Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering

The Indian Railways are the lifeline of India's transport system. Being the fourth largest railway network in the world, it covers the length and breadth of the country. In 2018-19, 23.12 million people and 3.36 million metric tons of freight depended on the railways on a daily basis. They bind the economic life of the country and foster the development of industry and agriculture. However, poor maintenance of the railway tracks has caused several accidents over the years. Derailments due to the presence of faults in railway tracks cause heavy loss of life and railway property. Therefore, timely detection and analysis of these cracks is of utmost importance. This proposal aims at providing a cost effective solution to the problem of fault detection in railway tracks using digital image processing.

The use of advanced 3D printing technology enhanced with component placement and electrical interconnect deposition can provide electronic prototypes that now can be rapidly fabricated in comparable time frames as traditional 2D bread-boarded prototypes; however, these 3D prototypes include the advantage of being embedded within more appropriate shapes in order to authentically prototype products earlier in the development cycle. The fabrication freedom offered by 3D printing techniques, such as stereo lithography and fused deposition modeling have recently been explored in the context of 3D electronics integration referred to as 3D structural electronics or 3D printed electronics. Enhanced 3D printing may eventually be employed to manufacture end-use parts and thus offer unit-level customization with local manufacturing; however, until the materials and dimensional accuracies improve (an eventuality), 3D printing technologies can be employed to reduce development times by providing advanced geometrically appropriate electronic prototypes. This paper describes the development process used to design a novelty six-sided gaming die. The die includes a microprocessor and accelerometer, which together detect motion and upon halting, identify the top surface through gravity and illuminate light-emitting diodes for a striking effect. By applying 3D printing of structural electronics to expedite prototyping, the development cycle was reduced from weeks to hours.

A DC-DC converter is used to convert from one DC voltage level to another DC voltage level. The output voltage may be increased or decreased when compare to the input voltage based on the circuit topology. DC – DC converters are mainly used as a regulated and isolated power supplies in many applications. Regulated dc power supplies are needed for most analog and digital electronic systems. Most power supplies are designed to meet some or all of the following requirements:

Regulated output: The output voltage must be kept constant with respect to the change in output loading.

Isolation: The output may be required to be electrically isolated from the input.

In addition to these requirements, common goals are to reduce power supply size and weight and improve their efficiency. A few applications of DC-DC converters are where 5V DC on a personal computer motherboard must be stepped down to 3V, 2V or less for one of the latest CPU chips; where 1.5V from a single cell must be stepped up to 5V or more, to operate electronic circuitry. The main focus in this paper is to generate dc voltage from a one level to other level with minimum loss. The need for such converters has risen due to the fact that transformers are unable to function on dc.

The Indian Railways are the lifeline of India's transport system. Being the fourth largest railway network in the world, it covers the length and breadth of the country. In 2018-19, 23.12 million people and 3.36 million metric tons of freight depended on the railways on a daily basis. They bind the economic life of the country and foster the development of industry and agriculture. However, poor maintenance of the railway tracks has caused several accidents over the years. Derailments due to the presence of faults in railway tracks cause heavy loss of life and railway property. Therefore, timely detection and analysis of these cracks is of utmost importance. This proposal aims at providing a cost effective solution to the problem of fault detection in railway tracks using digital image processing.

https://www.ijert.org/design-and-implementation-of-wsn-with-real-time-monitoring-of-lpg-concentration-for-home-safety

https://www.ijert.org/research/design-and-implementation-of-wsn-with-real-time-monitoring-of-lpg-concentration-for-home-safety-IJERTV10IS070351.pdf

It is common to use Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) cylinders in homes for coking or heating, but this poses a great threat in case of gas leakage, there are several ways to avoid gas leakage by periodic check and maintenance to the gas regulator and hoses , or using cooking devices with auto shut in case no flame is present , but with all the mentioned ways to prevent the leakage , a great chance of leakage is still exist. The proposed system is used to monitor in real time the concentration of LPG gas (propane) in ppm in home kitchen via MQ-6 gas sensor and to wirelessly send the sensed information to a raspberry pi server via Zigbee protocol , alerting the user via a graphical illustration the level of concentration and if a leak is detected , the system also can take a smart decision to turn on an exhaust fan to exhaust the LPG and to keep the home safe from explosion .

The sliding mode control technique for brushless DC motor is used to improve its dynamic performance with high accuracy. The proposed novel sliding mode (SM) controller method is used drive at all speed levels. The SM controller is the most attractive and simple in modelling for its insensitivity to parameter variations and external disturbances. The validity of the proposed method is verified through simulation. The BLDC motor is inherently electronically controlled and requires rotor position information for proper commutation of current. An equation based model for closed loop operation of BLDC motor drive is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show the proposed SM Controller has the advantage of fast response and less steady-state error when compared to that of the conventional PI controller. In this paper the responses of current, speed and torque using SM controller is compared with that of PI controller.

https://www.ijert.org/attendance-management-system-using-face-recognition-2

https://www.ijert.org/research/attendance-management-system-using-face-recognition-IJERTV10IS080085.pdf

Managing attendance can be a tedious job when implemented by traditional methods like calling out roll calls or taking a student's signature. To solve this issue, a smart and authenticated attendance system needs to be implemented. Generally, biometrics such as face recognition, fingerprint, DNA, retina, iris recognition, hand geometry etc. are used to execute smart attendance systems. Face is a unique identification of humans due to their distinct facial features. Face recognition systems are useful in many real-life applications. In the proposed system, initially all the students will be enrolled by storing their facial images with a unique ID. At the time of attendance, real time images will be captured and the faces in those images will be matched with the faces in the pre-trained dataset. The Haar cascade algorithm is used for face detection. Local Binary Patterns Histogram (LBPH) algorithm is used for face recognition and training the stored dataset, that generates the histogram for stored images and the real time image. To recognize the face, the difference between histograms of real time image & dataset images is calculated. Lower difference gives the best match resulting in displaying the name & roll number of that student. Attendance of the student is automatically updated in the excel sheet.

The concept of interfacing power converters with Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) has tremendously assisted in improving the power-supply stability, quality and reliability. In the use of conventional traditional inverters, the need for dead time and the fact that both upper and lower switches of the same phase leg cannot be gated ON at the same time are major issues. The turning ON of both switches will lead to destruction of the device due to shoot-through condition. This paper explores a three phase Z-source inverter topology based on the distinct feature of the impedance network and eliminates the above-mentioned problems. It provides a magnificent single stage power conversion. The control of the ZSI is achieved using maximum PWM boost control scheme and simulated in MATLAB environment. This proposed topology is able to boost the inverter output voltage under low wind situation.

The goal of the Electric Tricycle Project is to bring increased mobility to disabled persons in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Presently, hand-powered tricycles are used by many of the disabled in this community, but some current users of the hand-powered tricycles do not have the physical strength or coordination to propel themselves on the tricycle with their arms and hands. The aim of this project is to add an electric power train and control system to the current hand-powered tricycle to provide tricycle users with improved levels of mobility, facilitating freedom in travel and contribution to the community. The design objectives required a simple and affordable design for the power train and controls, a design that needed to be reliable, sustainable, and functional. In response to the request from an SIM missionary at the Handicap Center in Mahadaga, Burkina Faso, Daimio Ergate (DE) committed to designing and supplying a kit to add electric motor power to the current tricycle design, and we, David Sandberg, Trollope Organdie, and Daniel Duarte partnered with DE in their commitment

https://www.ijert.org/speech-enhancement-using-spectral-subtraction

https://www.ijert.org/research/speech-enhancement-using-spectral-subtraction-IJERTV10IS070349.pdf

In real-time, the signal viewed from a distant point consists of information and noise which is due to the disturbance of the signal from other unwanted signals i.e. noise. The noise can be removed by using speech enhancement. The speech enhancement using spectral subtraction is a simple method to remove the noise. The objective of the project is to remove the background noise and to improve intelligibility. This paper aims to provide a comparison and simulation of the spectral subtraction-type algorithms viz. basic spectral subtraction, spectral subtraction using half-wave rectification, and power spectral subtraction. To test the performance of the algorithms, speech samples with different SNR levels are taken and tested. The NOISEX database is used in the algorithm. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using subjective and objective measures

https://www.ijert.org/a-review-detection-of-abnormalities-in-liver-using-image-processing-techniques

https://www.ijert.org/research/a-review-detection-of-abnormalities-in-liver-using-image-processing-techniques-IJERTV10IS050357.pdf

The abnormal growth of cell in the liver causes liver cancer which is also known as hepatic cancer where, Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). Maximum number of the peoples who have liver tumour were died due to the fact of inaccurate detection. The detection of this tumours is difficult and mostly found at advanced stage which causes life-threatening issues. Hence it is far essential to discover the tumour at an early stage. The liver is the second organ most normally involved by metastatic disease, being liver cancer one of the prominent causes of death worldwide. The early detection and diagnosis of liver tumor is consequential for the detection of liver tumor. Medical image processing is used as a non-invasive method to detect tumors. Many techniques have been developed for the detection of liver tumor utilizing the aberrant lesion size and shape. This paper reviews many different liver tumor detection algorithms and methodologies utilized for liver tumor diagnosis.

https://www.ijert.org/a-real-time-palm-print-implementation-on-vlsi-system-of-identification

https://www.ijert.org/research/a-real-time-palm-print-implementation-on-vlsi-system-of-identification-IJERTV10IS040267.pdf

Palm print is a modern physiological biometric that is gaining popularity due to its consistent and special characteristics. It looks into the feasibility of identifying people using ridge features derived from palm print photographs. The ridge-based palm print matching algorithms have been used for large-scale individual recognition applications. Skin distortion and the varying discrimination power of various palm print regions are dealt with using the segment-based matching and fusion algorithm. Until matching, the palm prints are registered into the same coordinate scheme using the orientation field-based registration algorithm. The cascade filter is designed to reject gallery palm prints that aren't matched. The entire palm print recognition algorithm is implemented in FPGA to achieve substantial time and memory savings. In MATLAB, the palm print matching scheme is introduced. Since MATLAB is not well suited for high-performance real-time applications, a hardware implementation of FPGA was created to resolve this problem.

https://www.ijert.org/underwater-wireless-communication-system

https://www.ijert.org/research/underwater-wireless-communication-system-IJERTV9IS090387.pdf

Water data communication is a potential technology to realize underwater communication. The experiment of underwater data communication in the laboratory is different with that in the real water environment because the physical scale is limited. In this paper, several kinds of agents are evaluated to change the coefficients of experimental water precisely. Then, seemed as criterion for the reliability of water recreation, the frequency domain characteristic of data communication through water channel in experimental water is measured and compared. The results show that the type and particle size of the agents will significantly affect its water properties, and the frequency domain component of the water communication signal will be affected by the agent's concentration. By having a separate transmitter and receiver module in the water between the modules we can transmit the sea researcher's biomedical conditions and interactions to the monitoring end available on the ship. The atmospheric conditions under the sea will be changing tremendously. It affects the sea navigators in too much trouble. It is difficult to monitor the health conditions of sea navigator after diving. Even if he dives below 20 meters his heart beat becomes uncontrollably changing. So even if his blood pressure lows dangerously it may leads to death. And there is no idea to save those navigators in those conditions. So here we propose a system to monitor heath conditions of a sea navigator while checking the heart beat reading while navigation. Using a communication system we can monitor a diving navigators heart beat even in ground. If we found his BP is lower in we can say him to enter the ground. So we can save the life of too many navigators.

https://www.ijert.org/smart-road-divider-with-ambulance-priority

https://www.ijert.org/research/smart-road-divider-with-ambulance-priority-IJERTV10IS070181.pdf

Traffic congestion is one of the biggest problems faced in recent times. So the main aim of this project is to reduce it but providing an effective solution to it. Generally, there's equal width of lanes for both ongoing and incoming traffic. The problem with Static Road Dividers is that the number of lanes on either side of the road is fixed. Population as well as number of cars per family is increasing, thereby increasing the number of cars on roads. This involves better utilization of existing resources like number of lanes available. Even though with the advancements in technology, there has been no proper solution to overcome this problem. Traffic congestion has been one among the main concerns faced by the metropolitan cities today in spite of measures being taken to mitigate and reduce it. It has emerged together of the most challenge for developers in urban areas for planning of sustainable cities. The main focus of this study is aimed to provide a better, effective and efficient way of solution.

Physical disability has affected many people’s lives across the world. One of these disabilities that strongly affected some large category of people is visual lose. Blind people often face difficulties in moving around freely such as: in crossing the street, in reading, driving or socializing. They often rely on using certain aid devices to reach certain places or perform any other daily activities such as walking sticks. Currently, blind people use a traditional cane as a tool for directing them when they move from one place to another. Visually impairment is a factor that greatly reduces the mobility of people. Currently the most widespread and used mean by the visually impaired people are the white stick, however it has limitation. With the latest technology, it is possible to extend the support give to people with visual impairment during their mobility. In this paper we proposed a system named voice aided electronic stick, whose objective is to give users the confidence to move around in unfamiliar environments. In this paper we proposed an idea of designing electronic stick using Global System Messaging (GSM), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Ultra-sonic technology.

https://www.ijert.org/face-recognition-technology-based-smart-doorbell-system-using-pythons-opencv-library

https://www.ijert.org/research/face-recognition-technology-based-smart-doorbell-system-using-pythons-opencv-library-IJERTV10IS060101.pdf

In recent years, face recognition technology has proved to be the most popular method of contactless biometric system, outstanding the ones based on iris, voice and gait recognition. Moreover, computers can now outperform humans in terms of many face recognition tasks particularly when it comes to searching of faces in larger databases, capturing and storing minute facial details in as minimal format as possible. A system with the ability to detect and recognize faces has many potential outcomes not just in crowded places but in home security systems as well. One such application of automating the household doorbell can not only solve the security issues but also offer extra flexibility to smart house control by recognizing the person at doorstep and announcing the name. We propose a system by making use of Raspberry-Pi with ARMv8 Cortex-A53 as the core. The project aims at porting the Open Source Computer Vision (OpenCV) library to the Raspberry-Pi board and using its pre-trained classifier Haar-Cascade and recognizer Local Binary Pattern Histogram (LBPH) for face detection and recognition purpose. Furthermore, using the Raspberry-pi accelerated command line media player, name of the person will be announced and faces unknown to the database will be captured and stored. This low-cost and low-power system will indeed prove a boon for persons with disabilities.

— the real power required for machine equipment depends on the resistance to the movement of it. Even now, in our country 98% of the contemporary machines use the power by burning of fossil fuels to run IC engines or external combustion engines. This evident has led to widespread air, water and noise pollution and most importantly has led to a realistic energy crisis in the near future. Now the approach of this project is to develop the machine to minimize the working cost and also to reduce the time for digging and seed sowing operation by utilizing solar energy to run the robotic machine. In this machine solar panel is used to capture solar energy and then it is converted into electrical energy which in turn is used to charge 12V battery, which then gives the necessary power to a shunt wound DC motor. This power is then transmitted to the DC motor to drive the wheels. And to further reduction of labor dependency, IR sensors are used to maneuver robot in the field. Here 4 post sensors are used to define the territory and robot senses the track length and pitch for movement from line to line. Seed sowing and digging robot will move on different ground contours and performs digging, sow the seed and water the ground after closing.

"The study of the dynamic behavior, transient response and the characteristics
of the converters require deep knowledge in mathematical models.
Mathematical models have been adequately used in the design and control of
DC-DC converters and also the mathematical models are more suitable than
the physical models. This paper describes the four modeling techniques of a
buck converter, circuit model, mathematical model, state space model and
transfer function model, and their implementation in Simulink environment. "

— The main work of the system will be control the flow of traffic as per the flow and indicate that which lane will be open next by seven segment LED and we can manually open that lane and close other lanes for ambulance with the indication light that indicates next cross road carries heavy traffic. As we know Traffic signals are the most convenient method of controlling traffic in a busy junction. Present traffic signals fail to control the traffic effectively when a lane has got more traffic than the other lanes. In this paper an intelligent traffic control system using PLC is proposed. System measures the traffic density on each road by counting the number of vehicles and then takes the decision. Programming is done using ladder diagram. RSLogix PLC is been used for the system implementation.

This advanced firefighting robotic system independently detects and extinguishes fire. In the age of technology, the world is slowly turning towards the automated system and self-travelling vehicles, fire fighters are constantly at a risk of losing their life. Even though there are a lot of precautions taken for Fire accidents, these natural/man-made disasters do occur now and then. In the event of a fire breakout, to rescue people and to put out the fire we are forced to use human resources which are not safe. With the advancement of technology especially in Robotics it is very much possible to replace humans with robots for fighting the fire. This would improve the efficiency of firefighters and would also prevent them from risking human lives Fire spreads rapidly if it is not controlled. In case of a gas leakage there even may be an explosion. So, in order to overcome this issue, safe guard live of our hero, our system comes to the rescue. This firefighting robotic system is powered by Arduino Uno development board it consists of the ultra-sonic sensor mounted on a servo motor for obstacles detection and free path navigation, it is also equipped with the fire sensor or flame sensor for detecting and approaching fire it also makes use of water tank and spray mechanism for extinguishing the fire. Water spraying nozzle is mounted on servo motor to cover maximum area. Water is pumped from the main water tank to the water nozzle with the help of a pump. This water pump needs driver circuit as it consumes a lot of current, much more than the controller provides.

Transpose form ?nite-impulse response (FIR) ?lters are characteristically pipelined and support multiple constant multiplications (MCM) procedure that results in signi?cant saving of calculation. However, transpose form con?guration does not specifically support the block performing not like direct-form con?guration. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of realization of block FIR ?lter in transpose shape con?guration for area-delay ef?cient realization of huge order FIR ?lters for both ?xed applications. Based on a detailed computational investigation of transpose form con?guration of FIR ?lter, we have derived a ?ow diagram for transpose shape block FIR ?lter with reduced register complexity. A detailed block formulation is detailed for transpose form FIR ?lter. We have inferred a general multiplier-based architecture for the proposed transpose form block ?lter for recon?gurable applications. A reduced-complex design using multiple constant multiplications scheme is also showed for block implementation of ?xed FIR ?lters. The proposed architecture obtains less area, less delay and less power consumption compared with the existing architecture of direct form structure for medium or long filter lengths. For this project analysis for determining area, power and delay it uses Xilinx.

— This paper illustrates a street light system based on vehicle movement. India faces a major problem regarding power consumption and power production. This paper presents an idea on how power consumption can be reduced in the street light systems using laser source as sensor and PIC microcontroller. LASER sensors are implanted at a distance away from the street light systems which detects the vehicle and street light then glows. Until then, street light will be in dim state. Thus this proposed system helps in saving a lot of energy. A programmable microcontroller controls light intensity according to the need.

— AC and DC drives play a vital role in each and every industry. This research paper shows the methodology to interface stepper, servo, AC and DC motor on a single platform. GUI is designed in MATLAB to control all motors. Directions and speed of DC motor are controlled by electromechanical relay and H BRIDGE respectively. AC motor is controlled by solid state relay, stepper motor is controlled by ULN2003 current driver and servo motor is controlled by timers of the ATMEL controller. In a nut shell, all the motors are controlled using MATLAB GUI and Arduino controller. This instrument is best for the Power electronics lab for educational purpose.

In this project represents the real time monitoring of a distribution transformation based on iot, i.e. Implemented on a mobile embedded system to measure to load current, voltage, temperature and humidity. The internet of things is an online based working of physical devices, vehicles and other objects which consists of an embedded system with sensors, actuators and network connectivity that collect and exchange data. The iot allows the objects to be sensed and/or controlled remotely across the existing network of the physical world into computer-based systems, and result in improved accuracy, efficiency and economic benefits. It is installed at the distribution transformer site. The load current, voltage, temperature and humidity of the distribution transformer is measured by the sensors are processed and recorded in the system memory. The system is programmed with a code to check the abnormal condition. The iot will help the utilities to monitor the distribution transformer in minute to minute date transfer to the user to identify the problems before any catastrophicfailure occurs. Hence the minute to minute monitoring of a distribution transformer health measuring will help us to identify or predict the unexpected situations before any fault occurs which leads to a greater economic loss.

https://www.ijert.org/controlled-environment-for-aquaponic-farming-with-various-grow-lights

https://www.ijert.org/research/controlled-environment-for-aquaponic-farming-with-various-grow-lights-IJERTV10IS070339.pdf

Eating well is essential for good health and well-Being, but Conventional farming practices has reduced yield over the years, as well as production of the vitamins, minerals, proteins and phytonutrients in fruits and vegetables, all while polluting food with pesticide residues.[1] In this paper we proposed work presents a Hydroponic farming; Hydroponics system means growing plants without soil with better results, especially in areas with space and environment unsuitable. The proposed design of Smart Hydroponic farm using Internet of Things technology to investigate its benefits will prove to be a green technology which will serve community towards healthy environment. This system aims to provide the ideal environment for plants to grow, a system where pH, water level, air temperature and relative humidity are constantly monitored. Additionally, with the use of simple mechanisms, this system provides controlled irrigation of water, and nutrient solution intake.

The main objective of this project is to develop a cost effective notice board system using a Wi-Fi based controller card controlled by any Android OS smart phone or through PC. Modern information is gradually shifting from conventional notice board to centralized control system, involving Wi-Fi system. In this paper we have proposed a system through wireless transmit notices on a notice board using Wi-Fi. Wi-Fi can pass information for about 100meter distance. Wi-Fi data rate has 1 or 2 Mbps.

— Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier modulation technique which divides the available spectrum into many carriers. OFDM uses the spectrum efficiently compared to FDMA by spacing the channels much closer together and making all carriers orthogonal to one another, to prevent interference between the closely spaced carriers. The main advantage of OFDM is their robustness to channel fading in wireless environment. The principles of OFDM modulation have been around since 1960s. However, recently the attention toward OFDM has grown dramatically in the field of wireless and wired communication systems. In parallel, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is also emerging as a fundamental paradigm in the implementation of these standards. This is due to their increased capabilities (speed and resources). The objective of this project is to design and implement OFDM transmitter and receiver on FPGA hardware. This project concentrates on developing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), in an efficient way. The work also includes design of a mapping module (Modulator), serial to parallel and parallel to serial converter module. The design uses 64-point FFT and IFFT for the processing module, which indicate that the processing block contain 64 inputs data. In this work, a pure VHDL design, integrated with some intellectual property (IP) blocks, is employed to implement an OFDM transmitter and receiver. The proposed design is map and test on Xilinx Spartan 3E FPGA and for simulation, synthesis and implementation XILINX ISE 13.2 software is used.

An Electrical Bicycle is a traditional bicycle propelled by an electrical motor. It has a dynamo and 220V wall charge facility. The voltage generated by the dynamo is used to run the bicycle. The electric bicycle is designed in such a way that the rider can have two modes of operation. The rider can choose the bicycle to be driven by an electric motor or it can be driven manually by pedaling. This can also be used in the recent road condition with existing charging facilities.

The Conference Proceedings contained abstracts that were heard at the plenary and sectional meetings of the Scientific and Methodological Conference "Actual Problems of Ship Electrical and Radio Engineering", held on December 11-12, 2013 at the Odessa National Maritime Academy. The topics of the conference covered the following scientific and methodological directions: electrical energy saving in marine energy, technical operation of modern electrical equipment and ship management systems, general approaches to optimization of radio electronic devices and systems.

— At present LED light sources are gradually applied to LCD backlighting and video projection. This is a simple and low-cost circuit for a multiple colour generator that can be built easily with a few components. The main objective of the paper is to generate multiple colour from RGB primary colours are used in Television display, computer monitor, and other colour display for LED projectors. The microcontroller other regulates LED light output current and changes the light colour with the ratio of red, green, and blue LED.

Majority of  engineering  colleges, universities and
the technical institutions are undertaking all initiatives to stay competitive. Efforts are exerted to continuously improve the curriculum in order to provide quality and relevant education for the students in response to global call for outcomes-based education. This paper presents the procedures, techniques, methods,  and advantages of using Altium Designer software in teaching electronic circuits. Altium Designer is a schematic capture, simulation, and PCB design software, dedicated to analyzing electronic circuits which is based on interconnected icons of electronic components. The approach makes it easier for the students to visualize the system they are attempting to design, model, and study. Likewise, it makes debugging and error correction simpler. Moreover, an example has been provided  also  to show how to use  the software for teaching and research in electronic circuits.

https://www.ijert.org/implementation-of-iot-based-communication-on-the-agriculture-field-using-tcp-ip-protocol

https://www.ijert.org/research/implementation-of-iot-based-communication-on-the-agriculture-field-using-tcp-ip-protocol-IJERTV10IS040238.pdf

Implementation of iot based
communication on the agriculture field using tcp/ip protocol
is project in which brain as a arduino microcontroller. We
have used in our project humidity sensor, temperature sensor,
NPK sensor, soil moisture sensor. In our project we have
utilised iot based cloud platform to store and retrieve data of
soil communication in which we will be having more
scalability. So we can access the cloud data from anywhere in
the world.

— This research/study is to show how even using a single system it is possible to drive different motors simultaneously. Nowadays it is seen that to drive motors for example Ac motor, dc motor, servo and stepper motor, each motor needs a separate drive which in other words make it a single application oriented system. Therefore problem that will be solved using multi motor drive would be that instead of using separate drive/system for every single motor this can be done using a single drive/system and this system consists of Relay card , H bridge and tip 120 MOSFET drive that drives dc motor , solid state relays to control ac motor , sbto811 for control of stepper motor and all this will be interfaced with a microprocessor .This way it will require less materials compared to using separate system for separate drives which in turn will lead to cost reduction also would reduce size of system.

— This paper proposes an RF to DC power converter for ambient wireless powering that is efficient, highly sensitive and less dependent on load resistance with an extended dynamic range. The proposed rectifier design is fabricated using a 90nm standard CMOS technology. The designs of rectifiers are discussed and the double entered rectifier topology chosen was simulated using Ansoft Nexxim designer. The energy harvesting circuit module includes an impedance matching circuit to avoid loss of energy derived by the antenna unit to achieve maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) and sensitivity. The measured result achieved 99.9% power conversion efficiency (PCE) for below 10 GHz of frequency which almost covers major RF application band source frequencies and can serve for future low-maintenance SoC applications.

https://www.ijert.org/covid-prediction-using-machine-learning

https://www.ijert.org/research/covid-prediction-using-machine-learning-IJERTV10IS050205.pdf

___Prediction of COVID is most challenging problem due to structure of LungNodule, where most of the cells are overlapped each other. An outbreak of a novelcorona virus disease (i.e., COVID-19) has been recorded in Wuhan, China since late December 2019, which subsequently became pandemic around the world. The onset of serious illness may result in death as a consequence of substantial alveolardamage and progressive respiratory failure. Although laboratory testing, e.g., usingreverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), is the golden standard for clinical diagnosis, the tests may produce false negatives. Moreover, under thepandemic situation, shortage of RT-PCR testing resources may also delay the following clinical decision and treatment. Under such circumstances, chest CT imaging has become a valuable tool for both diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 patients. In this project, we propose a weakly supervised deep learning strategyfor detecting and classifying COVID-19 infection from CT images. The proposedmethod can minimize the requirements of manual labeling of CT images but stillbe able to obtain accurate infection detection and distinguish COVID-19 from non-covid cases.

The rapid increase in population has more demand and consumption of electrical energy in the market, use of equipments such as electrical and electronic components are also costlier. In order to protect the system from overload, or short circuit here is one possibility, which is by fast acting electronic circuit breaker. A circuit breaker is an automatically operating switch designed to shut down the power supply when it is overloaded. The tripping depends on the current passing through the CT’s which is connected in series with load. The project is designed to develop the power supply which shuts down when it is overloaded by using a fast acting electronic circuit breaker. The concept of developing a electronic circuit breaker came into focus realizing that the conventional circuit breakers such as MCB’s and fuse take longer time to trip. Therefore for sensitive loads it is very important to activate the tripping mechanism within short period of time. We know that the Modern technologies are paramount to provide operational reliability and financial profitability, so it is very important to develop an electronic circuit breaker by using a micro controller arduino. Here an electronic circuit breaker is designed using arduino in which program is dumped and a particular is set so that the system can shut down when it is overloaded. Here the voltage is sensed and rectified to DC and then it is compared with a preset voltage by a level comparator to generate an output that drives a relay to trip the load. The relay is preferred in place of semiconductors because such solid state switches would invariably fail in case of accidental short circuits. This project is designed to overcome the drawback of thermal type of circuit breaker like MCB based on a thermal bimetal lever trip mechanism which is very slow. This project is based on the current sensing across a series element typically a CT (Current Transformer). The current sensed which is compared against the preset value proportional to the voltage by comparator which is inbuilt in arduino to generate an output that drives a relay to trip the load very fast.

Now a day’s IoT brings gadgets together and assumes a fundamental part in different methodologies like smart home automation, brilliant industries, smart environment, agricultural fields and patient health monitoring system and so on. One of the approaches is to monitor the health state of the patient and screen it to doctors or paramedical staff through the IoT, as it is hard to screen the patient for 24 hours. So here the patient health condition or status i.e. Pulse rate, Body Temperature, ECG and so on can be measured by utilizing the protruding sensors. These sensors are associated with the node mcu and mcp 3008, it gathers the information i.e. biomedical data from the sensors and the detected biomedical information can be transmitted to the server. The "Thingspeak" named cloud is utilized here to place the detected information into the server. From this server, the information can be envisioned to the specialists and other paramedical staff either by Thingspeak website or Thingview android application. This system also notifies if there is any change in patient parameters. In this way, this Health monitoring system diminishes the toil of specialists and paramedical staff to screen the patient for 24 hours and further reduces time and cost for support.

The objective of the project is to provide speed limitation to the electrical vehicle as per the speed sign boards. The system uses the RF (Radio Frequency) communication between speed sign post and the vehicle control system. Whenever a vehicle comes in range of the RF speed sign post, the sign post transmits the speed limit for that particular road to the vehicle system. The vehicle controller system receives this signal through RF receiver and processed through the microcontroller. If the system was at lower speed than the limit received from the sign post, then there will be no changes made to the speed of the system. If the speed of the vehicle was manually incremented to a higher value, then the controller will impose the speed restriction and bring back the speed value to the value specified by the limit. Now if the user tries to increase the speed, the system does not allow it to do so till it is in range of the RF speed sign post. The speed of the vehicle and the limits are displayed on an LCD.

In this paper Bit Error Rate (BER) performance of different modulation techniques are analyzed. There are different modulation schemes such as Binary Phase Shit Keying (BPSK) and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). The performance in between these modulation techniques is analyzed and best suited with respect to low Bit Error Rate (BER) is transmitted. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing also reduce the inter-symbol Interference (ISI). Simulation is carried out on the  software named MATLAB. Simulation is carried over both BPSK and QPSK to obtain the optimum value of BER and SNR.

A strategy for adaptive control and energetic optimization of aerobic fermentors was implemented, with both air flow and agitation speed as manipulated variables. This strategy is separable in its components: control, optimization, estimation. We optimized parameter’s estimation (from the usual KLa correlation) using sinusoidal excitation of air flow and agitation speed. We have implemented parameter’s estimation trough recursive least squares algorithm with forgetting factor. We carried separate essays on control, optimization and estimation algorithms. We carried our essays using an original computational simulation environment, with noise and delay generating facilities for data sampling and filtering.

Our results show the convergence and robustness of the estimation algorithm used, improved with use of both forgetting factor and KLa dead-band facilities. Control algorithm used in our work compares favorably with PID using the integrated area criteria for deviation between oxygen molarity and critical molarity (set point). Optimization algorithm clearly reduces energetic consumption, respecting critical molarity. Integration of control, optimization and adaptive algorithms was implemented, but future work is needed for stability. Methods were defined and implemented for stability improvement. We have implemented data acquisition and computer manipulation of air flow and agitation speed for actual fermentors.

This paper provides the operation and analysis of three phase two quadrant controlled converter. In this paper, the converter is being checked with varying the duty cycle for two different loads R and RL. The Power factor, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and efficiency are better for very low duty cycle which is the same for RL load. This analysis estimates THD and power factor at various conditions. The FFT analysis is done to find the harmonic content present in the input current waveform. This analysis is done using MATLAB software.

This paper presents about a cryptographic technique that is used to ensure cybersecurity in automotive platform. Nowadays there has been a tremendous increase in the number of vehicles which leads to a number of problems like heavy traffic jams. Using Intelligent Transport System, these issues are resolved to a great extent. But using the wireless communication network in automotive give rise to a number of security threats which includes piracy of data and violation of data protection and privacy. To ensure safe and accurate data transmission between the vehicles, there needs to be a cryptographic technique to prevent the attack from malicious nodes. We aim to use SAODV protocol based cryptographic technique which verifies both the source and the destination node of the data transmission process.

The economic development of a country is often closely linked to its consumption of energy. The government has taken new steps for the development of renewable energy sources and less consideration in conservation of electrical energy in the society. According to the current scenario the demand of energy has increased and became a routine process in our lifestyle. Why electrical auditing and management is essential? Energy audit is the survey of wastage power in different areas like domestic houses, commercial buildings and industries etc. For getting solution to save electrical energy, energy auditing is best way. So we found in India the demand of electrical power rises at the rate of 9-10 % per annum while the generation of electrical power rises at the rate of 5-6 % per annum, ultimately the gap between demand and generation of electrical power is widening at the rate of 3-4 % per annum. Electrical energy auditing and management program can have an originating within one division of saving, motivating people in all forms to undergo conservation activities. In this project we had done the Energy audit in residential house.