5G

In 2020, mobile access networks will experience significant challenges as compared to the situation of today. Traffic volumes are expected to increase 1000 times, and the number of connected devices will be 10-100 times higher than today in a networked society with unconstrained access to information and sharing of data available anywhere and anytime to anyone and anything. One of the big challenges is to provide this 1000-fold capacity increase to billions of devices in an affordable and sustainable way. Low energy consumption is the key to achieve this. This paper takes as starting point the situation of today, and tries to pinpoint important focus areas and potential solutions when designing an energy efficient 5G mobile network architecture. These include system architecture, where a logical separation of data and control planes is seen as a promising solution; network deployment, where (heterogeneous) ultra dense layouts will have a positive effect; radio transmission, where the introduction of massive antenna configurations is identified as an important enabler; and, finally, backhauling solutions that need to be more energy efficient than today.

The millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band is seen as a key enabler of multi-gigabit wireless access in future cellular networks. In order to overcome the propagation challenges, mmWave systems use a large number of antenna elements both at the base station and at the user equipment, which lead to high directivity gains, fully-directional communications, and possible noise-limited operations. The fundamental differences between mmWave networks and traditional ones challenge the classical design constraints, objectives, and available degrees of freedom. This paper addresses the implications that highly directional communication has on the design of an efficient medium access control (MAC) layer. The paper discusses key MAC layer issues, such as synchronization, random access, handover, channelization, interference management, scheduling, and association. The paper provides an integrated view on MAC layer issues for cellular networks, identifies new challenges and tradeoffs, and provides novel insights and solution approaches.

The recent increase in variety for wireless smart
devices and its corresponding applications can be directly related
to the increase in data traffic today. This level of generated traffic
is of growing concern to network operators who struggle to
provide network resources to users of such saturated networks.
In this paper, we consider a social community of devices
supported by a 5G-based Fog Radio Access Network (F-RAN)
architecture. Within each community, we see that users are only
inclined to share network resources with those of similar social
orientation rather than the entire network. Thus, we consider an
energy efficient user association problem for social community
aware networks in 5G. The problem is then analysed and solved
as a Linear Programming (LP) problem, which maximizes the
energy efficiency of the network under pre-determined Quality
of Service (QoS) constraints, giving priority to users with higher
social strength. The simulation results show that the proposed
algorithm obtains better energy efficiency when compared with
other baseline user association schemes.

Increased density of wireless devices, ever growing demands for extremely high data rate, and spectrum scarcity at microwave bands make the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies an important player in future wireless networks. However, mmWave communication systems exhibit severe attenuation, blockage, deafness, and may need microwave networks for coordination and fall-back support. To compensate for high attenuation, mmWave systems exploit highly directional operation, which in turn substantially reduces the interference footprint. The significant differences between mmWave networks and legacy communication technologies challenge the classical design approaches, especially at the medium access control (MAC) layer, which has received comparatively less attention than PHY and propagation issues in the literature so far. In this paper, the MAC layer design aspects of short range mmWave networks are discussed. In particular, we explain why current mmWave standards fail to fully exploit the potential advantages of short range mmWave technology, and argue for the necessity of new collision-aware hybrid resource allocation frameworks with on-demand control messages, the advantages
of a collision notification message, and the potential of multihop communication to provide reliable mmWave connections.

Mobile communication networks alone today consume 0.5% of the global energy supply. Meeting the rapidly increasing demand for more capacity in wireless broadband access will further increase the energy consumption. Operators are now facing both investing in denser and denser networks as well as increased energy cost. Traditional design paradigms, based on assumptions of spectrum shortage and high cost base station sites, have produced current cellular systems based on 3G and 4G (LTE) standards. The latter ones are characterized by very high spectrum efficiency, but low energy efficiency. Deployment has favoured strategies with few, high power bases stations with complex antenna systems. The key method for indoor coverage has so far been to literally "blast signals through walls" - a solution that is neither energy efficient, nor very sound from a radiation perspective. As environmental aspects maybe perceived as important from a societal perspective, the cost remains the short to medium term concern for operators of future mobile broadband systems. What becomes evident now is that the so far mostly neglected energy cost will be a major concern. Future system deployment has to balance infrastructure deployment, spectrum and energy cost components.

Ongoing incremental improvements in electronics and signal processing are bringing down the power consumption in base station. However, these improvements are not enough to match the orders-of-magnitude increase in energy consumption cause by demands for more capacity. It is clear that solutions to this problem have to be found at the architectural level, not just by increasing the efficiency of individual components. In this paper we propose a framework for a total cost analysis and survey some recent, more radical, "clean slate" approaches exploiting combinations of new spectrum opportunities, energy efficient PHY-layers and novel deployment and backhauling strategies that target minimizing overall system cost. The latter involve network deployment tightly tailored to traffic requirements, using low power micro base stations tailored specifically to decrease the power consumption compared to today’s high power macro base stations schemes.

To illustrate our findings, a power consumption model for mobile broadband access networks taking into account backhaul is presented and main trade-offs between infrastructure, energy and spectrum cost are analyzed. We will demonstrate optimal deployment strategies in some simple scenarios where a certain capacity has to be provided in a dense, interference limited scenario.

The recent innovative technologies have dramatically changed the future of humanity. There are many pros & cons of this excessive impact of technology on our lives. The main goal behind the advancement of these technologies was to increase our day to day efficiency. At a larger scale, it aimed on more productivity from the industrial zones, alleviation of poverty and improve life index of people. This era of smart society, which is a result of investing huge amount of resources on IT Infrastructure of Smart Cities to automate life of its citizens with a quest for perfection has raised the bars for competence level required in all walks of life. The students of Smart Societies of the future will be seeking state of the art knowledge platforms and teaching aids that would be interactive and effective for attaining knowledge. On the other hand, the teachers of this smart era would have to enhance their knowledge, teaching skills and expertise as per the demands and needs of these stude...

5G Technology stands for fifth Generation Mobile technology. From generation 1G to 2.5G and from 3G to 5G
this world of telecommunication has seen a number of improvements along with improved performance with every passing
day. This fast revolution in mobile computing changes our day to day life that is way we work, interact, learn etc. This paper
also focuses on all preceding generations of mobile communication along with fifth generation technology. Fifth
generation network provide affordable broadband wireless connectivity (very high speed). The paper throws light on
network architecture of fifth generation technology. Currently 5G term is not officially used. In fifth generation
researches are being made on development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless Networks
(DAWN) and Real Wireless World. Fifth generation focus on (Voice Over IP) VOIP-enabled devices that user will
experience a high level of call volume and data transmission. Fifth generation technology will fulfill all the requirements
of customers who always want advanced features in cellular phones. The main features in 5G mobile network is that user
can simultaneously connect to the multiple wireless technologies and can switch between them. This forthcoming mobile
technology will support IPv6 and flat IP. Fifth generation technology will offer the services like Documentation, supporting
electronic transactions (e-Payments, e-transactions) etc.

ABTRACT One of vital parts of the mobile wireless channel is channel estimation significantly improve the performance of the system, especially for 4G LTE and 5G systems. The main goal of this project is to test the time-variant channel estimation using F-OFDM model. It investigates the Mean Square Error (MSE), the Least Squares (LS) method and compares performance of OFDM and F-OFDM using BER vs SNR.

Abstract: Mobile communication system providing the way to which people communicate, sharing messages and data to each other. These facilities are provided to the user within a very short time period with the latest technologies. The technologies of mobile communication is started from first generation (1G) and reached to the fifth generation (5G).First generation start from providing basic services mobile voice, second generation support mobile voice as well as low bit rate data services, 3G started high volume movement of data was possible which will further expanded to high speed technologies and high mobility and then 5G mobile communication system with high bandwidth with wide coverage area. This paper provides a comparison overview of all mobile communication generation from 1G to 5G.
Keywords:  1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, Mobile communication
Title: A Comparative study of mobile wireless communication network: 1G to 5G
Author: Bharti kalra, Dr. D.K. Chauhan
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology Research
ISSN 2348-120X (online), ISSN 2348-1196 (print)
Research Publish Journals

Over the years, wireless communication has been
recognized as one of the most dynamic and fastest growing
segments of the global tele-communication industry. But
requirement of human being augment everyday. The
convergence of the existing technology in to a single
platform is the next step of modernization. This comparative
study between existing and upcoming wireless technologies
tells about the background and the vision for the next
generation wireless communication. In this paper provides
development, review of history, characteristics and status of
wireless communication technology. The 5G Technology is
stands for the 5th generation mobile wireless technology.5th
generations denotes the next major phase of mobile
telecommunication standards beyond the upcoming 4G or
3G standards. In this paper we mainly focuses on the various
mobile generations of wireless technologies (from 1G to
5G) and presents an overview of 5G mobile technology
trends in the wireless technology market, In the 5G
researches are being made on the development of World
Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic Adhoc Wireless
Networks (DAWN) and Real Wireless World, The
implementation of 4th generation /5th generation will most
probably be the ultimate goal in the field of
telecommunication. The 4G mobile technology will be
complete concluded within two years and 5G technology is
not standardizing yet, probably the 5G standard will define
in three to four years, and its deployment will start around
2020.

The main objective of this paper is a detailed and comprehensive study about the evolution of the various mobile generation technologies in the wireless communication. The paper deals with evolution of mobile generation which helped in developing 5G technology of mobile and communication. This paper also discussed about the countries which are using and testing 5G technology, as well as the companies which have undertaken the development of 5G. The 5G technologies include all types of advanced features which make 5G technology most dominant technology. This paper overview of key enabling technologies which could be used in future 5G wireless systems. Some of these are Massive MIMO, Device-to-Device (D2D) communications, and Millimeter wave communications.

The paper presents detail study of multiple inputs and multiple output antennas for 5G applications. Multiple antennas are applied at transmitter and receiver, which improve the performance of communication system. The performance of MIMO system depends on the correlation between multiple path signal propagating signals, high isolation improve capacity of communication system. The aim of this paper is to present tutorial of recent developments in antenna design.

Covers the state of the art of the technology and standards for reconfigurable radio systems, from self organizing networks and cognitive radio, through to reconfigurable architectures for networks and terminals

This timely book provides a standards-based view of the development, evolution, techniques and potential future scenarios for the deployment of reconfigurable radio systems.

After an introduction to radiomobile and radio systems deployed in the access network, the book describes cognitive radio concepts and capabilities, which are the basis for reconfigurable radio systems.  The self-organizing network features introduced in 3GPP standards are discussed and  before IEEE 802.22, the first standard based on cognitive radio, is described. Then the ETSI reconfigurable radio systems functional architecture and the IEEE 1900.4 standard for reconfigurable radio are examined. Finally, the author presents new scenarios and future visions that reconfigurable radio systems may bring.

Key features:-
•Examines the current standards based on cognitive and reconfigurable radio, and analyses future scenarios
•Includes a general overview of radiomobile (i.e. GSM, UMTS, HSPA, LTE) and wireless (i.e. WLAN, WPAN, WiMAX) network architectures
•Features an accompanying website features links and white papers

There have been active research activities worldwide in developing the next-generation 5G wireless network.
The 5G network is expected to support significantly large amount of mobile data traffic and huge number of wireless connections, achieve better cost- and energy-efficiency as well as quality of service (QoS) in terms of communication delay, reliability and security. To this end, the 5G wireless network should exploit potential gains in different network dimensions
including super dense and heterogeneous deployment of cells and massive antenna arrays (i.e., massive
multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technologies) and utilization of higher frequencies, in particular millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies. This article discusses potentials and challenges of the 5G heterogeneous wireless network (HetNet)
which incorporates massive MIMO and mmWave technologies. We will first provide the typical requirements of the 5G wireless network.
Then, the significance of massive MIMO and mmWave in engineering the future 5G HetNet is discussed in detail. Potential challenges associated with the design of such 5G HetNet are discussed. Finally, we provide some case studies, which illustrate the potential benefits of the considered technologies.

This paper presents a dual band antenna design for the application of 5G based on multiple inputs and multiple outputs communication technology. The antenna design achieved good simulation result like return loss, mutual coupling and isolation between antenna elements, high gain and high radiation efficiency in desired dual frequency bands i.e. 3.3.-3.6 GHz and 5.1-5.925 GHz. The antenna cover most of frequency band of 3.3-3.8 GHz and 5.1-5.925 GHz, these bands are important and have potential to provide many applications for 5G. The structure of antenna design is planner and can be ef iciently embedded with devices of small size like mobile phone

This paper provides a link and system level study of the downlink using OFDMA techniques based on
LTE systems. At the link level, the Block Error Rate (BLER) performance curves are generated and 10 %
points of BLER curves, calculated under SISO AWGN channel, are considered as reference to generate
the SNR-to-CQI mapping. These mapping results are used in system level simulator (SLS) via MIESM
link to system interface. Then the UE throughput is evaluated by considering proportional fair (PF), round
robin (RR), and best CQI schedulers at different values of UE throughput CDF. In this paper we analyze
that the PF scheduler outperforms other schedulers in fairness and average throughput, while the best
CQI scheduler performs good under high SINR region. The RR is the best choice when resource
allocation is to be done without considering any kind of channel condition.

4G is occurring today, but as a customer and equipment will rise step by step, then there will be a lot of activity in the 4th Generation range throughout the future. In fact, there is a requirement for new technique at that moment, which is 5G.Wireless technology of the 5th revolution, provides us with variable rate and much more performance. It might bring huge enhancements to the term of wireless communication. The requirement for 5 G techniques is growing step by step with no challenges such as plenty of subscribers, full speed, and the intricacy of the recipient, respectively. 5G means the wireless technique of the fifth generation. It is the modern wireless technique that has three key characteristics: higher speed, less delay, and the capability to link many more types of equipment. New communications developments, such as improvements in wireless connectivity and bandwidth, are set to be further improved by the 5th generation of wireless connectivity. Five generations of wireless networks are going to be simpler, easier to reach, and secure. The paper gives a comprehensive overview of the 5G technology, its revolution and the features which makes it an advanced technology.

This paper presents a dual band antenna design for the application of 5G based on multiple inputs and multiple outputs communication technology. The antenna design achieved good simulation result like return loss, mutual coupling and isolation between antenna elements, high gain and high radiation efficiency in desired dual frequency bands i.e. 3.3.-3.6 GHz and 5.1-5.925 GHz. The antenna cover most of frequency band of 3.3-3.8 GHz and 5.1-5.925 GHz, these bands are important and have potential to provide many applications for 5G. The structure of antenna design is planner and can be efficiently embedded with devices of small size like mobile phone.

This paper presents the design and implementation of RISC
processor having five stages pipelined architecture. Functional
unit parallelism is exploited through the implementation of
pipelining in five stages of RISC processor. The hazards which
come to life due to parallelism are data, structural, and control
hazards .In order to achieve the true benefits of the parallelism
through pipelining; these hazards must be properly handled. The data hazards are solved using bypassing in which we forward the required value of the operand to the succeeding instruction. Structural hazards are solved by implementing three port register file so that two operand reading and one register writing can be performed in parallel without degrading the performance. Control hazards arise from Branch, Jump and Call instructions. To solve these problems, we insert automated NOP in stage2, stage3 and stage4. The processor designed is a fully functional processor which can execute any program including jump statements, switch statements, loops and subroutines which are the basic ingredients of any computer program.

Services are increasingly provided by cloud computing
systems. Such services are often accessed while on the
move. If the distance between the user and the service is getting large, quality-of-experience, in particular for interactive services, deteriorates. To counter this, the provisioning location of the service should be as close to the user as possible. This paper describes the concept of follow-me cloud, according to which services are migrating in unison with the user’s movements. The key components required for such integrated user mobility/service mobility management are introduced and mappings to an OpenFlow-based implementation are described

Whilst Machine Type Communication (MTC) represents an
important business opportunity for mobile operators, mobile operators fear the congestion that could come with the deployment of billions/trillions of MTC devices. In this paper, we present a new mechanism that anticipates system overload due to MTC signaling messages in 3GPP networks. This mechanism proactively avoids system congestion by compacting the signaling message content for a group of MTC devices sharing redundant Information Elements (IE) by creating a profile ID for this group. Furthermore, along with this solution, we propose a dynamic grouping solution, which groups MTC devices with common subscription features in
order to control the MTC signaling traffic when the network is overloaded. Simulation results show that compared to the Access Class Baring (ACB) mechanism, introduced by 3GPP, our proposed solution can avoid system overload without dropping MTC signaling messages, which is highly
beneficial for MTC applications requiring service reliability.

Machine-type-Communication (MTC) is seen as a major service in next generation cellular mobile networks. However, the forecasted very large number of MTC devices may overload the RAN (Radio Access Network) part of the network,
which may impact Non-MTC communications. Group paging is considered as one of the most efficient mechanisms proposed to alleviate the problem of the RAN overload. In this paper, we introduce a new solution to improve the  performance of the current group paging method and overcome its disadvantages. The proposed solution is intended for MTC devices in the RRC CONNECTED OUT OF SYNC state, in which MTC devices have an RRC context without being synchronized with the network. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed solution highly improves the performance of existing group paging mechanisms.

Delay/disruption tolerant networking (DTN)
technology offers a new solution to highly stressed
communications in space environments, especially those with long
link delay and frequent link disruptions in deep space missions.
To date, little work has been done in evaluating the effectiveness
of the available DTN protocols when they are applied to an
interplanetary Internet. In this paper, we present an experimental
evaluation of the Bundle Protocol (BP) running over various
“convergence layer” protocols in a simulated cislunar
communications environment characterized by varying degrees of
signal propagation delay and data loss. We focus on the Licklider
Transmission Protocol (LTP) convergence layer adapter running
on top of UDP/IP (i.e., BP/LTPCL/UDP/IP). The performance of
BP/LTPCL/UDP/IP in realistic file transfers over a PC-based
testbed is compared with that of two other DTN protocol stacks,
BP/TCPCL/TCP/IP and BP/UDPCL/UDP/IP. The experiment
results show that LTPCL has a significant performance
advantage over TCPCL for link delays longer than 4 sec when bit
error rate (BER) is 10-6 or lower. For a lossy channel with a BER
of around 10-5, LTPCL has a significant goodput advantage over
TCPCL at all the link delay levels studied, with an advantage of
around 3000 bytes/s for delays longer than 1.5 sec.

One of the famous and drastically growing ad-hoc networks is Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network. Due to continuously increasing populations, the number of Vehicles and communication among vehicle users is also growing. The direction, number of vehicles, number of the user traveling, and the connected network is uncertain, causing congestion, collision, accident, and traffic jams. For avoiding such kind of issues and problems in the vehicle Adhoc network, it is essential to improve the overall performance of IEEE802.11p by eliminating collision rate and data loss for VANET. Because of dynamically increasing vehicle network user's intensity of channel allocation provides collision and degrades IEEE 802.11p standard performance. It also increases the delay, collision, and data loss during data transmission. 5G communication technology can improve the performance of a large number of vehicle users. Thus, this paper presents various clustering algorithms of 5G technology to understand the best clustering algorithm for 5G technology for V2V communication. The paper's main objective is to enable the best method for improving the VANET performance using cluster management of 5G technology. The clustering method can avoid contention collision, where it can be a better method for diminishing the contention among vehicle users. The clustering method is used to manage the heterogeneous network user and device communication. This paper presents various communication scenarios with respective issues and challenges. The detailed discussion helps to understand how the different clustering algorithms perform well for 5G network communication.

This paper considers the power-efficient resource allocation problem in a cloud radio access network (C-RAN). The C-RAN architecture consists of a set of base-band units (BBUs) which are connected to a set of radio remote heads (RRHs) equipped with massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO), via fronthaul links with limited capacity. We formulate the power-efficient optimization problem in C-RANs as a joint resource allocation problem in order to jointly allocate the RRH and transmit power to each user, and fronthaul link and BBU assign to active RRHs while satisfying the minimum required rate of each user. To solve this non-convex optimization problem we suggest iterative algorithm with two-step based on the complementary geometric programming (CGP) and the successive convex approximation (SCA). The simulation results indicate that our proposed scheme can significantly reduce the total transmission power by switching off the under-utilized RRHs.