This paper explores the 3GPP 5G network architecture from release 15 phase 1 and how this will evolve with the introduction of next generation core (NGC) network. The paper starts with a discussion about interworking between LTE and 5G... more
This paper explores the 3GPP 5G network architecture from release 15 phase 1 and how this will evolve with the introduction of next generation core (NGC) network. The paper starts with a discussion about interworking between LTE and 5G then explores spectrum topics before presenting a detailed view of the end to end 5G network architecture, including the functional decomposition of the radio access network (RAN). Paper originally appeared in Volume 12, Part 1 of The ITP (Institute of Telecommunications Professionals) Journal.
Some early thoughts on 5G Network Architecture and Design. Three sections covering: RAN functional decomposition, mobile backhaul/x-haul and RAN to core connectivity, most likely EPC and NGCN options...
LTE is an emerging wireless communication technology to provide high-speed data service for the mobile phones and data terminals. To improve indoor coverage and capacity Femtocells are included in 3GPP since Release 8. There is no common... more
LTE is an emerging wireless communication technology to provide high-speed data service for the mobile phones and data terminals. To improve indoor coverage and capacity Femtocells are included in 3GPP since Release 8. There is no common simulation platform is available for performance justification of LTE-Femtocells. LTE-Sim is an object-oriented open source simulator which incorporates a complete protocol stack can be used for simulating two-tier macro-femto scenarios. To the best of our knowledge no paper provides the guideline to perform system level simulation of Femtocell networks. Here, in this paper Femtocells performance is evaluated in multi-Macrocells and multi-Femtocells environment with interference from Microcells and Macrocell users along with the scripting. KEYWORDS Channel quality indicator (CQI), Femto Access Point (FAP), Macro eNodeB (MeNB), Macrocell User Equepment (MUE), Moblity Management Entity(MME), Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio(SINR), Physical Layer(PHY)
3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP-LTE) is focusing towards aggressive frequency reuse i.e. reuse of 1 so that we can get maximum number (all available spectrum) within a cell. Now, the major hindrance is... more
3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP-LTE) is focusing towards aggressive frequency reuse i.e. reuse of 1 so that we can get maximum number (all available spectrum) within a cell. Now, the major hindrance is co-channel interference which increases dramatically due to nearby adjacent co-channel cell and most especially for cell edge users. Traditional frequency reuse concept for interference management doesn’t provide satisfactory coverage and rate. In this paper, FFR is purposed as a candidate for interference management and its comparative evaluation over Traditional frequency reuse on the basis of two parameter metrics viz. probability of coverage and probability of acceptance rate is done. We observe that FFR has relatively better performance in 3GPP-LTE downlink.
As a consequence of the proliferation of smart phones and tablets, data traffic is growing significantly, both on the radio access links and the backhaul infrastructure of mobile operators’ networks. And although LTE and LTE Advanced... more
As a consequence of the proliferation of smart phones and tablets, data traffic is growing significantly, both on the radio access links and the backhaul infrastructure of mobile operators’ networks. And although LTE and LTE Advanced offer higher data traffic throughput than that of 3G, given to their wider allocated bandwidths, the combined capacities of even these networks is not sufficient to meet projected future capacity demands. The conventional solution to increasing the capacity of LTE mobile networks includes splitting macro-cells and/or adding more sites. Both of these solutions require high CAPEX and OPEX, so mobile operators are seeking new and cost effective ways of increasing their network capacity. One solution is to deploy small-cell base stations (BSs) within their existing macro-cellular networks, an approach referred to as Heterogeneous Networks. It is well known that a HetNet not only increases the network capacity, but also provides better coverage and enhances the user’s experience. These benefits are achieved by offloading data traffic dynamically from MCBSs to SCBSs using an algorithm based on several parameters such as the characteristics of the traffic, the required QoS and network
Mobile technologies have been experiencing an extremely rapid evolution in the past decade. Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) initiated the Long Term Evolution (LTE) for the high complexity and limited capacity of the third... more
Mobile technologies have been experiencing an extremely rapid evolution in the past decade. Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) initiated the Long Term Evolution (LTE) for the high complexity and limited capacity of the third generation (3G) cellular system. LTE is now established in most part of the world for its higher data rate and lower latency. However, it is necessary to upgrade the LTE system to cope up with the enormous current and future demands of mobile data traffic, new services, and applications. Researchers and standardizing bodies are putting a significant effort on LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) to meet that demands. This paper provides extensive views on the key challenges of LTE-A system. These challenges are considered as the major barrier to implement the LTE-A. Based on the user behavior and estimation of future demand, some potential future applications are also described.
The Proportional Fair (PF) scheduling technique is well known technique that is used to schedule radio resources at the mobile base station to the end-users. An efficient scheduling for radio resources in the physical layer of LTE-A base... more
The Proportional Fair (PF) scheduling technique is well known technique that is used to schedule radio resources at the mobile base station to the end-users. An efficient scheduling for radio resources in the physical layer of LTE-A base stations is challenging due to the high demand for various types of 4G wireless services such as VOIP calls, online gaming, HDTV, etc. In this paper, we derive the average-throughput window size (TPF) formulas for LTE-A PF Scheduler, and then we investigate the effect of T PF size on the performance and fairness of PF Scheduler for LTE-A network. Both of downlink System-Level (SL) simulator and Link-Level (LL) simulator are used to evaluate the scheduler performance for different T PF configurations. The simulation results showed that the long TPF improves both of UE (User Equipment) throughput and cell (eNodeB) throughput, however the achieved scheduler fairness in this case is low. On the other hand, the short TPF showed degradation in both of UE and cell throughput, but offers higher fairness values for the PF scheduler.
5G takes mobile communications way beyond mobile phones and tablets through to an ever-growing and diverse range of devices and things. This paper examines what 5G could be and how the research will deliver this next generation technology.
Present IPTV system fails to establish QoS due to packet loss, server congestion and limited bandwidth. To overcome these drawbacks an implementation of IPTV is presented here using MPLS in 3GPP LTE release 8 networks. This... more
Present IPTV system fails to establish QoS due to packet loss, server congestion and limited bandwidth. To overcome these drawbacks an implementation of IPTV is presented here using MPLS in 3GPP LTE release 8 networks. This implementation will provide multicast capability and FEC along with retransmission to minimize packet loss. Deploying IPTV in LTE makes LTE capable of transmitting voice, data and audio/video which will ensure convergence.
A presentation from a workshop at EuMW 2016 which reviews the current uses of microwave and millimetre wave radio systems in mobile backhaul networks. The presentation goes on to review new use cases associated with 5G ultra-dense... more
A presentation from a workshop at EuMW 2016 which reviews the current uses of microwave and millimetre wave radio systems in mobile backhaul networks. The presentation goes on to review new use cases associated with 5G ultra-dense networks and the new millimetre wave opportunities in W and D bands.
The number of mobile users is rapidly increasing. Therefore, the bandwidth demand of mobile users significantly growing. To answer users’ demand, Carrier Aggregation is proposed in LTE systems. In Carrier Aggregation, communication... more
The number of mobile users is rapidly increasing. Therefore, the bandwidth demand of mobile users significantly growing. To answer users’ demand, Carrier Aggregation is proposed in LTE systems. In Carrier Aggregation, communication between users and base stations are achieved by multi bands which have different coverage areas and mobile users can simultaneously connect one or multi carrier components in each band. Because of mobility of users and quality of carriers, the best available Carrier Components of each band should be assigned to each user in order to provide desired service to users. Several works have been proposed in the literature to address Carrier Components assignment methods in LTE systems by using Channel Quality Indicator, quality of service and service types. Although the previous works on carrier assignment methods significantly increase the performance of LTE system, continuously increasing bandwidth demand of users forces the operators to manage resource allocation more intelligently. Therefore, we have proposed a novel Carrier Component assignment method which considers user profiles and channel quality indicator to increase quality of services and experiences getting by mobile users. Results show that the proposed method uses system resources efficiently and can improve performance of LTE systems. Our method will help service providers build efficient carrier components assignment methods through considering user profile and performance metrics, such as band usage, throughput and delay.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is considered the most promising cellular system able to support the growing demand of multicast services (e.g., IPTV, video streaming) over mobile terminals. The design of effective strategies for the management... more
Long Term Evolution (LTE) is considered the most promising cellular system able to support the growing demand of multicast services (e.g., IPTV, video streaming) over mobile terminals. The design of effective strategies for the management of these applications is still an open issue, especially in scenarios where several multicast streams are simultaneously transmitted in a cell. In this paper we propose different resource allocation policies for the delivery of multicast scalable video flows. Such policies efficiently exploit the multi-user diversity and the frequency selectivity in order to match the requirements of both users and providers. The performance of the proposed strategies is analyzed through simulations by evaluating different cell deployment and user load environments and by focusing on spectral efficiency, throughput, fairness, and amount of resources needed for multicast service delivery. The last parameter is important in practical scenarios where multicast services share the available resources with other flows, e.g., unicast services.
We live in a continuous changing world, where public safety agencies must be addressed about new threats and challenges, both natural and man-made which can be possible with the help of Public safety communication networks. Public safety... more
We live in a continuous changing world, where public safety agencies must be addressed about new threats and challenges, both natural and man-made which can be possible with the help of Public safety communication networks.
Public safety networks provide communications for services like police, fire and ambulance. In these cases the requirement has been to develop systems that are highly robust and can address the specific communication needs of emergency services. This has fostered public safety standards – such as TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) and P25 (Project-25) – that provides a set of features that were not previously supported in commercial cellular systems. These standards have also been applied to commercial critical communications needs such as airport operations, military operation etc.
Currently, the public safety community relies on LMR (Land Mobile Radio) systems to support mission critical voice communications. These radio systems provide a reliable means for personnel in the field to communicate with each other. It’s no longer enough for first responders to rely on current used networks for situational awareness. Police, fire and emergency medical services (EMS) play the central roles in emergency response. These emergency response organizations need mobile broadband networks that let them share streaming real-time video, detailed maps and blueprints, high-resolution photographs and other files that today’s public safety wireless networks can’t handle. The same is true when served by commercial wireless networks during major events or catastrophes. This paper provides some background history and information considering LTE network for public safety services. Present public safety networks such as TETRA or P25 are limited to narrowband data, LTE broadband technology can help emergency services significantly due to high spectral efficiency and QoS, for applications live mobile video, situation aware dispatching and remote diagnostics.
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation... more
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
This paper presents a wideband CMOS down-conversion mixer for Long Term Evolution applications. The Gilbert cell mixer, which is designed to operate from 0.7 to 2.7 GHz range, employs a capacitive cross-coupled common-gate (CCC-CG) in... more
This paper presents a wideband CMOS down-conversion mixer for Long Term Evolution applications. The Gilbert cell mixer, which is designed to operate from 0.7 to 2.7 GHz range, employs a capacitive cross-coupled common-gate (CCC-CG) in combination with a current-bleeding PMOS common-source topology as a transconductance stage for wide-band input matching, higher gain, and the noise and distortion cancellation. Inter-stage peaking inductors are also adopted for bandwidth extension. Implemented in a 0.13 um CMOS, measurements show the conversion gain of 27 dB, double side-band noise figure of 3.3 dB, and maximum IIP3 of +7 dBm while dissipating 5.6 mA from 1.2 V supply.
LTE-U is one of version of this technology developed by a group of Organizations under name of LTE-U Forum, while License Assisted Access (LAA) is 3GPP’s ongoing effort to standardize simultaneous operation across licensed and unlicensed... more
LTE-U is one of version of this technology developed by a group of Organizations under name of LTE-U Forum, while License Assisted Access (LAA) is 3GPP’s ongoing effort to standardize simultaneous operation across licensed and unlicensed bands as part of LTE Release 13. People use the term “LTE in unlicensed” to refer to both LTE-U and LAA collectively.
LTE operating in unlicensed band is anchored by a license carrier and it operates on licensed and unlicensed bands simultaneously: licensed spectrum is used for its guaranteed availability and for transmission of control and QoS traffic, while unlicensed spectrum is used for best-effort data and capacity requirements. This approach provides a higher spectral efficiency, increased control, and streamlines management compared to Wi-Fi offloading to mobile operators in order to overcome the challenge meeting the capacity requirements. In these respects, LTE in unlicensed provides another example of the innovation unlocked by unlicensed spectrum and big mobile operators are showing great interest as they do not need to pay for the spectrum the most costly thing. As a result of dominance of these two technologies, the unlicensed spectrum is becoming a battle ground. Wi-Fi proponents want to preserve as much unlicensed spectrum as they can for Wi-Fi service, and on the other, mobile operator want the ability to innovate to improve their customers’ experience through fast emerging LTE-U. Now the question comes, can these two technologies co-exist? We will get to know the facts and figures about this in the coming sections of this paper.
Internet usage over mobile devices is on the rise. The bandwidth demand for mobile Internet access is also increasing with the number of mobile users. To answer users’ demand, carrier aggregation is proposed in LTE-A system. In carrier... more
Internet usage over mobile devices is on the rise. The bandwidth demand for mobile Internet access is also increasing with the number of mobile users. To answer users’ demand, carrier aggregation is proposed in LTE-A system. In carrier aggregation, the best available one or more component carriers of each band are assigned to each user to provide efficient services. Several works have been reported in the literature on mandatory and periodic component carrier assignment methods. Although the previous works, especially periodic component carrier assignment methods, have significantly improved performance of LTE and LTE-A systems, many limitations still exist. One limitation of previous works is that data transfer is interrupted during periodic component carrier assignment operation which can decrease performance of the system. Therefore, in this paper, selective periodic component carrier assignment technique which allows continues data transfer during periodic carrier assignment operations is proposed. Results show that the proposed technique increases throughput rate up to 25% and decreases average delay time up to 35%.
Fourth generation (4G) data services are in the deployment stage, but is will be a few years until there is ubiquitous LTE coverage. Meanwhile, there are competitive threats emerging against incumbent carriers' core voice services. This is coming at a time when all bearer services (voice and data) are becoming marginalized due to market expectations, economic conditions, and a coming supply side expansion in terms of network capacity.This research assesses the market drivers and outlook for VoLTE as well as carrier opportunities and challenges. The report forecasts VoLTE growth for the North American region. The report includes conclusions and recommendations for network operators.
