LTE

High-speed broadband is available in most communities. However, many rural communities still suffer from a lack of access that would allow them to engage in a wider economy. This is an important issue to those in the field of information and communication sciences. There are several key policy and technological barriers to implementation for ubiquitous broadband that are difficult to overcome. The population of the United States is wide and varied in terms of density and perceived usage of broadband. This presentation will examine the Environments where no access is available and the relevant public Policies, regulations, and Technologies that could make ubiquitous broadband a reality. This presentation will examine a clear pathway to implementation of broadband service and presents the business case (including return on investment) for all parties involved, including government, citizens, and corporate partners.

The proliferation of wireless broadband usage over the last decade has led to the development and deployment of multiple broadband wireless radio access technologies (RATs) such as EVDO, WiMAX, HSPA and LTE. To support the ever-increasing wireless traffic demand, researchers have worked on the concept of an integrated heterogeneous wireless environment that encompasses several of these RATs which makes the resource allocation process more efficient by assigning each user in the system to the best RAT/RATs. In this paper, for such an integrated heterogeneous wireless system, we show the possible gains in spectral efficiency at the cost of increased energy consumption for an unbalanced heterogeneous wireless network deployment scenario. In prior work, based on the assumption that all cellular operators under study were equally well-provisioned, we showed an increase in spectral efficiency of up to 75%. In the research presented in this paper, we assume the coverage of each operator might differ significantly in a given area. With this `unbalanced' scenario, we show that an ideal, centralized allocation strategy provides an almost linear tradeoff between gain in spectral efficiency (554%) and worst-case increase in energy consumption (615%) for users supporting elastic traffic.

In this paper a J shaped planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) is proposed which covers 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) and 5G NR (New Radio) band of 3.5 GHz. The substrate material used is FR4 of thickness 1mm and overall dimensions as 100 mm x 50 mm conformal to mobile devices. The proposed PIFA exhibits wide bandwidth coverage of 450 MHz (3.25 GHz to 3.70 GHz). The structure is low profile with height of J shaped element above ground plane of 4mm. The J shape helped in achieving wider bandwidth and compact radiating element size compared to a conventional PIFA structure. The resonant frequency is 3.48 GHz and the peak gain is 3.74 dB. The proposed antenna covers n77 and n78 bands of 5G NR specifications as per International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) release document 16.

With the spectrum liberation obtained by the deployment of Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) and the analog TV switch-off, new bands are being assigned to IMT Long Term Evolution (LTE). In the first cellular deployments in the digital dividend at the 800 MHz band, problems emerged due to the interference that cellular networks can cause to DTT signals. Possible solutions imply either an inefficient use of the spectrum (increasing the guard band and reducing the number of DTT channels) or a high cost (using anti-LTE filters for DTT receivers). The new spectrum allocated to mobile communications is the 700 MHz band, also known as second digital dividend. In this new IMT band, the LTE Uplink is placed in the lower part of the band. Hence, the ITU-R invited to perform several studies and reported the results to WRC-15. In this paper, we analyze the coexistence problem in the 700 MHz band and evaluate the interference of LTE signals into DTT services. Several coexistence scenarios have been considered and laboratory tests have been performed to measure interference protection ratios.

The Long Term Evolution of UMTS is one of the latest steps in an advancing series of mobile telecommunications systems. Many articles have already been published on the LTE subject but these publications have viewed the subject from particular perspectives. In the present paper, a different approach has been taken. We are interested in the security features and the cryptographic

It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC basic call flows.

This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.

All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.

Thanks for your reading!

LTE (Long Term Evolution) networks have been introduced in 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) release 8 specifications, with an objective of high-data-rate, low latency
and packet-optimized radio access technology. This paper analyses the possibilities, capabilities and features of EstiNet Network Simulator and Emulator that can be used for modelling and analysing the behaviour of LTE networks. It also illustrates a simple scenario where one or several LTE User Equipment (UEs) are connected to Internet, and evaluates the throughput performance for TCP and UDP traffic in downlink direction. Some important LTE network parameters are also specified for this performance evaluation. Finally it will be concluded that EstiNet is a suitable simulation and emulation tool for modelling and analysing the behaviour of LTE networks.

The next generation for mobile communication is new radio (NR) that supporting air interface which referred to the fifth generation or 5G. Long term evolution (LTE), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), and global system for mobile communication (GSM) are 5G NR predecessors, also referred to as fourth generation (4G), third generation (3G) and second generation (2G) technologies. Pseudo-noise (PN) code length and modulation technique used in the 5G technology affect the output spectrum and the payload of DL-FRC specification, in this paper quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK), 16 QAM modulation approaches tested under additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) in term of bit error rate (BER) which used with 5G technology system implemented with MATLAB-Simulink and programing and, resulting of 1672, 12296 bit/slot payload at frequency range FR1 from 450 MHz-6 GHz and 4424, 20496 bit/slot payload at frequency range FR2 from 24.25 GHz-52.6 GHz, also determining subcarrier spacing, allocated source block, duplex mode, payload bit/slot, RBW (KHz), sampling rate (MHz), the gain and the bandwidth of main, side loop where illustrated.

Wireless Networking has become an important area of research in industry and academics in recent years. The main objectives of this paper are to gain knowledge about the WiMAX technology, its security and application. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) technology is based upon the IEEE 802.16 standard (IEEE Wireless MAN Air Interface) which enables wireless broadband services anytime, anywhere. The WiMAX specification provides symmetrical bandwidth over large area and range with stronger encryption and typically less interference. WiMAX based system can be used to transmission of signal over maximum 50 km. WiMAX outdistances WiFi by miles. WiMAX can deliver high data rate to multiple users. The WiMAX Forum describes WiMAX as " a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last-mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL ". The main goal/purpose of this technology is to deliver wireless communications with quality of service in a secured environment. This standard was developed to deliver line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) wireless services between subscriber and base station and to address " last mile " problem.

L’histoire des réseaux mobiles est jalonnée par trois étapes principales, auxquelles on donne couramment le nom de génération. On parle des première, deuxième et troisième générations de réseaux mobiles, généralement abrégées respectivement en 1G, 2G et 3G. Ces trois
générations diffèrent principalement par les techniques mises en œuvre pour accéder à la ressource radio. L’évolution de ces techniques est guidée par la volonté d’accroître la capacité ainsi que les débits offerts par le système dans une bande de fréquences restreinte. En effet,
les fréquences sont des ressources très rares car convoitées par de multiples applications (télévision, radio, faisceaux hertziens, liaisons satellites, réseaux privés, communications militaires, etc.).

It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC CSFB call flows.

This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.

All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.

Thanks for your reading!

To meet the new connectivity requirements of the emerging IoT segment, 3GPP has taken evolutionary steps on both the network side and the device side. A single technology or solution cannot be ideal to all the different potential IoT applications, market situations and spectrum availability. As a result, the 3GPP standardizing several technologies, including Extended Coverage GSM (EC-GSM), LTE-M and NB-IoT.

LTE-M, NB-IoT and EC-GSM are all superior solutions to meet IoT requirements as a family of solutions, and can complement each other based on technology availability, use case requirements and deployment scenarios. The evolution for these technologies is shown in figure #5. Technical studies and normative work for the support of Machine Type Communication (MTC) as part of 3GPP LTE specifications for RAN began in 3GPP Release 12 and are continuing with the goals of developing features optimized for devices with MTC traffic.

Operators and service providers continue to look for ideas to monetize their networks while trying to provide maximum satisfaction to their customers. Allocate resources to users that can support high flow rates can monetize the network, but abandon users in poor conditions, which reduces the quality of service and user experience. An algorithm that manages the different classes of services, associated with the implementation of the differentiation of user categories proves to be an interesting compromise since flows are prioritized according to the services and user subscription.

Research and development of signal processing algo- rithms for UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) requires a realistic, exible, and standard-compliant simulation en- vironment. To facilitate comparisons with work of other research groups such a simulation environment should ideally be publicly available. In this paper, we present a MATLAB-based down- link physical-layer simulator for LTE. We identify dier- ent research applications

The huge demand for mobile communications with broad band and usage of new wireless applications motivated the development of new wireless access technologies. The recent expansion of wireless technologies, novel applications and the advancement in mobile technology after UMTS-3G has been taken up to the next level by the 3GPP Long Tem Evolution/System Architecture Evolution (LTE/SAE). It has achieved the realisation of better bandwidth, full interworking with other access/backend systems using all-IP architecture with well-defined interworking with circuit switched system. The system is defined to work across multiple access networks (3GPP and non 3GPP) may be trusted or non-trusted. The security mechanism in wireless area has evolved from original analog systems through GSM and UMTS. The GSM has focussed the security for radio path whereas UMTS has enhanced it in to network functionalities. The future networks based on IP mechanism demands more security features, since the threats related to IP are also possible.

A recurring topic in LTE radio planning pertains to the maximum acceptable LTE radio interface load, up to which a targeted user data rate can be maintained. We explore this topic by using Queuing Theory elements to express the downlink user throughput as a function of the LTE Physical Resource Block (PRB) utilization. The resulting formulas are expressed in terms of standardized 3GPP KPIs and can be readily evaluated from network performance counters. Examples from live networks are given to illustrate the results, and the suitability of a linear decrease model is quantified upon data from a commercial LTE network.

LTE is an emerging wireless communication technology to provide high-speed data service for the mobile phones and data terminals. To improve indoor coverage and capacity Femtocells are included in 3GPP since Release 8. There is no common simulation platform is available for performance justification of LTE-Femtocells. LTE-Sim is an object-oriented open source simulator which incorporates a complete protocol stack can be used for simulating two-tier macro-femto scenarios. To the best of our knowledge no paper provides the guideline to perform system level simulation of Femtocell networks. Here, in this paper Femtocells performance is evaluated in multi-Macrocells and multi-Femtocells environment with interference from Microcells and Macrocell users along with the scripting. KEYWORDS Channel quality indicator (CQI), Femto Access Point (FAP), Macro eNodeB (MeNB), Macrocell User Equepment (MUE), Moblity Management Entity(MME), Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio(SINR), Physical Layer(PHY)

Industry leaders are currently setting out standards for 5G networks projected for 2020 or even sooner. Future generation networks will be heterogeneous in nature as no single network type will be capable of optimally meeting all the rapid changes in customer demands. With the advent of multi-homed devices and heterogeneous network (HetNet) solution, great concerns arise in the processes involved for successful handover. Active calls that get dropped or cases of poor quality of service experienced by mobile users can be attributed to the phenomenon of delayed handover (HO) or an outright case of an unsuccessful handover procedure. This work compares multiple criteria handover basis to its traditional single relative signal strength (RSS) base counterpart. It analyses the performance of a fuzzy-based VHO algorithm scheme in a Wi-Fi, WiMAX, UMTS and LTE integrated network using OMNeT++ event simulator. The loose coupling network architecture is adopted and simulation results analysed ...