power system Automation

This paper presents an effective algorithm to locate Single Line to Ground (SLG) fault at a transmission line. Post fault voltages and currents from both substation terminals were
used as the input parameters to the algorithm. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) was used to extract the magnitudes and phase angles of three phase voltages and currents. The modeling of the transmission line along with the algorithm was performed using Matlab/Simulink package. The results of fault location for SLG faults along the transmission line demonstrated the validity of the algorithm used even for high resistance earth fault.

PLN main objectives: 1) Decrease Cost Production 2) Increase Electrification. PLN Smart Grid objectives: 1) Energy Efficiency Solution, 2) Service Reliability Solution, 3) Productivity Solution. PLN has a Smart Grid Road Map (2016 – 2021) within 20 objectives prioritized and 38 processes  Analyzed.

The electric energy transmission and distribution characteristic by AC current is the real power with reactive power. The control on the reactive power of the AC power system has been achieved by the use of Flexible alternating transmission system devices like thyristor Controlled Reactors (TCR), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), static compensator (STATCOM), and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). The sources of VAR have the disadvantages of slow response, reduced voltage ampere reactance support in fault conditions and High coast of STATCOMs Because of the large DC/AC inverters and High levels of energy storage. To overcome these drawbacks, an approach to create STATCOM functionality without inverters has been studied. This gives needed dynamic Voltage Ampere Reactance support by bidirectional IGBT semiconductor switches that are arranged in direct AC to AC structures along with voltage ampere reactance (VAR) compensation capacitors. The principle of operation for the Inverter Less-STATCOM is described by an AC chopper which is kept between the AC line and the Voltage Ampere Reactive (VAR) capacitor to provide the desired VAR required. This is explained with the help of C-buck and C-boost cell configuration in the paper.

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Power system is a radial distribution system comprising large number of nodes and branches. Especially in Pakistan, large network causes power loss and voltage drop due to outdated infrastructure. Distributed Generation is one of the emerging solutions to compensate the load demand along with improvement in power quality and voltage profile of electrical power system. Although, proper placement and sizing of DG is still a challenging situation in power system as improper placement and sizing may bring the network more sever situation. This paper analyses a real time 11 kV radial distribution network of HESCO. An artificial intelligence technical named PSO is utilized to identify the optimal placement and size for DG integration. The proposed technique resulted as very effective for reduction in power loss with fast convergence.

A planetary trains for multi-speed is mainly used for automation in industries of automobile. A planetary
gear train is represented by a graph. It is identified by (i) number of vertices and their connectivity (ii) number of edges and their types and values (iii) fundamental circuits, their size and adjancy. Connectivity of individual link is a property characteristic of kinematic chain. It is possible to identify a planetary gear,therefore of using sets of labele (decimal numbers representing connectivity ) of individual link. The
connectivity of vertices , edges values and circuit values, related to design invariants which in turn indicates the possible behavior of the gear train ( for example capacity of power transmission, speed ratio and power carculation). For a specified degree – of – freedom a number of planetary gear kinematic chain (PGKCs) are selected and hence planetary gear trains (PGTs) can be formed with a given number of links
and joints so that designer must be able to select to select the best train from the view point of say velocity ratio and capacity of power transmission, space requirements etc. Synthesis of planetary gear kinematic chain and planetary gear trains has been studied(1-9). Almost all reported work deals with only
identification of distinct chains. Besides providing an atlus of chains, this in itself does not provide any help to designer in the selection of best possible gear train. In the present paper a simple method based of circuit property ( based on link-link shortest path distance and degree of links) is presented to determine the topology values of power transmission efficiency and topology power transmission capacity of five-links PGKCs and their distinct inversions

This research investigated several controllers designed to control the speed of a 380-volt permanent magnet DC motor set to rotate at a speed of 45 rads/sec. The aim is to design a controller which is robust and reliable, with a good disturbance rejection suitable for use in any industrial equipment or domestic appliance which rotates at a speed of 45 rads/sec. The system modeling was carried out using simulink for proper analysis of the time responses of the various controllers. The reliability of the system model was tested with a torque of 10Nm and the responses show that the cascade-PID controller amongst all controller designs tested can produce a stable, reliable, and robust but not very sensitive system, while the ordinary PID controller can produce a highly sensitive, but less stable system

Mitigation of the major risk caused by the Coronavirus epidemic must be approached in a scientific manner by using methods and tools of risk analysis and management. In order to develop an effective strategy, emergency plan based on these methods for minimizing human losses whatever the scenario that may arise in the future may be established.

This research demonstrates that transmission line faults can be classified automatically according to their underlying cause, and lays a foundation for operational classification of transmission line faults in system control centres. The transmission line fault waveforms are characterised by instantaneous symmetrical component analysis to describe the transient and steady state fault conditions. Using a large fault record and waveform database, classification features based on the waveform and external environmental characteristics have been identified to develop single-nearest-neighbour classifiers that identify the underlying cause of transmission line faults, and good classification accuracy has been achieved.

Modern automotives integrate large amount of electronic devices to improve the driving safety and comfort. This growing number of Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with sophisticated software escalates the vehicle system design complexity. In this paper we explain the complexity of ECUs in terms of hardware and software and also we explore the possibility of Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) architecture for the integration of add-on software in ECUs. This reduces the complexity of the embedded system in vehicles and eases the ECU integration by reducing the total number of ECUs in the vehicles.

The control and operation of electronic systems
relies and depends on the availability of  the  power supply.
Rechargeable batteries have been more pervasively used as
the energy storage and power source for various electrical and electronic systems and devices, such as communication
systems, electronic devices, renewable power systems, electric vehicles, etc. However, the rechargeable batteries are
subjected to the availability of the external power source when it is drained out. Because of the concern of battery life,
environmental pollution and a possible energy crisis, the
renewable solar energy has received an increasing attention
in recent years. A fuzzy logic control based grid tied
uninterruptible power supply integrating renewable solar
energy can be used for electrical and electronic systems to
produce power generation. This paper presents the design and implementation of fuzzy logic control based grid tied
uninterruptible power supply integrating the renewable  solar power energy system. The uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system is characterized by the rechargeable battery that is connected  with  the Photovoltaic Panel through the DC/DC converter,  the  utility AC through the AC/DC  converter  and the load is connected through the DC/AC converter. The whole operation is controlled by the fuzzy logic algorithm. A complete hardware prototype system model of the fuzzy logic control based  on the  grid tied uninterruptible power supply integrating with the  renewable solar energy is designed and implemented. The operation and effectiveness of the proposed system is  then  demonstrated by  the  actual and  real-time implementation of  the  fuzzy logic control grid tied operation 
uninterruptible power supply integrating renewable  solar
energy connected to the rechargeable battery bank and a PIC
microcontroller platform for fuzzy logic control and operation.

This paper presents an overview of the key issues in the use of frequency rate change (df/dt) in power system emergency control schemes. The role of df/dt in designing effective under frequency load shedding (UFLS) plan is discussed. The impact of new variable renewable sources (such as wind and solar units) on system frequency gradient is analyzed, and the need for the revising of frequency performance standards, re-tuning of automatic UFLS relays, and use of ∆ f/∆t rather than df/dt are emphasized. Index Terms-Emergency control, Frequency rate change, Under-frequency load shedding, Renewable energy sources, Frequency response model.

Engineering process for implementing of substation automation using IEC61850 standard requires both the knowledge of using various software tools and appreciation of concepts associated to Information and Communication Technology (ICT). Basically, these have been the main reasons for many utilities worldwide to delay the implementation of IEC61850 standard as there is still a lack of knowledgeable users within the power engineering industry who are specialized in these software tools. Having considered the above facts, the main purpose of this paper is to design and implement of substation automation laboratory using IEC61850 standard which can be used as a testing and training facility for both power engineers and power engineering students. The proposed methodology is to design and implement a model zone substation automation system (SAS) according to the arrangements of a real terminal zone substation as exists in Victoria State's terminal zone substations. The significance of the project can be highlighted in its contribution for providing real-world simulation of SAS for education and training purposes. Moreover, as the extension on IEC61850 standard continues to cover different domains in power systems automation, there is always a need for laboratory facilities for verification of the results related to research on IEC61850 standard.

This paper, present the design and simulation of a complete control system for the stabilization of an inverted pendulum using state feedback algorithms The full-state feedback controller was first design on the assumption that the entire state vector is available for feedback. The state feedback controller was designed based on the following requirements, Settling time, Rise time, peak overshoot and steady state error. The power of modern state-space techniques for the analysis and control of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems is also investigated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. This simulation environment supports the development of real time applications in an easy way.

The purpose of prototyping is to validate the material and geometrical shape of the design created for a product. The properties and quality of the prototype created plays a vital role in validating the design. The selection of an appropriate process parameters for making the prototype has more influence over the mechanical properties and quality characteristics of the finished prototype. In other words, the success and market life of a product entirely relies upon the prototyping results. Rapid prototyping techniques generally involve numerous process parameters which need to be optimized to build a prototype with superior performance. Fused deposition modeling is one of the familiar and fascinating RP technique which has gained interest in the field of prototyping products of Engineering, Architecture, Medical, Automotive and Aerospace due to its simplicity and flexibility in creating conceptual models and functional parts with desired quality. In the present work Impact Hammer testing of FDM processed PolyEthylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified(PET-G) and Acronitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastics is conducted to observe the influence of FDM process parameters. The major FDM parameters such as Infill Density (ID), Layer Thickness (LT) and Printing Speed (S) are considered to obtain Frequency Response Function (FRF) for PET-G and ABS plastics. The test results have shown considerable changes in vibration properties (Frequency and amplitude) in both the materials. A 23 (2 Levels, 3 Factors) design L4 Orthogonal Array is created using Minitab 17.0 is used for conducting the experiments.

This paper proposes a new demand-side management (DSM) scheme for the autonomous DC microgrid for the future building. The DC distribution system is considered as a prospective system due to the increase of DC loads and DC power sources such as photovoltaic (PV), and battery bank (BB). The BB responds to the changes in a power imbalance between PV generation and demand within an autonomous DC microgrid. The power loss during charg-ing/discharging of the battery is the great challenge for the autonomous DC microgrid supplied by PV. It decreases the system efficiency. The control objective of the proposed DSM scheme is to use the PV energy more efficiently. The proposed control algorithm shifts the deferrable load from non-sunny hours to sunny hours and decreases the building demand during non-sunny hours. In this way it decreases the charging/discharging cycles of the batteries. This is reducing the power losses in the battery and improves system efficiency. The proposed scheme reduces the size of the PV plant, storage and capital cost of the system. The results showing a clear shifting of the load so that to get significant reduction in the system cost which is given numerically as percentatge saving.

DC microgrids are desired to provide the electricity for the remote areas which are far from the main grid. The microgrid creates the open horizontal environment to interconnect the distributed generation especially photovoltaic (PV). The stochastic nature of the PV output power introduces the large fluctuations of the power and voltage in the microgrid and forced to introduce the controller for voltage stability.
There are many control strategies to control the voltage of a DC
microgrid in the literature. In this paper the proportionalintegral-derivative (PID) and fuzzy logic PID (FL-PID)
controller has been designed and compared in term of performance. Performance measures like maximum overshoot
and settling time of FL-PID compared with the PID proved that
the former is better controller. The controllers are designed and
simulated in the MATLAB programming environment. The
controllers has been tested for the real time data obtained from Pecan Street Project, University of Texas at Austin USA.

Wireless communication systems can be based on any type of IR or RF communication system .This project uses amplitude modulation technique of RF communication. The project comprises of arduino based transmitter and receiver sections with ASK(amplitude shift keying) module for communication b/w arduinos. This project is a demonstration of how to design and build a multipurpose remotely controlled system that can switch OFF and ON any electrical household appliance (including the security light), by pressing a button already interface to a microcontroller that controls a relay for the automatic switching ON or OFF.

1. Overview of Indian Power Sector 6-9
2. Power System Operation Corporation Limited 10-12
3 Eastern Regional Load dispatch Centre 13-15
4. Frequency Management 16-20
5. Voltage Management 21-23
6. Outage Planning 24-25
7. Switching Coordination 26
8. Periodic Report and Event Information 27
9. Network Security and Congestion Management 28-29
10. Scheduling and Load Dispatch 30-33
11. SCADA/EMS System Operation 34-38
12. Synchrophasor Initiative 39-43
13. Metering and Settlement System 44-47
14. Conclusion 48
15. Bibliography 49
16. Project Report on “Islanding of Power Systems” 50-80

You will be able to make the Honda CR-Z into everyday vehicles in working on your business affairs because this sports car will make you look charismatic and believable. Features on this car very modern and futuristic is also increasingly able to add to the comfort and smoothness you when pluggable drive away.

We reside within the twenty-first century where automation of any type i.e. home or industrial has a vital role in human life. Once it involves industrial automation, the construct is applied to giant machines or robots that help in increasing potency in terms of production, energy, and time. Home automation on the opposite hand involves automating the social unit setting. This can be doable as a result of smartphones and the internet that we tend to use daily. Home automation is once more divided into simply dominant appliances employing a smartphone from a foreign location and another sort crammed with sensors and actuators that control the lighting, temperature, door locks, electronic gadgets, electrical appliances, etc. employing a “Smart” system. This paper introduces a hassle-free home automation system that is extensible and minimalist. The entire circuit works solely on sensors and hard-wired connections instead of WIFI/Bluetooth based approach, which can be confusing for some people especially, senior citizens.

Keywords: Under frequency load shedding (UFLS) Blackouts Adaptive UFLS Traditional UFLS Future smart grids Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS)-based UFLS A B S T R A C T As power systems continue to expand, the need arises for more robust monitoring, control and protection techniques especially under abnormal conditions. In the event of generator tripping or major tie-line dis-connection due to a fault, the system frequency might drop to unacceptable levels, well below secure threshold values. Under such conditions, under frequency load shedding (UFLS) protective schemes are implemented to balance quickly generation and demand. In this paper, the merits and weaknesses of different UFLS schemes are discussed. In particular, focus is placed on wide area monitoring systems (WAMS)-based UFLS schemes, which are becoming popular due to the availability of real time measured phasors. A comprehensive comparison between the different UFLS techniques is provided and research gaps and future research trends are highlighted.

The recent progress in the development of autonomous cars has seen ethical questions come to the forefront. In particular, life and death decisions regarding the behavior of self-driving cars in trolley dilemma situations are attracting widespread interest in the recent debate. In this essay we want to ask whether we should implement a mandatory ethics setting (MES) for the whole of society or, whether every driver should have the choice to select his own personal ethics setting (PES). While the consensus view seems to be that people would not be willing to use an automated car that might sacrifice themselves in a dilemma situation, we will defend the somewhat contra-intuitive claim that this would be nevertheless in their best interest. The reason is, simply put, that a PES regime would most likely result in a prisoner's dilemma.

Tenaga listrik merupakan kebutuhan vital dalam kehidupan sehari-hari baik untuk kepentingan pribadi maupun dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, tenaga listrik harus selalu tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup pada waktu yang tepat, dengan keandalan yang tinggi, dan mempunyai mutu yang baik. Disisi lain, ada banyak kendala yang terjadi pada sistem tenaga listrik diantarnya minimnya sumber daya manusia, pencatatan kejadian (event) yang masih manual, dan sebagainya. Untuk mengatasi hal itu saat ini banyak Gardu induk yang mengadopsi Sistem Otomasi Gardu Induk (SOGI). Dengan adanya Otomasi ini, pengelolaan gardu Induk  dapat memberdayakan petugas Gardu Induk seoptimal mungkin serta pencatatan kejadian yang otomatis. BCU merupakan salah satu peralatan yang digunakan dalam Sistem Otomasi gardu Induk yang merupakan IED (Intelligent Electronic Device), yaitu suatu perangkat cerdas yang dapat diprogram dan berjalan secara otomatis. BCU merupakan perangkat utama yang digunakan untuk pengontrolan perangkat utama di serandang. Dengan demikian beralihnya Gardu Induk ke sistem otomasi diharapkan mampu mengatasi masalah di atas serta dapat memberikan keandalan dan mutu tenaga listrik yang baik.

Past experience with large thermal power units (>650 MW) had led to a tentative conclusion that a single medium voltage auxiliary supply system at 6.9kV voltage level can satisfy the power plant's reliability and operational flexibility design criteria[1]. However, recent experience in the use of single medium voltage system reveals several inherent limitations that require careful assessment of plant auxiliary loads and system configurations when selecting a particular auxiliary system voltage level and equipment. Specific switchgear ratings, depending upon their application to a particular auxiliary supply system configuration, may put constraints on short circuit and voltage regulation which become mutually exclusive with the introduction of larger units characterized by increased unit auxiliary loads. The medium voltage switchgear ratings also limit the loadings on the switchgear buses and impose a practical limit on the size/capacity utilization of transformer that supplies the unit/power plant auxiliary loads. These load restrictions have become more pronounced with increase in the size of thermal power units. This paper attempts to highlight the inherent limitations of using single medium voltage system. Studies conducted for this purpose give rise to several important design considerations. Several innovative engineering solutions considered in this paper will help design engineers understand more clearly the pros and cons of medium voltage system issues specific to their projects.

This  paper presents an automation of packaging
and material handling using a programmable logic controller. The idea is to automate the process of placing the materials inside a box, detecting good and bad items in terms of weight, and sealing using a packaging tape. The purpose of the study is to replace the manual system being used in the industry, compare the time, and manpower requirement for both the existing system with the proposed automated system. The Mitsubishi FX series programmable logic controller is used to mechanize the system. Sensors such as proximity and load sensor are used to provide the input to the system. The motors, pneumatics, and  also the  solenoids serve as the output. The researchers used a ladder diagram as a software that will control  then  the  whole system between its input and output components. An experimental prototype is produced to fully automate the system.  The experimentation is done through different trials and the rate of travel time is measured thru averaging. It is found out that the  system decreases time and manpower requirements for every station as compared with
traditional manual system. A reduction of 50% to 75% was
observed in terms of time allotment for filling, weighing, and
sealing stations. About 90% of full automation without human is specified  also  in the system. The paper ends with  the recommendation of integrating the experimental prototype with  the  human machine interface or HMI and feedback mechanisms for the rejected items using artificial intelligence techniques and methods.

Selecting site for development of utility scale solar PV plant in Nigeria can be challenging. This is due to the complexity in climatic, weather and topographical nature of the country. The solar irradiation differ with region, the North experienced higher solar irradiation. The coastal regions of the south experienced more rainfall as well. This paper gave insite on how to successfully assess these parameters for utility scale Solar PV plant development in Nigeria.

Human power and energy very soon comes to its limitations. But people very early learnt to use support by draught animal power, wind and water energy and later by energy carriers of high energetic density like coal, petroleum or natural gas for heating, driving machines (like steam engines) or internal combustion engines, especially for locomotion.
At least since the oil crises during the seventies of 19th century everybody knows the vital role of energy and I am afraid mankind will suffer more wars for access to energy wells. While fossil energy resources are becoming scarce and expensive, research is focusing on renewable energy.
Organic matter is one of the traditional also again promising feed stuffs and biomethanization is one of the possible technologies to produce gas for energetic use. Also, many technologies are being implemented to see how the energy produced can be made better than yesterday and tomorrow than today. In this thesis the author presents his thoroughly elaborated, valuable results, investigating the gas production potential where a new technology was implemented. Systematically using the programmable Logic Controller (PLC) he was able to  control the feedstock, frequency and rate of load, process temperature and pressure, batch and nearly continuous flow and finally, the quantity and the quality of produced gas by limiting the quantity representing the amount of the vapors in the gas. Important is the attempt to improve the plant’s efficiency  by reducing released gas on the digester tank and the system will bring better effects for biogas power plant compared to the previous systems.
Concerning economy of waste biogas plant’s parameter investigation, realistic calculations demonstrate that only under optimal conditions a very limited profit is possible. This is especially now important when many farmers, attracted by not very serious calculations based on less thoroughly basic data are in the phase of thinking over high investment into biogas technologies.
Working on such an important aspect as renewable energy I am convinced that
Mr-Ing. Emmanuel Mudaheranwa can contribute to future energy safety, here in India or in his home country, the Rwanda.



In modern coal, oil or gas-fired power stations and waste incineration plants, maximum availability is critical. Whether dealing with seasonal or daily peak loads or average loads, availability must be guaranteed. To achieve this, plant safety is a major focus. The environment is also a key issue. That is why reliable treatment of waste gases and safe handling of soot and ash also play a central role for large power stations. Other factors to consider include high pressures and temperatures, harsh ambient conditions, changing ambient temperatures and humidity, as well as corrosive and, in some cases, potentially explosive atmospheres. Some products and system solutions are designed to meet these requirements and therefore contribute to the efficient operation and safety of the plants. In this dissertation, the objective of the author was to make a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based biogas plant’s parameters control system.
This master’s Dissertation project deals with the control and the regulation of the biogas plant’Pressure, Temperature, Humidity and the flow of the produced gas inside the digester. The project consists of a complete engineering approach through identification of problems, the modeling of the system, the designing of the control solution, its implementation and the discussion of results.
The model was simulated in FluidSim and Wanderware Intouch software for analysis purposes and the solution was implemented using the Factory Talk View and RsLogix5000 Rockwell software to show the working of the system. For the safety of the system, a mechanism to control gas parameters especially pressure in order to make pressure difference between the digester and the saving tank is adopted where a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is used as the main controller device. The advantages and drawbacks of the solution are discussed and several avenues of improvement are suggested too.