EIA

The environmental impact of the tanning industry is generally significant with outputs of wastes, i.e. high concentrations of organics, salts and heavy metals (chromium compounds), both in solid and liquid form, as a result. In order to bring the tanning industry more in line with present environmental thinking, various methods have been devised to reduce impacts. The underlying study proposes a modification of the method for unhairing-liming of hides where the unhairing-liming liquids are reused several times after being recharged by reduced quantities of chemicals. The study, therefore, aims at reducing both the economic and environmental costs of the unhairing-liming process. Experiments were carried out at lab scale with a simulation apparatus designed for the purpose. Life cycle assessment was used to evaluate the net environmental benefits of the modified method. The present value approach was used to evaluate the economic feasibility of the modified method. The quality of the...

Research on the redundancy of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
process of steel industry located in industrial estate in accordance with relevant laws
is to study possible process approaches for the preparation of the EIA report of the
steel industry located in industrial estate. Using mixed method of qualitative research
and quantitative research by in-depth interviews, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis, as well as focus group. The results show redundancy between laws of 3 Acts,
6 issues, namely, effluent management, industrial waste management, air quality
management, water pollution supervisor, EIA process and compliance measure
report. The possible process for preparing EIA report are proposed into 2 approaches
for entrepreneurial choices by both approaches must prepare a document or
Memorandum of understanding (MOU). The process of the environmental impact
assessment for steel industry located in industrial estate should focus on significant
environmental impact (called Environmental Significant Statement: ESS) which meets
the criteria and requirements from the EIA report of the industrial estate.

The Long Term Evolution of UMTS is one of the latest steps in an advancing series of mobile telecommunications systems. Many articles have already been published on the LTE subject but these publications have viewed the subject from particular perspectives. In the present paper, a different approach has been taken. We are interested in the security features and the cryptographic

This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies.

Since August 2017, a renewed wave of the Rohingya diaspora began, with thousands arriving at southern Bangladeshi camps every day (Safi, 2017). The rapid influx of refugees arriving through marine and border crossings has inundated campsites and strained already scarce resources. This report will identify the environmental and socio-economic impacts of the Rohingya refugee crisis in the Kutupalong- and Balukhari camps, including the makeshift and expansion areas.

"This book is a ‘must read’ for policy makers, engineers, scientists, contractors, independent thinkers and even investors who should be sensitive to India’s environment. The passionate plea at the end of the book for scrapping this notification and reinstating the 1994 notification minus its deficiencies does not seem to have been heard so far amidst the din and noise of the need for growth and investment, but a heavy price will be paid by future generations of Indians if such cautionary signals emanating from publications such as this are ignored." - R. Rajamani, former Environment Secretary of India.

Phronetic organizational research is an approach to the study of management and organizations focusing on ethics and power. It is based on a contemporary interpretation of the Aristotelian concept phronesis, usually as ‘prudence’. Phronesis is the ability to think and act in relation to values, to deliberate about ‘things that are good or bad for humans’ in the words of Aristotle (1976:1140a24–b12). Phronetic organizational research effectively provides answers to the following four value-rational questions, for specific problematics in management and organization studies: 1. Where are we going with this specific management problematic? 2. Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? 3. Is this development desirable? 4. What, if anything, should we do about it?

The Aalborg Project may be interpreted as a metaphor of modern politics, modern administration and planning, and of modernity itself. The basic idea of the project was comprehensive, coherent, and innovative, and it was based on rational and democratic argument. During implementation, however, when idea met reality, the play of Machiavellian princes, Nietzschean will to power, and Foucauldian rationality-as-rationalization resulted in the fragmentation of the project.

At the same time that case studies are widely used and have produced canonical texts, it may be observed that the case study as a methodology is generally held in low regard, or is simply ignored, within the academy. For example, only 2 of the 30 top-ranked U.S. graduate programs in political science require a dedicated graduate course in case study or qualitative methods, and a full third of these programs do not even offer such a course. In contrast, all of the top 30 programs offer courses in quantitative methods and almost all of them require training in such methods, often several courses. In identifying this paradox of the case study’s wide use and low regard, Gerring rightly remarks that the case study survives in a “curious methodological limbo,” and that the reason is that the method is poorly understood. In what follows, we will try to resolve Gerring’s paradox and help case study research gain wider use and acceptance.

“Environmental justice” refers mainly to unequal environmental impacts
on human groups based on differences such as race, ethnicity, and income. Definitions of both the “environmental” and the “justice” portions of the term are varied and continually evolving. Amazonian dams clearly fall within any definition of the concept. These dams particularly affect those who live along and depend upon Amazonian rivers, in other words, traditional residents such as indigenous peoples and ribeirinhos (traditional riverside dwellers). Benefits of the dams accrue to urban consumers and especially to industries. The export of electricity in the form of electro-intensive commodities such as aluminum illustrates inequality on an international scale, with Amazonia and its people paying the environmental price for consumption and industrial employment in countries that would themselves no longer accept the impacts of the kind unleashed by these dams.

In this paper we argue that the use of the communicative theory of Jürgen Habermas in planning theory is problematic because it hampers an understanding of how power shapes planning. We posit an alternative approach based on the power analytics of Michel Foucault which focuses on ‘what is actually done’, as opposed to Habermas’s focus on ‘what should be done’. We discuss how the Foucauldian stance problematises planning, asking difficult questions about the treatment of legitimacy, rationality, knowledge and spatiality. We conclude that Foucault offers a type of analytic planning theory which offers better prospects than does Habermas for those interested in understanding and bringing about democratic social change through planning.

Agriculture being a key element of the national economy is challenged by variety of problems in development planning. Among these the major ones are climatic changes, topographic constraints, population pressure, ecological degradation & low level of technological advancement, so it needs good potentials of agricultural development. One of the mitigation to reduce challenges of this development is Irrigation practices Looking at this Gondoro SSIP area, it is with trace amount of rainfall over the year, this does have direct impact on human & cattle population, so it has to be supported by irrigation. Residents of the area develop Teff, Maize & sorghum though the available rain is not promising to harvest yield that even can feed few months. There is no promising grazing area for the cattle of the area too. Irrigation from its very nature has the capacity to solve animal feeds. The proposed project of Gondoro diversion weir irrigation is predicted to bring both beneficial and adverse impacts on physical, biological and socio-cultural environment. Although the implementation of Gondoro diversion weir irrigation project has many benefits, obviously it will also bring a number of adverse impacts to the physical, biological and socio-cultural environment. EIA certainly has a crucial role to play in addressing environmental issues surrounding project development and especially irrigation projects. The integration of environment into development planning is the most important tool in achieving sustainable development. Environmental protection and economic development must thus be dealt with in an integrated manner. EIA process is necessary in providing an anticipatory and preventive mechanism for environmental management and protection in any development. Several developing countries are still at the infancy stage of operation alization of their EIA processes. The need for capacity building for quality EIA is also eminent in these countries. Despite these small setbacks, environmental impact assessment has become an integral part of project planning one, which is continually being improved for posterity Generally, the potential positive and negative impacts as well as the environmental mitigation measures of the irrigation project depend on: (a) nature and types of the proposed irrigation project,(b) environmental baseline condition of the project area i.e. the physical, biological and socio-cultural environment,(c)environmental health condition of the project area,(d) the technological option adopted,(e) the legal, institutional and policy framework ,and (f) the environmental condition of the downstream. Major positive and negative impacts of this project during construction and operation phases as well as possible mitigation measures are briefly included in this study. After assessing the environmental impact, the project is found to be environmentally non degradable, technically appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable.

Futures thinking is used by governments to consider long-term strategic approaches and develop policies and practices that are potentially resilient to future uncertainty. English in Action (EIA), arguably the world’s largest English language teacher professional development (TPD) project, used futures thinking to author possible, probable and preferable future scenarios to solve the project’s greatest technological challenge: how to deliver audio-visual TPD materials and hundreds of classroom audio resources to 75,000 teachers by 2017. Authoring future scenarios and engaging in possibility thinking (PT) provided us with a taxonomy of question-posing and question-responding that assisted the project team in being creative. This process informed the successful pilot testing of a mobile phone-based technology kit to deliver TPD resources within an open distance learning (ODL) platform. Taking the risk and having the foresight to trial mobile phones in remote rural areas with teachers and students led to unforeseen innovation. As a result EIA is currently using a mobile phone-based technology kit with 12,500 teachers to improve the English language proficiency of 700,000 students. As the project scales up in its third and final phase, we are using the new technology kit—known as the ‘trainer in your pocket’—to foster a ‘quiet revolution’ in the provision of teacher professional development at scale to an additional
67,500 teachers and 10 million students.

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an important legislative and scientific tool that may assist and improve the quality assistance for the decision-making process in sustainable development. Here, a comparison of EIAs from three cases of hydropower projects in Pakistan, Norway and Sweden is reported. A huge difference concerning the incorporation of environmental considerations into the decisionmaking process between developed and developing countries is observed. The EIA system of Pakistan appears to be less efficient in the application and review process. In addition, the appraisal of issues, the decision-making process and evaluation through post-monitoring is not as well performed in Pakistan as in cases of hydroelectric power plants in Sweden and Norway. The key reason for this shortcoming is misconceptions about the EIA process, which initially receives intense attention but becomes weakened by the time of implementation. This implies that there is a need to adopt simplified and flexible EIA techniques suitable for the infrastructure and resources of a specific country, taking into account institutional, technical and financial constraints. Improvements are required in public participation, awareness, as well as in environmental control and data system sectors in Pakistan, besides simply enacting legislation to achieve the goals of the EIA system.

This article presents the theoretical and methodological considerations behind a research method which the author calls ‘phronetic planning research’. Such research sets out to answer four questions of power and values for specific instances of planning: (1) Where are we going with planning? (2) Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? (3) Is this development desirable? (4) What, if anything, should we do about it? A central task of phronetic planning research is to provide concrete examples and detailed narratives of the ways in which power and values work in planning and with what consequences to whom, and to suggest how relations of power and values could be changed to work with other consequences. Insofar as planning situations become clear, they are clarified by detailed stories of who is doing what to whom. Clarifications of that kind are a principal concern for phronetic planning research and provide the main link to praxis.

Back cover text: If the new fin de siècle marks a recurrence of the real, Bent Flyvbjerg’s Rationality and Power epitomizes that development and sets new standards for social and political inquiry. The Danish town of Aalborg is to Flyvbjerg what Florence was to Machiavelli: a laboratory for understanding the real workings of power, and for grasping what they mean to our more general concerns of social and political organization. Politics, administration, and planning are examined in ways that allow  a rare, in-depth understanding. The reader witnesses, firsthand, the classic and endless drama which defines what modernity and democracy are and can be.

Since the first system of environmental impact assessment (EIA) was established in the USA in the 1970, EIA systems have been set up worldwide and become a powerful environmental safeguard in the project planning process. Today, more than 55 countries have established formal EIA systems and some reports claim that over 100 countries have instituted some EIA measures.

A B S T R A C T Academics across disciplines are increasingly employing political ecology lenses to unpack conflicts related to resource extraction. Yet, an area that remains under-researched and under-theorised is how environmental impact assessments (EIAs) are embedded in politics and imagined as sites of power relations. Drawing on long-term fieldwork in Zimbabwe engaging small-scale gold miners, EIA consultants and government officials, this article examines the changing social significance of EIAs during and after a nationwide police operation that was framed by authorities as targeting non-compliance with environmental policy, illegal mining and illicit trading. Among other articulations of dissent, small-scale miners associations protested that EIA enforcement rhetoric served unjustly as a rationale for halting livelihoods and extracting rent from miners in times of economic difficulty. The article challenges EIA narratives that focus narrowly on risk management or governance failure, exploring technocratic obfuscations and how enforcement rhetoric was perceived in relation to criminalisation and coercion, expert environmental consultancy cultures and adapted legacies of colonial practice in contemporary dynamics of rule. Heavy-handed policing under the banner of enforcing order impinged on livelihoods and had counterproductive effects in addressing environmental problems, while complying with expensive EIA report-producing requirements was far beyond the means of most small-scale miners. The article rethinks how technical EIA rhetoric becomes entangled in spaces of contentious politics, the perils of looking only at particular scales of relations to the exclusion of others, and what it means to re-engage Donald Moore's notion of " shifting alignments and contingent constellations of power. " Suggesting future directions in political ecology theorising in relation to extractive sectors, it calls for careful attention to the situated politics of EIAs – situated in time and space, amid varying relations of power – and how multiple hegemonic practices are con-ceptualised and challenged.

This article provides an answer to what has been called the biggest problem in theorizing and understanding planning: the ambivalence about power found among planning researchers, theorists, and students. The author narrates how he came to work with issues of power and gives an example of how the methodology he developed for power studies—phronetic planning research—may be employed in practice. Phronetic planning research follows the tradition of power studies running from Machiavelli and Nietzsche to Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu. It focuses on four value-rational questions: (1) Where are we going with planning? (2) Who gains and who loses, and by which mechanisms of power? (3) Is this development desirable? (4) What should be done? These questions are exemplified for a specific instance of Scandinavian urban planning. The author finds that the questions, and their answers, make a difference to planning in practice. They make planning research matter.

Аспекти на културата в Горнострумския район през ранната желязна епоха

Настоящата работа е базирана върху материали от археологически обхождания, спасителни и сондажни разкопки и случайни находки, съхранявани във фонда на РИМ-Перник. До момента нямаме цялостно и методично проучен археологически обект от ранната желязна епоха. Тези материали могат да ни послужат при картирането на местата, обитавани през ранната желязна епоха и установяването на топографията. В резултат на това според продължителността на обитание, можем да разделим обектите на три групи:
- многослойни обекти, обитавани преди и след това време;
- обекти, възникнали през ранната желязна епоха, чието обитание (обикновено с прекъсване) продължава и през по-късните епохи;
- места, обитавани само през ранната желязна епоха.
Последният тип обекти са редки и животът не е продължил на такива места, поради влошаване на околната среда. Няма известни обекти, чието обитание започва по-рано и приключва през ранната желязна епоха.
Повечето от находките произхождат от райони с продължителен топографски континуитет, но при нито едно проучване не са установени пласт или масивни постройки. Голяма част от керамиката е с лошо качество и изпичане при ниска температура, каквато се поддържа в огнище.
Известните досега обекти са 91, повечето разположени на голяма площ, но без културен пласт. Едно вероятно обяснение може да бъде неуседналият характер на селищата и икономиката на населението.

Niccolò Machiavelli, the founder of modern political and administrative thought, made clear that an understanding of politics requires distinguishing between formal politics and what later, with Ludwig von Rochau, would become known as Realpolitik. No such distinction has been employed in the study of rationality. Yet I will argue that distinguishing between formal rationality and real rationality is as important for the understanding of rationality and planning as the distinction between formal politics and Realpolitik has been for understanding politics.

The purpose of the present chapter is to demonstrate how social scientists may engage with mass media to have their research impact public deliberation, policy and practice. Communicating research to practice is part and parcel of applied phronesis and not something external to it. Even in Aristotle's original definition of phronesis, laid down more than two millennia ago, the knowledge–action relationship is clear. A defining characteristic of phronesis is, in Aristotle's words, that it is ‘reason capable of action’ (The Nicomachean Ethics, 1976: Bk VI, 1140a24–1140b12). Phronetic research results (‘reason’) are therefore results only to the extent they have an impact on practice (‘action’). In public affairs, reason is made capable of action by effectively having reason enter the public sphere and public deliberation. It is reason times exposure in the public sphere that matters, not reason alone. Today, mass media dominate the public sphere in liberal democracies. The relationship of research with media therefore needs to be reflected. However, to my knowledge no study exists that describes in detail this aspect of phronetic research. Even in social science as a whole, studies of how scholars work with mass media to secure public impact of their research seem rare (Bagdikian 2004; McCombs 2004; Bryant and Oliver 2009). This, then, is the purpose of the present chapter: to begin to close this gap in our knowledge of social science and phronesis. Because the field is underexplored, it was found to be prudent to start with a phenomenological case study. The study shows how a group of phronetic social scientists, including the author, engaged with media, including world-leading titles such as The New York Times, in order to place their research results on the public agenda and initiate change in their chosen field of interest: megaproject policy and management.

ABSTRACT

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a decision making process to analyze environmental impacts.This paper is related to EIA of proposed six kilometer road from Kalishuri to Surjomoni Union at Bauphal, Patuakhali that conducting by Local Government and Engineering Department (LGED). The proposed area is so far behind to good communication facilities within the different parts of this region due to absence of road connecting to other area. The significance of the proposed road involves directly to the people of that region in developing their social, economic and environmental condition.The aims of the study are to find out the potential environmental impacts, mitigation measures and to compute the environmental impact value (EIV) of the project.The key findings of this study include environmental positive and negative impacts mainly decreasing plant biodiversity, hydrology and agricultural lands. The study reveals that the EIV is -1 (negative one) in regarding to three environmental factors named ecological, physico-chemical and human interests. The mitigating options of various impacts on the project are environmental friendly technology, conservation of road side plantation, agricultural lands etc.The EIA helps to complete an environment friendly project by providing sound management on environmental impacts and means of preventing or reducing those impacts.

Keywords: Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Environmental Impacts, Mitigation Measures, Environmental Impact Value (EIV), Road Construction.

Taken together, the works of Jurgen Habermas and Michel Foucault highlight an essential tension in modernity. This is the tension between the normative and the real, between what should be done and what is actually done. Understanding this tension is crucial to understanding modern democracy, what it is and what it could be. It has been argued that an effective way of making democracy stronger is to strengthen civil society. This article contains a comparative analysis of the central ideas of Habermas and Foucault as they pertain to the question of democracy and civil society. More specifically, the discourse ethics of Habermas is contrasted with the power analytics and ethics of Foucault evaluating their usefulness for those interested in understanding, and bringing about, democratic social change.

Various environmental issues and concerns of Bangladesh have been addressed here. Pitfalls of development projects, poor enforcement of environmental laws, EIA, biodiversity conservation in the Sundarbans, ship breaking industry, tea workers' plight, diplomatic negotiations on climate change, ozone layer depletion are discussed here.