Real-time Systems

In Industrial environments, huge amount of data is being generated which in turn collected indatabase anddata warehouses from all involved areas such as planning, process design, materials, assembly, production, quality, process control, scheduling, fault detection,shutdown, customer relation management, and so on. Data Mining has become auseful tool for knowledge acquisition for industrial process of Iron and steel making. Due to the rapid growth in Data Mining, various industries started using data mining technology to search the hidden patterns, which might further be used to the system with the new knowledge which might design new models to enhance the production quality, productivity optimum cost and maintenance etc. The continuous improvement of all steel production process regarding the avoidance of quality deficiencies and the related improvement of production yield is an essential task of steel producer. Therefore, zero defect strategy is popular today and to maintain it several quality assurance techniques areused. The present report explains the methods of data mining and describes its application in the industrial environment and especially, in the steel industry.

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to find a real-time parking location for a four-wheeler. Design/methodology/approach-Real-time parking availability using specific infrastructure requires a high cost of installation and maintenance cost, which is not affordable to all urban cities. The authors present statistical block matching algorithm (SBMA) for real-time parking management in small-town cities such as Bhavnagar using an in-built surveillance CCTV system, which is not installed for parking application. In particular, data from a camera situated in a mall was used to detect the parking status of some specific parking places using a region of interest (ROI). The method proposed computes the mean value of the pixels inside the ROI using blocks of different sizes (8 Â 10 and 20 Â 35), and the values were compared among different frames. When the difference between frames is more significant than a threshold, the process generates "no parking space for that place." Otherwise, the method yields "parking place available." Then, this information is used to print a bounding box on the parking places with the color green/red to show the availability of the parking place. Findings-The real-time feedback loop (car parking positions) helps the presented model and dynamically refines the parking strategy and parking position to the users. A whole-day experiment/validation is shown in this paper, where the evaluation of the method is performed using pattern recognition metrics for classification: precision, recall and F1 score. Originality/value-The authors found real-time parking availability for Himalaya Mall situated in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, for 18th June 2018 video using the SBMA method with accountable computational time for finding parking slots. The limitations of the presented method with future implementation are discussed at the end of this paper.

In this paper we describe a method of automatic motion tracking of a person in a sequence of video frames. The method is suitable for tracking a person walking or running in a surveillance video captured from a single still camera. The method initially removes noise from the captured images then segments the images using frame difference and binary conversion techniques and finally tracks the person using a bounding box based on occurrence of high intensity values horizontally and vertically. Simulation results show that the method can be used for real-time tracking of humans in videos with frame-rate of 25/30 fps. In the context of a Smart-city, the purposed system serves as a part of Internet of Things (IoT) and transmits the capture video to control-center for processing.

A node discovery scheme is required to establish communication through discovery of matched endpoints. DDS uses simple discovery protocol (SDP) as its node discovery scheme. SDP works by sending each endpoint information to all participants that produce high network traffic in naval combat systems (NCS). Moreover, NCS might suffers instability not only from technical problems but also enemy forces attack. A node discovery scheme based on Parallel Dynamic Bloom filters (PDBF) called SDP-ParallelDBF is proposed to improve DDS scalability by reducing the number of sent and stored messages in the network. Proposed scheme reduces unnecessary delay time spent restructuring Bloom filters, especially in unstable network environments. Furthermore, SDP-ParallelDBF offers computation speed-up through parallelization approach to provide additional delay time reduction. Simulation results show that proposed scheme reduces the delay time, number of messages, and messages size in the network while maintain false negative error free on unstable NCS.

Current computer games follow a scheme of continuous simulation, coupling the rendering phase and the simulation phase. That way of operation has disadvantages that can be avoided using a discrete event simulator as a game kernel. Discrete simulation supports also continuous simulation and allows rendering and simulation phase independence. The videogames objects behavior and interconnection is modeled by message passing. Discrete games require lower computer power while maintaining the videogame quality. This means that videogame may be run in slower computers or the game quality may be improved (artificial intelligence, collision detection accuracy, increase realism).

Smart grid implementations rely on the real-time monitoring and controlling of the electric power grid. To achieve real time there is need for a messaging system with minimum delays. After mentioning latest implementations and their delays we analyze the role of the different communication protocols needed within smart grids and we describe key factors to a message's delay. Taking into consideration a packet's speed constraints we then calculate a radius, within which, the ETSI communication requirements for smart grids are satisfied.

The paper introduces a viable short range signal triangulation method, which will enable users to identify and monitor animals in a given area. “Zig-bee- Zig bee pairs” are used as a more precise and a relatively long-lasting alternative to the traditional radio collars. Additionally, the collar itself ‘broadcasts’ the animal’s current state (EEG, ECG , EMG) and can trigger an S.O.S signal in case of an emergency. Allowing authorities to react to certain cases where the animal might be in critical danger (for rescue) and also allow end users to map certain behavioral patterns in animals.

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver side. In recent times the demand for the use of MIMO systems has increased due to its capability of robustness against multipath fading and increasing the Spatial Multiplexing Gain and Spatial Diversity Gain. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the best digital modulation schemes, where signal is divided into number of narrow band channels to obtain spectral efficiency and minimizing the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). Thus, combining MIMO and OFDM technologies will improve spectral efficiency, link reliability and spectral gain.
In this paper, MIMO and OFDM techniques are combined to improve the transmitter performance. Software reference model for 4x4-MIMO-OFDM Transmitter for wireless communication system is designed and modeled in
MATLAB as well as the same is implemented in C language. The evaluation of Bit Error Rate (BER) and Signal to Noise
Ratio (SNR) performance of the OFDM technique combined with Alamouti Space Time Block Codes (STBC) based on two
modulation schemes namely QPSK and 16 QAM over AWGN channels is carried out. The developed system model is
implemented in C and performance comparison & optimization are carried out using Real View Development Suite (RVDS) by considering different ARM cores.
Performance metrics such as Mean Square Error (MSE) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) are computed for 4x4-MIMO-OFDM transmitter system and performance of whole system is analysed for QPSK and 16 QAM modulation techniques. BER for QPSK is 10-2.6 and BER for 16 QAM is 10-1.5 dB at a fixed SNR of 10 dB. System developed in C is analysed in RVDS. Profiling results shows that ARM cortex family provides better performance in terms of number
of cycles estimated to execution of code and code coverage when compared with lower versions of it. The number of
estimated cycles in ARM Cortex A9 is reduced by 8.5% when compared to ARM 1136. The work can be further enhanced
by using massive MIMO in place of conventional MIMO.

Design Engineer often require vital information related to field operating condition, which can be used to improve and optimize their designs. To meet this need a data logging/analyzer system has to be developed. Existing systems available in the market which are capable of logging field data are complex, costly and are not able to determine
the overall performance of vehicle due to its limited functionality.
The purpose of this paper is to develop a Data logging and Analyzer System using CANlog4 device that will help us to determine the Engine performance of “John Deere 5000 series Tractor”. The CANlog is a programmable device used to log data on CAN bus. So ftware is developed in LTL programming language for CANlog device such that it will monitor the Tractor CAN bus and will log the engine performance parameters on the bus. An offline analysis is performed on the logged data using ICE-GlyphWorks tool which will help us to Graphing of logged data for performance comparison.
In this paper the behavior of various engine performance parameters like break torque, break power, indicated power, friction power, mechanical efficiency, mean effective
pressure and specific fuel consumption are studied over its speed range which will helps us to do the performance comparison. Also the time distribution of parameters like
engine speed, engine torque, engine break power, engine percent load, fan speed, ambient air and coolant temperature are graphically summarized using Histogram which will helps us to know the concentration areas of the particular parameter over its test period of time. It has been observed from the result that the maximum torque and maximum power developed by the engine is 307 Nm and 64.57 kW at the speed of 1332 rpm and 2450 rpm respectively. The maximum power loss observed is 36kW and the average pressured generated inside the cylinder is 400kN/m2. The maximum mechanical efficiency of the
engine is observed at the speed of 1900 rpm. The engine speed is more concentrated between the ranges 2000 to 2250 rpm during its test period of time.

This paper is an introduction to Real-Time Networks (RTNs) and to the literature on them. RTNs are a fundamental model of computation that consists of a collection of parallel 'activities' (i.e. single-threaded processes with internal state) which only communicate along explicit paths, each of which imposes a specific protocol. RTNs have underpinned various software design notations, such as MASCOT and DORIS, and RTNs are still often used by software architects when designing real-time software in other notations, such as UML. Important transferable concepts from MASCOT-3 and DORIS are introduced , including a rich family of predefined formalised RTN protocols. Sophisticated asynchronous implementations have been developed for the 'pool' protocol, making implementations of it possible which minimise the temporal interference between different parts of a system. Various formal analysis techniques have been taxed in showing the validity of these implementations. In particular, Simpson's 4-Slot asynchronous communication mechanism (ACM) has received extensive academic attention, and the conflicting results of this work have led to insights into how to classify ACMs; the importance, when modelling ACMs, of taking into account the way that the metastability phenomenon in asynchronous circuits is min-imalised; and the dangers and limitations of the 'atomicity' abstraction when specifying asynchronous protocols. Other formalisation and analysis techniques that have been developed for RTNs are described, including: ADL, a activity formal specification language; and SHARD, a hazard analysis technique for RTNs. It is explained why notations based on the synchrony hypothesis (such as Statecharts) are inadequate for specifying the behaviour of arbitrary RTN systems, and alternative proposals are introduced, including: Mode-machines; Transactions; and Interactions. Finally, RTNs are compared with the currently reigning 'OO' design paradigm, and it is argued that RTNs embody a sophisticated concurrent object-oriented computational paradigm that has yet to be fully appreciated by many OO software architects. RTNs and dynamic reconfigurable systems are briefly discussed.

Development of real-time applications is usually associated with nonportable code targeted at specific real-time operating systems. The boundary between hardware drivers, system services, and user code is commonly not well defined, making the development in the target host significantly difficult. The Multithreaded Application Real-Time executor (MARTe) is a framework built over a multiplatform library that allows the execution of the same code in different operating systems. The framework provides the high-level interfaces with hardware, external configuration programs, and user interfaces, assuring at the same time hard real-time performances. End-users of the framework are required to define and implement algorithms inside a well-defined block of software, named Generic Application Module (GAM), that is executed by the real-time scheduler. Each GAM is reconfigurable with a set of predefined configuration meta-parameters and interchanges information using a set of data pipes that are provided as inputs and required as output. Using these connections, different GAMs can be chained either in series or parallel. GAMs can be developed and debugged in a non-real-time system and, only once the robustness of the code and correctness of the algorithm are verified, deployed to the real-time system. The software also supplies a large set of utilities that greatly ease the interaction and debugging of a running system. Among the most useful are a highly efficient real-time logger, HTTP introspection of real-time objects, and HTTP remote configuration. MARTe is currently being used to successfully drive the plasma vertical stabilization controller on the largest magnetic confinement fusion device in the world, with a control loop cycle of 50 ?s and a jitter under 1 ?s. In this particular project, MARTe is used with the Real-Time Application Interface (RTAI)/Linux operating system exploiting the new ?86 multicore processors technology.

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The Predictive Casino is a casino that utilizes the latest technological developments to connect with its customers to deliver an exceptional personalized experience to each and every one of its patrons. Today, technology such as AI, Machine Learning, Augmented Reality, IoT, Real-time stream processing, social media, and wearables are altering the Customer Experience (CX) landscape and casino operators need to jump aboard this fast moving technology or run the risk of being left out in the cold.
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In this paper, I reviewed comprehensively the structure and operation of closed-loop IFOGs, Feedback Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EFDA) FOGs, called FE-FOG. The procedure of finding the Sagnac shift for closed-loop IFOG has been studied. The signal processing in the closed-loop IFOG was simulated using PSCAD software. In the closed-loop IFOG, the phase shift was derived through frequent use of Sagnac loop. The output signal is injected in the input again as feedback. The shift phase between clockwise and counterclockwise waves in each complete route, including primary and feedback route, is identified as Sagnac shift phase. According to Sagnac shift phase we could determine angular rotation rate.

The use of object detection algorithms is becoming increasingly important in autonomous vehicles, and object detection at high accuracy and a fast inference speed is essential for safe autonomous driving. A false positive (FP) from a false localization during autonomous driving can lead to fatal accidents and hinder safe and efficient driving. Therefore, a detection algorithm that can cope with mislocalizations is required in autonomous driving applications. This paper proposes a method for improving detection accuracy while supporting a real-time operation by applying YOLOv3, which is the most representative of one-stage detectors, with redesigning the loss function. In addition, by using the predicted localization uncertainty during the detection process, the proposed schemes can significantly reduce the FP and increase the true positive (TP), thereby improving the accuracy. Compared to a conventional YOLOv3-tiny, the proposed algorithm, YOLOv3, improves the mean average precision (mAP). Nevertheless, the proposed algorithm is capable of real-time detection faster than 42 frames per second (fps) and shows a higher accuracy than previous approaches with similar fps. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is the most suitable for autonomous driving applications.
Keywords: object detection, YOLOv3, real-time systems, keras, deep learning

International Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications (IJESA) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Embedded Systems and applications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding Embedded Systems and establishing new collaborations in these areas.

The safety aspects of computer-based systems as increasingly important as the use of software escalates because of its convenience and flexibility. However the complexity of even modestly sized programs is such that the elimination of errors with a high degree of confidence is extremely difficult. There are a number of approaches to enhancing safety in safety-critical control systems. These are surveyed and compared with particular emphasis on systems with software in the controlling system. A glossary of terms and an extensive bibliography for further reading are included.

This thesis evaluates the potential of Ultra Wideband Impulse Radio for wireless sensor network applications.

Wireless sensor networks are collections of small electronic devices composed of one or more sensors to acquire information on their environment, an energy source (typically a battery), a microcontroller to control the measurements, process the information and communicate with its peers, and a radio transceiver to enable these communications. They are used to regularly collect information within their deployment area, often for very long periods of time (up to several years). The large number of devices often considered, as well as the long deployment durations, makes any manual intervention complex and costly. Therefore, these networks must self-configure, and automatically adapt to changes in their electromagnetic environment (channel variations, interferers) and network topology modifications: some nodes may run out of energy, or suffer from a hardware failure.

Ultra Wideband Impulse Radio is a novel wireless technology that, thanks to its extremely large bandwidth, is more robust to frequency dependent propagation effects. Its impulsional nature makes it robust to multipath fading, as the short duration of the pulses leads most multipath components to arrive isolated. This technology should also enable high precision ranging through time of flight measurements, and operate at ultra low power levels.

The main challenge is to design a system that reaches the same or higher degree of energy savings as existing narrowband systems considering all the protocol layers.

As these radios are not yet widely available, the first part of this thesis presents Maximum Pulse Amplitude Estimation, a novel approach to symbol-level modeling of UWB-IR systems that enabled us to implement the first network simulator of devices compatible with the UWB physical layer of the IEEE 802.15.4A standard for wireless sensor networks.

In the second part of this thesis, WideMac, a novel ultra low power MAC protocol specifically designed for UWB-IR devices is presented. It uses asynchronous duty cycling of the radio transceiver to minimize the power consumption, combined with periodic beacon emissions so that devices can learn each other's wake-up patterns and exchange packets. After an analytical study of the protocol, the network simulation tool presented in the first part of the thesis is used to evaluate the performance of WideMac in a medical body area network application. It is compared to two narrowband and an FM-UWB solutions. The protocol stack parameters are optimized for each solution, and it is observed that WideMac combined to UWB-IR is a credible technology for such applications. Similar simulations, considering this time a static multi-hop network are performed. It is found that WideMac and UWB-IR perform as well as a mature and highly optimized narrowband solution (based on the WiseMAC ULP MAC protocol), despite the lack of clear channel assessment functionality on the UWB radio.

The last part of this thesis studies analytically a dual mode MAC protocol named WideMac-High Availability. It combines the Ultra Low PowerWideMac with the higher performance Aloha protocol, so that ultra low power consumption and hence long deployment times can be combined with high performance low latency communications when required by the application. The potential of this scheme is quantified, and it is proposed to adapt it to narrowband radio transceivers by combining WiseMAC and CSMA under the name WiseMAC-HA.

In this paper I will describe and present examples of my live audio-visual work for 3D spatial environments. These projects use motion-tracking technology to enable users to interact with sound, light and video using their body movements in 3D space. Specific video examples of one past project (Virtual DJ) and one current project (Virtual VJ) will be shown to illustrate how flexible user interaction is enabled through a complex and precise mapping of 3D space to media control. In these projects audience members can interact with sound, light and video in real-time by simply moving around in space with a tracker in hand. Changes in sound can be synchronized with changes in light and/or real-time visual effects (i.e. music volume = light brightness = video opacity). These changes can be dynamically mapped in real-time to allow the user to consolidate the roles of DJ, VJ and light designer in one interface. This interaction model attempts to reproduce the effect of synesthesia, in which certain people experience light or color in response to music.

I wrote a thesis that deals with project of the control of amplifier for ultrasonic welding devices. In this work I did research on vibration control and general principles of piezoelectric
transducers (called Langevin transducer) that are used to generate vibration. I studied how to make a PLL control that maximizes output mechanical power produced for welding. This thesis was in collaboration with two companies.

The increasing popularity of 8-bit AVRmicro-controllers for using with robotics and low-complexity embedded applications has called the attention of much of the software community. The purpose of this paper is to present an approach for developing embedded applica-tions for these micro-controllers in Ada, using GNAT AVR as Microsoft Windows cross-compiler and GNAT
Programming Studio as IDE.

Cloud Computing is an emerging technology. It is a growing technology which can change traditional IT systems. It plays a major role in today’s technology sector. People are using it every day through one way or another. Education sector is not out of this phenomenon. At the present time the teaching method is changing and students are becoming much technology based and therefore it is necessary that we think about the most recent technologies to incorporate in the teaching and learning methods. By sharing Information technology related services in the cloud, educational institutions can better concentrate on offering students, teachers, faculty and staff the essential instruments. Bangladesh is a developing country. So applying this technology on education sector is a huge challenge for Bangladesh. In this paper it is discussed that how Bangladesh can be benefited by applying cloud in education and its challenges followed by some case studies and success stories.

"Advances in Real-Time Artificial Intelligence facilitate the creation of large AI applications. In order to
develop such applications, a methodology that encompasses development techniques, tools and processes
is needed. There are several important lines of research in RTAIS, such as architectures, languages,
methods and methodologies. All of them provide the necessary information and knowledge to build
computers systems to solve real-world problems.
This paper describes CommonKADS-RT, a methodology to analyse and design Real Time Intelligent
Systems. It is based on CommonKADS with the addition of elements necessary to model real-time
restrictions. We also present an application of this approach to examine maritime operation problems. On
this paper we describe the analysis phase."

This paper introduces input monitoring applications, which is different from conventional business data processing. The fact that a system can process and react to inputs from many sources (e.g., sensors) rather than from human operators, a need for another fundamental architecture of a DBMS for this application area is required. Traditional DBMSs have been oriented toward business data processing, and consequently are designed to address the needs of the applications below:

1. They have assumed that the DBMS is a passive repository storing a large collection of data elements and that human initiate queries and transactions on this repository.
2. They have assumed that the current state of the data is the only thing that is important. Hence, current values of data elements are easy to obtain, while previous values can only be found by decoding the DBMS logs.
3. DBMSs assume that data elements are synchronized and that queries have exact answers. In many stream-oriented applications, data arrives asynchronously and answers must be computed with incomplete information.
4. DBMSs assume that applications require no real-time services.

Keywords— Monitoring, input stream, query Model, logs, and transaction.

Internet of Things (IoT) is enabled by the advancements in the latest technologies including sensors, Radio Frequency Identification (RFIDS), internet protocols and communication technologies. The most important premises of IoT is to connect devices and sensors without human intervention. The proposed smart home automation system differs from other systems by allowing the user to access and operate the system from anywhere around the world through internet along with decision controls according to the needs. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for smart home automation system based on IoT using sensor nodes which are directly connected to Arduino Nano. The algorithm perform some basic local functions such as; Turning ON/OFF the lights based on the motion sensor and generating the alarm based on the gas sensor. In the proposed algorithm the Arduino Mega is connected to the internet using Wi-Fi module to monitor the power consumption of different home appliances and can be controlled from anywhere on the internet. The objective of the proposed system is to provide a low cost and efficient solution for home automation system by using IoT. Results show that the proposed system is able handle all controlling and monitoring function of home.

in this article we deal with DSL (domain specific language) ,internal or external DSL. We present terminology and expression about DSL and after that we present differences between Internal and External DSL and make example with them show you why software engineers choose this method for development the project and show you instance projects that made by the Model Driven software development and show you some reason why industrial companies use this method how industrialized countries use this method for development of projects why collaborative development is important in these days.we describe methods of collaborative development.for example DSL for communicate between domain experts and development team .unified modeling language.Sysml for system engineering.commercial toolkits for model driven engineering and Architecture description languages(ADLs).

3
rd International Conference on Signal Processing, VLSI Design & Communication
Systems (SVC 2022) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge
and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Signal Processing, VLSI Design &
Communication Systems. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the
researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share
cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate
research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant
advances in the areas of Signal, VLSI & Communication systems.