of these speculations does or does not bear out, it is my hope with this text to show the reader that we must pay substantial attention to our future relationships with our media and computing technologies. Such a situation need not be feared, though, if we approach with the optimistic combination of thoughtfulness and adventurousness that a character like Superman can inspire.

Strange Visitor is intended for any who might have the interest and/or resources to help realize the rendering of a densely-developed fiction as an exemplary representative of humanlike, fully-engageable general artificial intelligence, including the developers of the many technologies referenced.  Portions of the work might also be used as an introduction into the complexities of mediated identity construction, while the critical questions presented could be utilized in advanced media studies courses, or as portions of a forward-thinking philosophy curriculum. Other segments may benefit discussions on popular fictions generally, the ethics of narrative, or psychological and identiary dynamics.

This document examines prominent English theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking's doomsday AI (Artificial Intelligence) predictions, in which he claims that once AI becomes sophisticated enough to outsmart humans in the future, it may pose existential threats to ordinary humans. Hawking's felt that ordinary people might feel outmoded, putting their entire survival in jeopardy. Hawking's forecast of doomsday AI is compared to another widely accepted basic concept, according to which neither the most intelligent nor the strongest will survive, but only those who can adapt to change will. This phrase on adaptability is frequently misattributed to Charles Darwin. However, when we examine Darwin's work, we discover that one of his letters reveals that Darwin believed adaptability to the environment to be one of the fundamentals of survival. While AI may represent an astringent threat to humanity's survival in the future, Hawking's viewpoint ignores the reality that it is the ability to adapt to change, resilience, and self-awareness that distinguishes humans as a distinct species. This document additionally claims that due to its AI addictive nature, and the potential to render humans overly reliant on it, AI would cause them to lose their extremely unique ability to adapt. According to the manuscript, while AI can engender culturally smart humans, it additionally has the potential to adversely impact the intelligence of a human race that will be plenarily reliant on AI for its basics. It is also important that we not only set a one-sided debate about perceiving AI as a threat to humans but also see the flip side of threats to AI from humans.

Growing systemic complexity and interdependence have made a large variety of systems (economic, public health, cyber, etc.) susceptible to irreversible and cascading failure. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is indicative of such complexity and currently causing vast human suffering all around the world, but also triggers a global online revolution with new opportunities, risks, threats and dangers. Starting from its description as the world's first digital pandemic, the central aim of this editorial is to contextualise Homo Virtualis's special issue on the COVID-19 disruption to the digital landscape and its societal impact. A concise overview of such disruption is presented and a few examples are given, along with a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives on mediatisation and globalisation, with special emphasis on Globalisation 4.0 and the transition to Artificial Intelligence Society.

Bu yazımda yapay zekanın ne olduğu ve nerden doğduğuna
değinip; yapay zekâ teknolojisinin geleceği hakkındaki senaryolardan özellikle hukuk alanına olan etkilerinden bahsedeceğim. Tabi yazının ucu bize de dokunuyor. Bu yazıyı okuyan birçok kişi açısından geçerli olduğu üzere benim de bildiğim tek iş avukatlık ve öğretim üyeliği; yani geçimimi profesyonel hukuk hizmetlerinden sağlıyorum. Dolayısıyla bu gelişmeler ve tartışmalar ışığında şunu soruyorum: Mesleğimiz ve geçim kaynağımız elimizden gidiyor mu?

I have just re-loaded this paper, because originally a word was misspelled in the title.  Written for a conference in Taiwan a decade ago, this paper was inspired by Ray Kurzweil's book, "The Singularity is Near." As AI continues its exponential growth, we have to reckon with enormous disruptions in human institutions in the next two or three decades. Our species, which has been through a lot, is not prepared for what it is coming, although Kurzweil and others envision it as a cosmic evolutionary process leading to the self-realization of God, in a way reminiscent of Hegel!

In many cases, deepfakes have become a source of joy, fun and innocent tricks, as well as being a perfect example of the way impressive advances in technology have helped people, with respect to education, health care and other areas. However, the malicious use of deepfakes (MUD) is a current social problem which threatens to do much more damage to individuals, democratic institutions, social stability and international security in the future. The author aims to analyze the current practice of MUD, its role in the destabilization of national psychological security and political stability and possible ways of detecting and neutralizing MUD. The systematic approach adopted in this study seeks to avoid one-sided assessments, rather looking to give an objective analysis of the interrelated aspects of the development and use of deepfakes. The unity of opposites is the central category of dialectics. In dialectical contradictions, the content of the opposites forming them is not strictly deterministic or unambiguous because they are in a state of change and self-development. The application of the dialectical method suggests that any phenomenon should be considered in the duality of its properties and characteristics to find contradictions and mutual disposition (e.g. objective connection, unity, dependence). This is particularly important for our case, since we are dealing with dual-use technology which, because of the nature of social relations in modern society, can be deliberately used to either benefit or harm people. The paper proves that due to the widespread availability of internet technologies, the cheapness, variety of forms, and the growing quality of deepfakes, they pose a growing threat to democracy and political stability. However, there is a wide range of socially useful applications of deepfakes which, in our opinion, makes it undesirable to apply a complete ban on the production and distribution of deepfakes. Through deepfakes (in the context of other measures), false targets can be identified for criminals and the safety of potential victims of criminal actions is thereby increased.