4G LTE IP

This paper explores the 3GPP 5G network architecture from release 15 phase 1 and how this will evolve with the introduction of next generation core (NGC) network. The paper starts with a discussion about interworking between LTE and 5G then explores spectrum topics before presenting a detailed view of the end to end 5G network architecture, including the functional decomposition of the radio access network (RAN). Paper originally appeared in Volume 12, Part 1 of The ITP (Institute of Telecommunications Professionals) Journal.

This presentation explores the evolution of GSM, UMTS and LTE radio access network architectures before a detailed review of the RAN architecture options for 5G. The functional decomposition of the 5G radio access network presents the network designer with many challenges with regards placement of RU, DU and CU nodes, all of which are discussed. The presentation concludes with a review of BT UK plans for 5G launch with a fully distributed RAN in support of an EN-DC architecture.

This article investigates mobility load balancing (MLB) algorithm implementation through network simulator (ns-3) in long term evolution (LTE) systems employing orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for downlink (DL) data transmission. MLB is introduced by the third generation partnership project (3GPP) as a key target of LTE self-organizing networks (SONs) [1]. Our contribution is twofold. First, we implemented elementary procedures (EPs) related to load management (LM) function of the X2-application protocol (X2AP) as specified in TS 136.423 [2]. We particularly focused on EPs 'Resource Status Reporting Initiation Procedure' and 'Resource Status Reporting Procedure'. Second, we implemented a MLB based adaptive handover (HO) algorithm enabling to configure adaptively HO hysteresis threshold for each neighbouring cell, of an overloaded cell, according to its current load information. Numerical results show how, through suitable simulation scenarios, MLB enables enhancing network performance in terms of overall throughput, packet loss ratio (PLR) and fairness without incurring HO overhead.

LTE is an emerging wireless communication technology to provide high-speed data service for the mobile phones and data terminals. To improve indoor coverage and capacity Femtocells are included in 3GPP since Release 8. There is no common simulation platform is available for performance justification of LTE-Femtocells. LTE-Sim is an object-oriented open source simulator which incorporates a complete protocol stack can be used for simulating two-tier macro-femto scenarios. To the best of our knowledge no paper provides the guideline to perform system level simulation of Femtocell networks. Here, in this paper Femtocells performance is evaluated in multi-Macrocells and multi-Femtocells environment with interference from Microcells and Macrocell users along with the scripting. KEYWORDS Channel quality indicator (CQI), Femto Access Point (FAP), Macro eNodeB (MeNB), Macrocell User Equepment (MUE), Moblity Management Entity(MME), Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio(SINR), Physical Layer(PHY)

3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP-LTE) is focusing towards aggressive frequency reuse i.e. reuse of 1 so that we can get maximum number (all available spectrum) within a cell. Now, the major hindrance is co-channel interference which increases dramatically due to nearby adjacent
co-channel cell and most especially for cell edge users. Traditional frequency reuse concept for
interference management doesn’t provide satisfactory coverage and rate. In this paper, FFR is purposed as
a candidate for interference management and its comparative evaluation over Traditional frequency reuse
on the basis of two parameter metrics viz. probability of coverage and probability of acceptance rate is
done. We observe that FFR has relatively better performance in 3GPP-LTE downlink.

Future generations of cellular communications requires higher data rates and a more reliable
transmission link with the growth of multimedia services, while keeping satisfactory quality of service, .
MIMO antenna systems have been considered as an efficient approach to address these demands by
offering significant multiplexing and diversity gains over single antenna systems without increasing
bandwidth and power. Although MIMO systems can unfold their huge benefit in cellular base stations,
but they may face limitations when it comes to their deployment in mobile handsets.
To overcome this drawback, relays (fixed or mobile terminals) can cooperate to improve the overall
system performance in cellular networks. Cooperative communications can efficiently combat the severity
of fading and shadowing through the assistance of relays. It has been found that using relays the capacity
and coverage of cellular networks can be extended without increasing mobile transmit power or
demanding extra bandwidth.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) adalah jaringan akses radio evolusi jangka panjang yang dikeluarkan oleh 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), LTE merupakan kelanjutan dari teknologi generasi ketiga yakni 3G WCDMA-UMTS. Peneliti melakukan perencanaan coverage sebuah jaringan di kota Jakarta pada sebuah cluster 4G LTE menggunakan frekeunsi 1800 Mhz. Perencanaan coverage menggunakan software planning simulasi UNET. Data-data untuk coverage planning jaringan 4G LTE 1800 Mhz ini akan mengacu pada data Engineer Parameter site-site yang ada pada dalam sebuah cluster. Peneliti telah melakukan perubahan pada sisi nilai parameter logical dan physical tunning. Hasil dari penelitian adalah luas cakupan sel dari perancangan cakupan area LTE pada cluster XXX di daerah DKI Jakarta adalah 6,65 km 2 dengan menggunakan 3 sektor yang memiliki jari-jari 0,51 km, sehingga menghasilkan sebanyak 10 buah eNodeB yang diperlukan untuk mencakup seluruh area cluster XXX.

This paper focuses on an essential task of the enhanced NodeB eNodeB element in LTE architecture, the
Radio Resource Manager RRM, which aims to accept or reject requests for connection to the network
based on some constraints and ensuring optimal distribution of radio resources between Users Equipments
UEs. Its main functionalities include Admission Control AC and Packet Scheduling PS.
This paper will center mainly on the PS part of the RRM task, which performs the radio resource
allocation in both uplink and downlink directions. Several approaches and algorithms have been proposed
in the literature to address this need (allocate resources efficiently), the diversity and multitude of
algorithms is related to the factors considered for the optimal management of radio resource, specifically,
the traffic type and the QoS (Quality of Service) requested by the UE.
In this article, an art’s state of the radio resource allocation strategies and a detailed study of several
scheduling algorithms proposed for LTE (uplink and downlink) are made. Therefore, we offer our
evaluation and criticism.

Cellular mobile networks have evolved from offering a basic mobile
telephony service to supporting high speed mobile broadband multi-media communications. But, can they continue to advance in order to
cope with the ever increasing demands being placed on network
capacity? This paper explores the concept of small cells within a heterogeneous network and how such an implementation can significantly increase area capacity density.

Hard handover mechanism is adopted to be used in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE) in order to reduce the complexity of the LTE network architecture. This mechanism comes with degradation in system throughput as well as a higher system delay. This paper proposes a new handover algorithm known as LTE Hard Handover Algorithm with Average Received Signal Reference Power (RSRP) Constraint (LHHAARC) in order to minimize number of handovers and the system delay as well as maximize the system throughput. An optimized system performance of the LHHAARC is evaluated and compared with three well-known handover algorithms via computer simulation. The simulation results show that the LHHAARC outperforms three well-known handover algorithms by having less number of average handovers per UE per second, shorter total system delay whilst maintaining a higher total system throughput.

To maximize the benefits of LTE cellular networks, careful and proper planning is needed. This requires the use of accurate propagation models to quantify the path loss required for base station deployment. Deployed LTE networks in Ghana can barely meet the desired 100Mbps throughput leading to customer dissatisfaction. Network operators rely on transmission planning tools designed for generalized environments that come with already embedded propagation models suited to other environments. A challenge therefore to Ghanaian transmission Network planners will be choosing an accurate and precise propagation model that best suits the Ghanaian environment. Given this, extensive LTE path loss measurements at 800MHz and 2600MHz were taken in selected urban and suburban environments in Ghana and compared with 6 commonly used propagation models. Improved versions of the Ericson, SUI, and ECC-33 developed in this study predict more precisely the path loss in Ghanaian environments compared with commonly used propagation models.

This paper in progress describes two experiences carried out in the Argentine provinces of San Juan and Mendoza during the months of July and August 2016. The first aim is to determine the current state of the 4G mobile telephone networks in the national route 40, more specifically, in the route between the cities of San Juan and Mendoza. The second aim is to identify the connectivity problems and their possible causes, according to the reports published by GSMA, ITU and OpenSignal®, among others. Finally, the future work will be specified, which will allow the presentation of a formal proposal to the telephone operators, in order to contribute to the improvement of 4G networks. Resumen. Este trabajo en desarrollo describe dos experiencias realizadas en las provincias argentinas de San Juan y Mendoza, durante los meses de julio y agosto de 2016. El primer objetivo es determinar el estado actual de las redes de telefonía móvil 4G en la ruta nacional 40, más específicamente, en el trayecto comprendido entre las ciudades de San Juan y Mendoza. El segundo objetivo es identificar los problemas de conectividad y sus posibles causas, en función de los informes publicados por GSMA, ITU y OpenSignal®, entre otros. Finalmente, se especificará el trabajo futuro a realizar, el cual permitirá la presentación de una propuesta formal ante los operadores telefónicos, a fin de contribuir en el mejoramiento de las redes 4G.

T
w
o major challenges for evolving
LTE
(Long Term Evolution)
networks
are to
achieve enhanced
system capacity
and cell coverage
compared with WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access)
system
.
Effectiv
e utilization of radio
resources as well as dense spectrum reuse are
at the core
to attain
these targets.
However, dense frequency
reuse may increase inter
-
cell interference, which in turn
severely limits the capacity of
users
in the system
. Inter
-
cell interference can
re
strict
overall system
performance in terms of throughput and spe
ctral efficiency, especially for the users located at the cell
edge area.
Hence,
careful management of inter
-
cell
interference
s becomes crucial
to improve LTE
system performance.
In this paper,
interference
mitigation
schemes
for LTE downlink networks are
investigated.

Abstrak-Solusi untuk menanggulangi keterbatasan frekuensi dalam penerapan teknologi 5G adalah dengan menggunakan frekuensi pada domain tinggi yang disebut dengan Milimeter Wave (mmWave). Penelitian ini membahas alokasi pemilihn frekuensi mmWave dengan metode empirical models untuk model propagasi indoor. Penggunaan frekuensi mmWave disimulasikan pada model indoor office environment. Dari hasil simulasi dengan penempatan Indoor Hotspot (InH) pada setiap ruangan dengan ukuran dinding beton 5x5 meter, akan lebih efektif jika menggunakan frekuensi di domain 60 GHz, dibandingkan dengan frekuensi 38 GHz, 28 GHz, dan 5 GHz maupun frekuensi unlicensed 2,4 GHz. Rata-rata SIR yang paling bagus untuk frekuensi mmWave di 60 GHz, yaitu sebesar 33,97 dB dan rata-rata received signals adalah-73,87 dBm. Dari hasil simulasi dapat disimpulkan bahwa perangkat InH menggunakan frekuensi rendah, kurang cocok diterapkan di dalam ruangan. Misalnya pada penggunaan frekuensi unlicensed 2,4 GHz dan mmWave 5 GHz, perangkat pada sisi receiver hanya mendapatkan rata-rata SIR masing-masing sekitar 5 dB. Abstract-Milimeter Wave (mmWave) is a solution to overcome of frequency limitations in 5G technology implementations using high frequency carrier domain. This research discusses about mmWave frequency selection for 5G technology using empirical methods for indoor propagation model. Several mmWave frequencies are simulated on indoor office environment. Based on simulation with Indoor Hotspot (InH) placed in each room 5x5 meter size, it will be more effective using 60GHz, compared to 38GHz, 28GHz, and 5GHz and also unlicenced 2,4. The average SIR will be better at mmWave frequencies in the 60GHz with 33,97 dB and the average received signal is-73,87 dBm. Overall, it can also be concluded that the InH devices with low frequency is not suitable applied in indoor area. For example using unlicenced 2,4GHz and 5GHz, receiver only gets average SIR with approximately 5dB respectively.

Due to the growth of user demands and the limitation of third generation (3G) mobile communication system, the need of fourth generation (4G) is expected. Due to the lot of features in 4G, it is better than 3G networks, some features of 4G like high speed internet, fastest data transfer, user can access internet anytime from anywhere. It does basically include the terminal ability that is different types of wireless services at anytime and anywhere. The fourth generation (4G) network will be a heterogeneous network. Here we also work on obtaining the best handoff which includes vertical handoff and horizontal handoff.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) network deploys Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technology for downlink multi-carrier transmission. To meet the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for  LTE networks, packet scheduling has been employed. Packet scheduling determines when and how the user’s packets are transmitted to the receiver. Therefore effective design of packet scheduling algorithm is an important discussion. The aims of packet scheduling are maximizing system throughput, guaranteeing  fairness among users, and minimizing either or both Packet Loss Ratio (PLR)and packet delay. Inthis paper, the performance of two packet scheduling algorithms namely Log Maximum-Largest Weighted Delay First (LOG-MLWDF) and Max Delay Unit (MDU), developed for OFDM(Orthogonal Frequency Division  Multiplexing)networks, has been investigated in LTE downlink networks, and a comparison of those algorithms with a well-known scheduling algorithm namely Maximum-Largest Weighted Delay First(MLWDF) has been studied.The performance evaluation was in terms of system throughput, PLR and  fairness index. This study was performed for both real time (voice and video streaming)and non-real time (best effort)perspectives. Results show that for streaming flows,LOG-MLWDF shows best PLR  performance among the considered scheduling schemes, and for best effort flows, it outperforms the other two algorithms in terms of packet delay and throughput.

Today was a lot of technology with a range of innovative services developed to meet human needs so that Reviews These technologies can provide for human benefit when used either individually or in groups. One of the development of the technology is at its highest is a mobile a data communications technology that Allows users to access the Internet using a variety of access different media options. From a wide selection of media internet access, mobile data
communications on the network selulerlah most used Instant confirmation it is due to the development of
mobile data communications in the mobile network has covered the communication technology
of the network, handset, and content that now supports high-speed data access on the fourth
generation 4G.

Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.

The on ramp of users posing challenges to operators serving network edge and data centers. In this series of articles, author will explain how open networking helps reduce cost per bit allowing operators to improve and endow differentiated service. This article series will explore the constraints of network transformation and how open networking making it relatively easier to deploy "webscale network" with significantly lower TCO.

An interference tolerant OFDMA scheme is proposed for multiuser wireless communications with specific application in femto cells. An interleaved set of subcarriers is dedicated to each user to provide with a high order of frequency diversity. A reduced complexity digital implementation of the technique is proposed and discussed for the interleaved sub-carrier arrangement. Both inter-symbol interference and other-user interference are mitigated using a proper cyclic extension, provided that the relative propagation delays of the users are an integer multiple of a symbol period. The effect of other-user interference due to non-integer propagation delays is investigated using computer simulations. The bit error rate performance and signal to interference ratio are presented for a few example systems over both an Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. The amount of other-user interference is shown to be reduced as the number of sub-carriers per user is increased. The effect of design parameters on the interference level is discussed.

5G is receiving lots of media attention at the moment however what is it, or maybe a more appropriate question at this stage is what is it likely to be? This talk will review the state of the art in mobile broadband multi-media communications, namely 4G LTE-Advanced, to explain how mobile networks are evolving to meet growing demands for capacity, coverage and performance. The talk goes on to review the latest thinking about 5G; the future of mobile communications, topics such as ultra-dense networks, ultra-reliable networks and ultra-low latency networks will be discussed. Watch the video at: https://tv.theiet.org/?videoid=7664

http://www.researchmoz.us/voice-over-lte-volte-in-north-america-market-forecast-2013-2018-report.html

Fourth generation (4G) data services are in the deployment stage, but is will be a few years until there is ubiquitous LTE coverage.  Meanwhile, there are competitive threats emerging against incumbent carriers' core voice services.  This is coming at a time when all bearer services (voice and data) are becoming marginalized due to market expectations, economic conditions, and a coming supply side expansion in terms of network capacity.This research assesses the market drivers and outlook for VoLTE as well as carrier opportunities and challenges.  The report forecasts VoLTE growth for the North American region.  The report includes conclusions and recommendations for network operators.