Automation & COntrol

Margery J. Doyle retains all Intellectual Property and Copyrights © 2014 for any or all of these works.

Overview

Decision under uncertainty, time constraints, and increasing complexity
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Implications
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Uncertainty
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Drivers, types, and some causes
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Decision under uncertainty
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Trust in Automation
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Reliance, reliability, and trust
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Building trust in human-synthetic systems
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Modeling the interaction between WL, SA-SU, DE
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For the agents SA-SU of human performance
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In-turn human trust of agent behavior
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Architectures that include trust factors
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Finite State Machine Induction
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Summary

The stabilization of non-linear systems is an essential system configuration that frequently appears in practical applications. This paper surveys some past and recent developments on the topic of stabilization of such systems by output feedback control. A brief review on different design approaches for output feedback based on Lyapunov theories and control techniques to achieve global and semi global stabilization of certain non-linear systems with uncertainties and unknown growth rates is introduced. Over the last few decades, output feedback controllers have been a major research focus, yielding numerous good findings in different aspects. It is significant to consolidate the latest knowledge and information to keep up with the research needs with this growing research trend. In this paper, theoretical results on the stabilization of non-linear systems by output feedback control are summarized.

A planetary trains for multi-speed is mainly used for automation in industries of automobile. A planetary
gear train is represented by a graph. It is identified by (i) number of vertices and their connectivity (ii) number of edges and their types and values (iii) fundamental circuits, their size and adjancy. Connectivity of individual link is a property characteristic of kinematic chain. It is possible to identify a planetary gear,therefore of using sets of labele (decimal numbers representing connectivity ) of individual link. The
connectivity of vertices , edges values and circuit values, related to design invariants which in turn indicates the possible behavior of the gear train ( for example capacity of power transmission, speed ratio and power carculation). For a specified degree – of – freedom a number of planetary gear kinematic chain (PGKCs) are selected and hence planetary gear trains (PGTs) can be formed with a given number of links
and joints so that designer must be able to select to select the best train from the view point of say velocity ratio and capacity of power transmission, space requirements etc. Synthesis of planetary gear kinematic chain and planetary gear trains has been studied(1-9). Almost all reported work deals with only
identification of distinct chains. Besides providing an atlus of chains, this in itself does not provide any help to designer in the selection of best possible gear train. In the present paper a simple method based of circuit property ( based on link-link shortest path distance and degree of links) is presented to determine the topology values of power transmission efficiency and topology power transmission capacity of five-links PGKCs and their distinct inversions

We would like to invite you to join this exciting new project as a chapter contributor. Since this is a textbook, a great deal of this chapter entails a survey on the topic under the paradigm of cyber-physical systems, what can be done onboard and remotely, the distributed nature of the system and some exercises on futurology (anticipating trends can shed some light on upcoming designs). IET will bring great visibility to your work. You are welcome to suggest another topic/chapter title if you feel it would be more suitable. Each chapter should be around 20-25 pages each and can be submitted as a Word or Latex File. The IET will send you additional information (formatting, permission form, etc.) with the contributor's agreement once you have agreed to contribute to the book. Visit http:// www.theiet.org/resources/author-hub/books/index.cfm to get all information you need as a contributor to an IET research-level book. Each book is expected to have a total number of 500 printed pages (based on approximately 550 words per page with a 20% allowance for figures and tables). We have included a tentative schedule and list of topics below. If this is something you would consider, please send me the title of your chapter, a short description/abstract of the chapter content, and your full contact details. We will expect original content and new results for this book. You can, of course, reuse published material but the percentage of material reuse for the chapter should be less than 40%. The IET will run a piracy software on the full manuscript to control that you are including original material and will reject chapters who contain a large amount of already-published material so please do take this into consideration.

A lawnmower is a machine that uses a revolving blade or blades to cut a lawn grass. Many designs have been made, each suited to a particular purpose. Manual grass cutter has environmental issues regarding pollution's and also require the need of man power to operate and has a great maintenance to its engine. This robot is design to be environment friendly and operated by a rechargeable battery and can be describe as an intelligent robot because the micro-controller receives information from several sensors (PIR, Humidity and Bumper switches) connected to it in avoiding obstacle to ensure a neat pattern of cut and use the information to actuate the left and right motors driving the wheels and the center motor driving blade and at the same time it obeys all parameters of work and its program database. The result obtained from the test and analysis carried out shows that our development of the autonomous lawn mower from locally sourced materials is highly recommended because it is safer to use, environmental friendly, easy to operate, and fully automated.

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A novel anti-sway control system for cranes is proposed. The proposed method is based on theformation of a predetermined sway angle as a piecewise-continuous function, the second derivative of which doesnot experience discontinuity. Its third derivative is a rectangular pulse of certain variable-sign amplitude, whichresults in eliminating the mechanical stress in the crane construction and kinematic gears. A comprehensivemathematical model and an experimental prototype of the crane are developed. Simulation and experimentalresults prove that the proposed anti-sway method enables damping of the oscillations of the suspended load duringits horizontal motion (in two orthogonal coordinates) and hoisting/lowering. The control method is invariant to themechanism/load mass ratio, lift height and hoisting speed.

the present work proposes a project to control the opening and closing of a vehicle's power Windows, using a Raspberry board with a graphical LCD touchscreen interface. The system, besides a manual mode to open and close the windows, incorporates a basic algorithm to read the vehicle's speed thru OBDII protocol (On Board Diagnostics). With the automatic mode engaged, if the vehicle's speed increases, the system opens a little the window, and in a similar way if the vehicle slows down the windows gets lower. For testing it was developed an OBD arduino emulator

The customer facing leg, i.e. the Last Mile (LM), and field executive (FE) for any logistics company play a pivotal role in establishing a brand among its customers. It is imperative to have a robust and closely controlled LM for longevity of a company in the market. In the following paper, we present various sense-&-respond concepts and technologies that can be used to track and, in-turn, enhance the performance of individual LM resources. Sense-&-respond systems can lead to well-defined action plan enabling an efficient LM service, thus improving customer experience, curtailing unnecessary costs and improving safety of all stakeholders. The different modular and customizable solutions conceptualized and evaluated below include multiple IOT technologies, like camera based solutions, BLE beacons, GPS, and recorders, that can be employed to have a multi-point sensing in LM delivery service. We cover aspects, ranging from FE attendance, FE’s disposition, track and trace of FEs in turn shipments, and route optimization, customers’ and FEs’ interaction and a feedback mechanism to allow for continuous improvement of customers’ and FEs’ experience.

Recent technological advancements have made things in an efficient manner. This paper presents the overall design of Dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling with little cost and establishes a new pattern for home automation developments. The benefits of a DTMF system is that it may be controlled remotely from afar, effectively saves energy,
minimizes human stress. One of the most developing trends in home appliance control innovation is DTMF-based home
automation technology using Arduino. In order to make this
project work, an Arduino Uno was used. This is primarily about the ATmega328 microcontroller (MCU). It comprises of 14 digital output/input pins, analogue inputs of about 6 ports, a USB port for programming the onboard microcontroller, an ICSP header, a power jack, and a reset button. DTMF can be realized using numerous approaches for example, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), and Genetic Algorithm (GA). These techniques are generally analyzed using MATLAB, GUI, and FPGAs. DFT procedure has the shortcoming of power overwhelming and necessitates supplementary hardware. The system design in this project work was implemented with C++ programming languages on the Arduino IDE software. The circuit diagrams were modeled using the use of Proteus software.

A vending machine is an, "electronic machine used to dispense a product to a consumer after a certain amount of money has been put into the machine". COVID-19 cases are rising across the country. To prevent the spread of the virus, people have been asked to cover their faces and mouth with masks and use sanitizers. To ensure that people are not running out of either of these safety essentials, vending machines providing the masks and sanitizers have been installed at several places across India. This is an Arduino based vending machine that sales two types of masks from machine. The machine is useful on public places like hospitals, institutions, railway stations, bus stands etc. The machine helps in saving time of a user and it's easy to use. This will ensure zero contact between the buyers and sellers which will reduce the spread of COVID-19.

The bleaching of palm oil using acid activated local bentonite clay, charcoal and periwinkle shell was studied. The raw oil was characterized to determine its properties .Chemical activation of the bleaching agent was done using Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) .the activated samples were used to adsorb color pigment from palm oil. The absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer and the opacity and percentage color reduction were obtained in each case. To study the adsorption capacity of the three bleaching agent, the effect of temperature ,adsorbent dosage and contact time were studied. The bleaching performance increase with temperature, contact time and dosage for the three adsorbent. The activated charcoal produced the best bleaching performance at varying bleaching temperature and contact time while the activated bentonite produced the best bleaching performance at varying dosage concentration. The Experimental data conformed to the Othorder rate equation for the three adsorbent. The rate constant for activated bentonite clay,charcoal and periwinkle shell are:0.01min-1,0.023min-1 and 0.064min-1. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to study the adsorption mechanism. the adsorption data conformed to the Freundlich isotherm for the three different adsorbent. The heat of adsorption of the acid activated bentonite clay was observed to be endothermic and most spontaneous with enthropy of -5.511Jmol-1, while the activated charcoal and Periwinkle shell is Exothermic.

Present day traffic signaling system is fixed time based which may render in efficient If one lane is operational than the others .To optimize this problem we have made a frame work for an intelligent traffic control system
The project is aimed at designing a density based dynamic traffic signal system where the timing of signal will change automatically on sensing the traffic density at any junction.

This  paper presents an automation of packaging
and material handling using a programmable logic controller. The idea is to automate the process of placing the materials inside a box, detecting good and bad items in terms of weight, and sealing using a packaging tape. The purpose of the study is to replace the manual system being used in the industry, compare the time, and manpower requirement for both the existing system with the proposed automated system. The Mitsubishi FX series programmable logic controller is used to mechanize the system. Sensors such as proximity and load sensor are used to provide the input to the system. The motors, pneumatics, and  also the  solenoids serve as the output. The researchers used a ladder diagram as a software that will control  then  the  whole system between its input and output components. An experimental prototype is produced to fully automate the system.  The experimentation is done through different trials and the rate of travel time is measured thru averaging. It is found out that the  system decreases time and manpower requirements for every station as compared with
traditional manual system. A reduction of 50% to 75% was
observed in terms of time allotment for filling, weighing, and
sealing stations. About 90% of full automation without human is specified  also  in the system. The paper ends with  the recommendation of integrating the experimental prototype with  the  human machine interface or HMI and feedback mechanisms for the rejected items using artificial intelligence techniques and methods.

The idea of OSI and TCP/IP reference models emphasizes the connection and connectionconnectionless compatibility respectively of network communication between the sender and the receiver in error detection, retransmission and error recovery as well as encapsulation and de-capsulation of data. The OSI Model handles the error detection while the TCP/IP models handle packet delivery and error recovery of the network interface. The two models developed a set of protocols for packet delivery and interconnection of networks either through connected or internet-wise. OSI and TCP/IP models was developed to handle efficient packet delivery in network routing and addressing thereby preventing network traffic and congestion.

Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a particular area of interest in the study of Artificial intelligence (AI) based on the idea that in fuzzy sets each element in the set can assume a value from 0 to 1, not just 0 or 1, as in classic or crisp set theory. The gradation in the extent to which an element is belonging to the relevant sets is called the degree of membership. This degree of membership is a measure of the element’s belonging to the set, and thus of the precision with which it explains the phenomenon being evaluated. A linguistic expression is given to each fuzzy set. The information contents of the fuzzy rules are then used to infer the output using a suitable inference engine. The key contribution of fuzzy logic in computation of information described in natural language made it applicable to a variety of applications and problem domains; from simple control systems to human decision support systems. Yet, despite its long-standing origins, it is a relatively new field, and as such leaves much room for development. The thesis presents two novel applications of fuzzy systems; a human decision support system to help teachers to fairly evaluate students and two hybrid intelligent fuzzy systems; a type-2 fuzzy logic system and a combined type-1 fuzzy logic system and extended Kalamn filter for controlling systems operating under high levels of uncertainties due to various sources of measurement and modeling errors. The combination of fuzzy logic and the classical student evaluation approach produces easy to understand transparent decision model that can be easily understood by students and teachers alike. The developed architecture overcomes the problem of ranking students with the same score. It also incorporated different dimensions of evaluation by considering subjective factors such as difficulty, complexity and importance of the questions. Although we discuss this approach with an example from the area of student evaluation, this method evidently has wide applications in other areas of decision making including student’s project evaluation, learning management systems evaluation, as well as, other assessment applications. Uncertainty is an attribute of information. For systems being controlled using the mentioned above type-1 fuzzy logic systems, such uncertainty leads to fuzzy rules whose antecedents or consequents are uncertain, which translates into uncertain antecedent or consequent membership functions. Type-1 fuzzy systems, whose membership functions are type-1 fuzzy sets, are unable to directly handle such uncertainties. Type-2 fuzzy systems in which the antecedent or consequent membership functions are type-2 fuzzy sets. Such sets are fuzzy sets whose membership grades themselves are type-1 fuzzy sets, are very useful in circumstances where it is difficult to determine an exact membership function for a fuzzy set. By combining type-2 fuzzy logic with traditional soft computing techniques such as genetic algorithms, we build a powerful hybrid intelligent control system that can use the advantages that each technique offers. Due to the complexity of implementing type-2 systems, a simplified approach for building type-2 fuzzy system using the well known type-1 is developed. A genetic algorithm is used to give adaptability to the fuzzy system to adapt to changing situations. In addition, it provides the system with an aid to show how much uncertainty is incorporated in the system. The system is applied to a nonlinear multi-input multi-output system equipped with almost all types of uncertainty and it shows very stable response even under very high levels of uncertainties. A novel approach for controlling systems equipped with high levels and different sources of uncertainties due to measurement and modeling errors is developed by combining a type-1 fuzzy system with the well known extended Kalman filter (EKF). The addition of an EKF in the feedback loop improved the system response by blocking possible effects of measurement error through the use of the estimated states instead of the measured states. The developed type-1 fuzzy-Kalamn filter scheme is applied to a complex, nonlinear multi-input multi-output system exposed to high levels of noise. Surprisingly, the new scheme decreased the power consumption while keeping system states very close to the desired states. In addition, the output response becomes very smooth which could help to increase the life time of the system actuators. The filtering effect is also expected to result in less number of false alarms when fault detection and isolation system is applied and hence increase system robustness and reliability.

The automated multiple water tanks control system is designed and implemented for the usefulness of household, industries and manufacturing processes. Also, for the control and monitoring of water overflow or chemicals in the overhead tanks, as result of common wastage of water runoff from the overhead tanks. The system failure rate, and some relevant constraints are the challenges. It includes memory capacity, power consumption, wireless facilities and many others. The experimental design of this system was realized and demonstrated in the laboratory using ATmega microcontroller chip and FPGA technology. The proposed system experimentation was carried out to show the comparative performance of Field programmable gate array (FPGA) to its counterpart intelligent microchip (ATmega) application for industrial system manufacturing. In this research, an automated multiple water tanks control system was practically demonstrated in the laboratory to control the overflow and monitor the water level of the overhead tanks using ATmega 328 microchip, actuator (stepper motor), buzzer and others. The Xilinx 14.1 ISE was used for FPGA design, simulation and implementation on Spartan 6 FPGA development board. The experimental results from ModelSim simulator shows the system stability and efficiency which utilize total processing time of 4.99s, delay time of 6.557ns and total memory usage of 303192 kilobytes.

Selection of electric motors and designing of efficient motor drives are important issues in the manufacturing of electric vehicle's traction system, especially with the highly competitive electric vehicles' market. Many electric motors can be used to drive electric vehicles, but the induction motor (IM) and the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) are the dominant ones. This paper introduces a dynamic comparative analysis of the IM and the IPMSM in electric vehicles applications. To conduct this analysis, two identical IM and IPMSM have been selected and two motor drives have been built using field oriented control (FOC) techniques in Simulink software. The motors were used to drive identical vehicle body models with a fuzzy logic controller used to control the vehicle's speed. Both motors were compared mainly in terms of the speed and the torque responses with and without vehicle body load. The results showed a convergent performance between both systems; however, the IM-driven vehicle model has a little faster response compared to the IPMSM-driven one, whereas the latter has a higher torque ripple compared to the IM drive.

Environmental control for commercial plant production affects the productivity and the quality of the crop. The efficiency of plant production in greenhouses depends significantly on the adjustment of several components particularly, the greenhouse interior temperature, relative humidity and Co2 concentration. In warm climates, the greenhouse air temperature and relative humidity are controlled by means of a simultaneous ventilation and humidification. Humidification usually requires some sort of evaporative devices such as misters, fog units or sprinklers, all of which cool and add water vapour to the greenhouse air. Dehumidifiers are very expensive, thereby in warm countries the only available solution for dehumidification is ventilation. Ventilation is required during most of the day to exchange the moist air with drier outside air. Moreover, it is very important in all greenhouses even if they are not controlled since it decreases the so-called “Greenhouse effect” which is mainly due to the confining of the air in the greenhouse enclosure and less to the radiative properties of the cover. Conventional controllers (e.g. Pseudo-Derivative Feedback Controller) are employed to maintain, at any time, optimal temperature and relative humidity inside the greenhouse, and to overcome the load effect of the outdoor undesirable climatic conditions. Since greenhouses are continually exposed to changing conditions, e.g. the outside climate and the thermal effect of the growing plant inside it, the greenhouse moves between different operating points within the whole growing season. That leads to a complex control problem requiring effective intelligent controllers. In practice, conventional controllers were used to control the system however their parameters are empirically adjusted. Besides, the operation of these controllers relies on the measurements provided by sensors located inside and near the greenhouse. If the information provided by one or several of these sensors is erroneous, the controllers will not operate properly. Similarly, failure of one or several of the actuators to function properly will impair the greenhouse operation. Therefore, an automatic diagnosis system of failures in greenhouses is proposed. The diagnosis system is based on deviations observed between measurements performed in the system and the predictions of a model of the failure-free system. This comparison is done through a bank of fuzzy observers, where each observer becomes active to a specific failure signature and inactive to the other failures. Neural networks are used to develop a model for the failure-free greenhouse. The main objective of this thesis is to explore and develop intelligent control schemes for adjusting the climate inside a greenhouse. The thesis employs the conventional Pseudo- Derivative Feedback (PDF) Controller. It develops the fuzzy PDF controller (FPDF). The thesis also, develops two genetic algorithm (GA) based climatic control schemes, one is genetic PDF (GPDF) and the other is genetic FPDF (GFPDF). The former uses GA to adjust the gains of the Pseudo-Derivative Feedback Controller (GPDF) and the later uses genetic algorithm to optimize the FPDF controller parameters (i.e., scale factors and/or parameters of the membership functions). Finally, the thesis develops a fuzzy neural fault detection and isolation system (FNFDIS), in which a bank of fuzzy observers are designed to detect faults that may occur in the greenhouse end items (e.g.., sensors and actuators). Simulation experiments are performed to test the soundness and capabilities of the developed control schemes for controlling the greenhouse climate. The proposed schemes are tested through two experiments, setpoint tracking test and regulatory control test. Also, the proposed diagnostic system was tested through four experiments. Compared with the results obtained using the conventional controllers, best results have been achieved using the proposed control schemes.

This paper presents the design and construction of a comprehensive digital security system with the aim of providing a 24 hour digital watchdog for institutions such as banks, schools, the church, residential homes or anything that requires monitoring. The infra-red and digital technologies were used in the realization of this objective. The infra-red (I.R.) signal is transmitted by an I.R diode which is intercepted and decoded by the receiver circuitry. Obstructing the line of sight (within 8 meters) produced a digital display of the zone trespassed. This also triggers an alarm, both of which are designed to have duration of 30 seconds. The transmitters and sensors should be raised at least 1 meter above the ground to ensure that only humans trigger the alarm.

La primera referencia conocida a un ascensor se encuentra en las obras del arquitecto romano Vitruvio , quien informó que Arquímedes quien data de 287 a.C. -212 a.C. construyó el primer ascensor probablemente en el 236 a. C, de ahí en adelante se han encontrado diversos vestigios de mecanismos que de manera general buscaban el mismo fin, no obstante, debido a que su hallazgo se lo realizó en periodos posteriores se atribuye a Arquímedes el desarrollo del obra en cuestión; así algunas fuentes de períodos históricos posteriores mencionan a los ascensores como cabinas con una cuerda de cáñamo accionada manualmente o por animales, por lo que de manera general el ser humano en pos de mejorar su calidad de vida y realizar sobre todo acciones que sin apoyo de la ciencia eran casi imposibles; de manera tácita fue creciendo en forma aptitudinal de principio en la mecánica mediante el desarrollo de los llamados “automatismos” en dicha época, según lo detallado por José María Goicolea en su artículo “ La mecánica: principios, historia y algunas aplicaciones recientes en la medicina” (Goicolea, 2007), quien remonta su origen al mismo Arquímedes en el periodo Helenístico; así el desarrollo de los ascensores fue impulsado por la necesidad de mover materias primas, como carbón y madera, de las laderas; partiendo de esta premisa dicho dispositivo no ha sido inmune a la evolución y de la mano de la revolución industrial en el siglo XVIII despegó de manera vertiginosa siendo considerado como una alternativa para la realización de otro tipo de acciones que a más de estar vinculadas a la necesidad, ahora ya trascendían hacia fines principalmente industriales para maximización del rendimiento operacional de las empresas y con ello de la producción, sin dejar de lado que saciar la comodidad de las personas a través de este medio ya era incipiente; así la tecnología desarrollada por estas industrias y la introducción de la construcción con vigas de acero trabajaron juntas para proporcionar los ascensores de pasajeros y carga que se utilizan hoy en día; comenzando en las minas de carbón, a mediados del siglo XIX los ascensores funcionaban con energía de vapor; con el paso del tiempo fueron reemplazados por dispositivos que empleaban tecnología hidráulica y paulatinamente iban mejorando en aspectos de seguridad hasta desembocar en los actualmente utilizados ascensores eléctricos, mismos que se remontan a 1880 de la mano de Werner Von Siemens; el eslabón que partiendo desde esa época ha sido empleado para la mejora y optimización del ascensor al cual se le han anexado desde dispositivos de locomoción más sofisticados y afines, hasta sistemas de control muy modernos en pos de brindar una mejor experiencia al usuario o alcanzar un objetivo en específico en base a criterios de seguridad y rendimiento óptimos; es así que actualmente tomando como punto de partida dichos diseños y el margen de accidentabilidad de los diferentes diseños según lo preceptuado en el libro “Elevated Work Platforms and Scaffolding” (Burkart, 2004) los gobiernos de diferentes países y organizaciones de las cuales estos forman parte, principalmente la Unión Europea, en pos de salvaguardar principalmente la integridad del ser humano estableció lineamientos de carácter legal tanto para la puesta en funcionamiento de estos dispositivos, accesibilidad, circulación y sobre todo para la fase de diseño de estos, criterios en torno a los cuales organizaciones no gubernamentales inmiscuidas en la rama han aportado también con manuales para guía de los diseñadores; es así que tomando esta premisa como punto de partida el presente proyecto será desarrollado tomando como base en primera instancia la normativa legal ecuatoriana que regula el diseño de ascensores (Norma Ecuatoriana de Construcción), empero, teniendo en consideración los vacíos legales que puedan llegar a tener las leyes del país con respecto al tema, en aquellos puntos en los que no se vulnere lo preceptuado por la normativa local se usarán normativas europeas que ya tienen mucha más trayectoria y congruencia en lo que se busca principalmente en el diseño del sistema, un correcto y seguro funcionamiento; para ello como primera guía alterna para el desarrollo del presente informe y sustento de información se decanta por la Norma UNE EN 81-70:2018 y en complemento guías proporcionadas por ONG´s acreditadas; para así poder dar paso el diseño sistemático racional en materia de mecánica, electrónica, electricidad, programación y control de manera óptima mediante el estricto apego a la ley y sobre todo direccionado hacia el alcance de un diseño de calidad basado en una metodología de diseño mecatrónico que permita la potencialización de la doctrina, proporcionando elementos demandados industrialmente tales como planos, memorias técnicas entre otros.

In a developing country like India, automation plays an important role in the development and advancement of the country. In the field of irrigation, proper method of irrigation is important. At the present era, the gardeners have been using irrigation technique in India through the manual control in which the gardeners irrigate at the regular intervals. This process sometimes consumes more water or sometimes the water reaches late due to which the grass and plants get dried. Over-irrigation can increase energy consumption and water cost as well as leaching of fertilizers below the root zone, erosion, and transport of soil and chemical particles to the drainage ditches. Irrigators who monitor soil moisture levels in the field greatly increase their ability to conserve water and energy and avoid soil erosion and water pollution. The objective of this paper is to develop sensor based automated gardening system to reduce water requirement and balanced gardening in smart city projects in India. Manpower isn`t required in this system and moisture content of soil will be balanced all the time.