Cyclotron

"Cyclotrons and their Applications"

"Now and then through history something had happened to a particular man to give him a vision of the  future...  In our own time, it had happened to a young man from South Dokota, Ernest Orlando
Lawrence. His vision combined discovery and technological achievement. He dreamed of building
mighty nuclear machines that would probe the secrets of atom...."
Robert R. Wilson and Raphael Littauer
In the Preface to the book 'Accelerators- Machines of Nuclear Physics'

To study of space charge effects in 10MeV cyclotron of Amirkabir University of Technology the C++ code is developed. This cyclotron is designed to accelerate H-up to10MeV energy. The important components of cyclotron that effect on calculations of space charge include four sector magnets, 2 RF cavities with 71 MHz frequency and internal PIG ion source. Equations of motion and effects of charged particles in electromagnetic field of accelerator are integrated in C++ code. The conventional method, 4-order Runge-Kutta, is used to solve the equations. The results of calculations show space charge effects of beam particles on each other in accelerating process.

Sepeda motor listrik menjadi pilihan paling praktis untuk jarak dekat sampai menengah dengan kapasitas penumpang sampai dengan dua orang. Sepeda motor listrik merupakan jenis peralatan transportasi yang kinerja operasionalnya perlu dipantau secara realtime menggunakan sistem instrumentasi. Pada penelitian ini diimplementasikan sistem instrumentasi sepeda motor listrik yang akan memantau tingkat kapasitas energi pada baterai, suhu dan penggunaan energi pada baterai sebagai sumber energi utama sepeda motor listrik, serta menghitung estimasi jarak tempuh, kecepatan kendaraan dan torsi yang dihasilkan pada motor listrik. Sistem dirancang dengan NodeMCU sebagai kontroler utama dan menggunakan ADS1115 sebagai transducer antara sensor dengan kontroler. Kapasitas sumber energi utama diketahui dari pengukuran tingkat tegangan baterai menggunakan rangkaian pembagi tegangan dan arus yang mengalir diukur dengan sensor arus ACS-758. Untuk mengetahui laju kecepatan kendaraan digunakan sensor prox...

Abstrak—Generator magnet permanen fluks radial adalah mesin yang efektif untuk diaplikasikan pada sistem pembangkit listrik tenaga angin kecepatan rendah. Rugi magnetik akibat celah udara atau torsi denyut adalah salah satu masalah yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan performa tegangan keluaran dan daya keluaran pada generator jenis ini. Pada penelitian ini, topologi yang digunakan adalah stator ganda generator magnet permanen fluks radial. Topologi tersebut diharapkan mampu meningkatkan fluks listrik yang dihasilkan oleh kumparan-kumparan stator. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan tegangan keluaran dan daya keluaran generator menggunakan metode desain pemasangan lebar gigi-gigi stator. Ada 3 variabel pada metode desain ini. Ketiga variabel desain mampu menurunkan nilai torsi denyut. Namun, ketiganya menyebabkan ketidakstabilan putaran generator. Hal ini disebabkan oleh peningkatan distribusi frekuensi torsi denyut. Ketiga variabel mampu meningkatkan tegangan keluaran gener...

Abstrak— Rendahnya kemampuan peserta didik dalam memahami konsep-konsep abstrak dalam proses pembelajaran memerlukan adanya solusi berupa penerapan alat peraga sehingga meningkatkan motivasi dan prestasi belajar. Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan alat ukur untuk menentukan kelajuan bunyi di udara menggunakan sensor ultrasonik berbasis Arduino. Metode rancang bangun alat ukur terdiri dari perangkat keras (hardware) dan perangkat lunak (sotfware). Rancang bangun alat ukur laju bunyi di udara dikembangkan dengan memanfaatkan gelombang ultrasonik sebesar 40 kHz yang dibangkitkan oleh sensor ultrasonik tipe HY-SRF05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat ukur yang telah dikembangkan mampu mengukur laju bunyi di udara pada suhu 250C. Hasil pengukuran laju bunyi di udara yang diperoleh menggunakan alat ukur yang dikembangkan adalah sebesar 348,3 m/s dengan persentase error sebesar 2,29%..Kata kunci: laju bunyi, sensor ultrasonik, Arduino— Students’ ability which is very low in comprehend...

Weblink above to my essay on Sylvia Plath's poem, "Morning Song," published in May 2016 in The American Journal of Poetry. I explore Plath's connections with the then-new element of Lawrencium, Huxley's Brave New World, Shakespeare's Tempest & A Midsummer Night's Dream, and the mysterious intoxicant of Soma.

A method is presented that enables one to compute the parameters of matched beams with space charge in cyclotrons with emphasis on the effect of the transverse-longitudinal coupling. Equations describing the transverse-longitudinal coupling and corresponding tune shifts in first order are derived for the model of an azimuthally symmetric cyclotron. The eigenellipsoid of the beam is calculated and the transfer matrix is transformed into block-diagonal form. The influence of the slope of the phase curve on the transverse-longitudinal coupling is accounted for. The results are generalized and numerical procedures for the case of an azimuthally varying field cyclotron are presented. The algorithm is applied to the PSI injector II and ring cyclotron and the results are compared to TRANSPORT.

The standard model of the post-shock accretion flow in mCVs is discussed. We present some results of the current study of two-temperature flows in mCVs. New observations supporting the standard model are presented. Recent developments in the studies of the global properties of the accretion stream are briefly discussed.

Abstrak— Dewasa ini setiap perusahaan bergerak dalam lingkungan dunia bisnisnya masing-masing, banyak perusahaan yang memanfaatkan kendaraan alat berat dengan harapan agar tak ingin mengecewakan costumer atau pembelinya dan juga bermaksud dapat mempertahankan pelanggannya. FORKLIFT adalah perangkat alat berat yang digunakan untuk hal angkat – mengangkat atau memindahkan berkapasitas besar sekaligus juga mampu mengangkat dalam proses penataan di atas rak – rak tinggi dan FORKLIFT memiliki kapasitas hinggga 3 ton dengan tinggi mengangkat hingga 4 meter. Sistem pendeteksi Jarak menggunakan ultrasonic sangat efisien digunakan pada bagian belakang kendaraan alat berat tersebut, menggunakan modul Arduino sebagai kontrol. Sistem pendeteksi jarak ini terintegrasi dengan seven segment sebagai display jarak dan led serta buzzer sebagai indikator. Sensor ultrasonic akan mengirimkan sonar untuk mengetahui pengahalang didepannya serta akan dikirimkan sinyal melalui pin output echo ke Arduino yan...

We investigate the hydrodynamics of accretion channelled by a dipolar magnetic field (funnel flows). We consider situations in which the electrons and ions in the flow cannot maintain thermal equilibrium [two-temperature (2T) effects] due to strong radiative loss, and determine the effects on the keV X-ray properties of the systems. We apply this model to investigate the accretion shocks of white dwarfs in magnetic cataclysmic variables (mCVs). We have found that the incorporation of 2T effects could harden the keV X-rays. Also, the dipolar model yields harder X-ray spectra than the standard planar model if white dwarf is sufficiently massive (>~1Msolar). When fitting observed keV X-ray spectra of mCVs, the inclusion of 2T hydrodynamics and a dipolar accretion geometry lowers estimates for white dwarf masses when compared with masses inferred from models excluding these effects. We find mass reductions <~9 per cent in the most massive cases.

1. A technetium generator is loaded with 3.0 Ci of ​ 99​ Mo. A fresh generator (no daughter product) sits 15 hours before it is eluted with saline. The elution efficiency is 85%. How much ​ 99m​ Tc activity will be eluted? How much ​ 99m​ Tc activity will be eluted after 24 hours?
2. A freshly eluted 99Mo/99mTc generator sits to allow the ingrowth of the 99mTc. At what time will the maximum amount of 99mTc be found in the generator?
3. A cyclotron accelerates protons to 18 MeV. What is the kinetic energy of 3He particles accelerated in the same cyclotron?

Unipolar induction (UI) is a fundamental physical process, which occurs when a conducting body transverses a magnetic field. It has been suggested that UI is operating in RX J0806+15 and RX J1914+24, which are believed to be ultracompact binaries with orbital periods of 5.4 and 9.6 min, respectively. The UI model predicts that those two sources may be electron cyclotron maser sources at radio wavelengths. Other systems in which UI has been predicted to occur are short period extrasolar terrestrial planets with conducting cores. If UI is present, circularly polarized radio emission is predicted to be emitted. We have searched for this predicted radio emission from short period binaries using the Very Large Array (VLA) and Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). In one epoch, we find evidence for a radio source, coincident in position with the optical position of RX J0806+15. Although we cannot completely exclude that this is a chance alignment between the position of RX J0806+15 and an artefact in the data reduction process, the fact that it was detected at a significance level of 5.8σ and found to be transient suggests that it is more likely that RX J0806+15 is a transient radio source. We find an upper limit on the degree of circular polarization to be ∼50 per cent. The inferred brightness temperature exceeds 1018 K, which is too high for any known incoherent process, but is consistent with maser emission and UI being the driving mechanism. We did not detect radio emission from ES Cet, RX J1914+24 or Gliese 876.

We use a two-temperature hydrodynamical formulation to determine the temperature and density structures of the post-shock accretion flows in magnetic cataclysmic variables (mCVs) and calculate the corresponding X-ray spectra. The effects of two-temperature flows are significant for systems with a massive white dwarf and a strong white-dwarf magnetic field. Our calculations show that two-temperature flows predict harder keV spectra than one-temperature flows for the same white-dwarf mass and magnetic field. This result is insensitive to whether the electrons and ions have equal temperature at the shock, but depends on the electron-ion exchange rate, relative to the rate of radiative loss along the flow. White-dwarf masses obtained by fitting the X-ray spectra of mCVs using hydrodynamic models including the two-temperature effects will be lower than those obtained using single-temperature models. The bias is more severe for systems with a massive white dwarf.

From 1957 to 1968, the 230-cm synchrocyclotron at the Gustaf Werner Institute was used for clinical tests with a 185 MeV proton beam. The radiotherapeutic research was part of an extensive research programme in physics, chemistry, biology and medicine. Only a small series of patients were treated. A brief review of the early development and clinical experience of the cyclotron activities at Uppsala from 1957 to 1968 is given. The former accelerator is now being converted. Beams are expected to be available in the new radiotherapy treatment rooms in 1986. Plans for the new facilities with special reference to alternative methods of proton acceleration and beam transport, i.e. fixed beams or an gantry system are presented. The corresponding activities at the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) in Moscow are also referred to thanks to a bilateral research programme which has existed in the past and from which the Uppsala group has benefited greatly.

Resonance requires precise synchronization. Surprisingly, relativistic cyclotron instability can survive under a magnetic field with its nonuniformity larger than the requirement of synchronism. Localized eigenmode observed in a hybrid simulation is found to be consistent with that predicted by an analytical theory including both profile and eigenvalue. Half of the spatial area of the wave profile is located where the

Penerapan energi baru terbarukan (EBT), seperti energi surya, menjadi salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan ketercapaian terget serapan EBT 23% di tahun 2025 secara nasional. Provinsi Jambi yang terletak -1,6o LU dari garis ekuator memiliki potensi yang besar akan energi surya, yakni 4,59 kWh/m2/hari. Untuk itu, sebagai salah satu cara untuk mendorong masyarakat mulai melakukan peralihan dari energi listrik konvensional menuju energi terbarukan, dibangun suatu sistem tenaga surya yang difungsikan sebagai energi cadangan , guna mengatasi disaat terjadinya pemadaman listrik. Rancangan ini dibangun untuk diterapkan pada pelanggan listrik berdaya 900 watt. Hasil pengujian dalam skala laboatorium, dengan menggunakan panel surya 100Wp dan baterai 70Ah, diperoleh potensial energi yang dihasilkan sebesar 0,32 kWh sampai dengan 0,74 kWh per hari. Waktu pengisian baterai diperoleh selama 720 menit dengan daya pengisian PV sebesar 70 watt. Sementara itu, dengan menggunakan daya 500W, diperoleh wa...

Abstrak—Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan ilmu kesehatan dan teknologi berupa alat pencegahan kelelahan yaitu mengukur kondisi tubuh berupa detak jantung dan laju napas manusia. Kemudian bisa mengambil keputusan berupa keadaan lanjut atau berhenti serta dapat dimonitor dari jarak jauh menggunakan radio telemetry. Diharapkan alat ini akan memberi manfaat bagi pengguna yang aktif berolahraga khususnya jenis aerobik. Alat pengukur kondisi tubuh ini menggunakan sensor detak jantung dan laju napas. Sensor laju napas terbuat dari sensor tekanan berbasis Arduino UNO. Sensor ini dapat digunakan untuk merancang alat pendeteksi kondisi tubuh saat berolahraga sehingga dapat mengetahui batas maksimum untuk mencegah kelelahan. Pengambilan keputusan menggunakan metode fuzzy logic. Kontrol output fuzzy yaitu kondisi lanjut ketika kondisi detak jantung pelan hingga berat dengan range antara 40 sampai 165 bpm dan kondisi laju napas lambat hingga normal dengan range 13 sampai 20 bpm, diang...

We determined the distribution of activation products inside the magnet coils of a medical cyclotron that has been operational for fifteen years. Besides FLUKA, we based our approach on new software tools (RAW and ActiWiz) developed for high-energy accelerators at CERN. A combined analysis of measurements on the coils with Monte-Carlo simulations resulted in a detailed three-dimensional radiological characterisation of the coils. Our results provide the required information for the radiation protection expert to identify the appropriate waste elimination scheme.

Abstrak— Rendahnya kemampuan peserta didik dalam memahami konsep-konsep abstrak dalam proses pembelajaran memerlukan adanya solusi berupa penerapan alat peraga sehingga meningkatkan motivasi dan prestasi belajar. Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan alat ukur untuk menentukan kelajuan bunyi di udara menggunakan sensor ultrasonik berbasis Arduino. Metode rancang bangun alat ukur terdiri dari perangkat keras (hardware) dan perangkat lunak (sotfware). Rancang bangun alat ukur laju bunyi di udara dikembangkan dengan memanfaatkan gelombang ultrasonik sebesar 40 kHz yang dibangkitkan oleh sensor ultrasonik tipe HY-SRF05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat ukur yang telah dikembangkan mampu mengukur laju bunyi di udara pada suhu 250C. Hasil pengukuran laju bunyi di udara yang diperoleh menggunakan alat ukur yang dikembangkan adalah sebesar 348,3 m/s dengan persentase error sebesar 2,29%..Kata kunci: laju bunyi, sensor ultrasonik, Arduino— Students’ ability which is very low in comprehend...

We discuss the possibility in principle of stripping extraction in combination with reverse bends in isochronous separate-sector cyclotrons (and/or fixed field alternating gradient accelerators). If one uses reverse bends between the sectors (instead of or in combination with drifts) and places stripper foils at the sector exit edges, the stripped beam has a reduced bending radius and it should be able to leave the cyclotron within the range of the valley—even if the beam is stripped at less than full energy. We are especially interested in stripping of H þ 2 , as it doubles the charge to mass ratio of the ions. However the method could be applied to other ions or ionized molecules as well. For the production of proton beams by stripping extraction of an H þ 2 beam, we discuss possible designs for three types of machines: First, a low-energy cyclotron for the simultaneous production of several beams at multiple energies—for instance 15, 30, and 70 MeV—thus allowing beam delivery on several isotope production targets. In this case it can be an advantage to have a strong energy dependence of the direction of the extracted beam. Second, we consider a fast variable-energy proton machine for cancer therapy that should allow extraction (of the complete beam) at all energies in the range of about 70 MeV to about 250 MeV into the same beam line. Third, we consider a high-intensity high-energy machine, where the main design goals are extraction with low losses, low activation of components, and high reliability. Especially if such a machine is considered for an accelerator driven system (ADS), this extraction mechanism has advantages: Beam trips by the failure of electrostatic elements could be avoided and the turn separation would be less critical, which allows operation at lower main cavity voltages. This would in turn reduce the number of rf trips. The price that has to be paid for these advantages is an increase in size and/or field strength compared to proton machines with standard extraction at the final energy.

The non-self-shield compact medical cyclotron and the cyclotron vault room were in operation for 27 years. They have now been decommissioned. We efficiently implemented a technique to identify an activation product in the cyclotron vault room. Firstly, the distribution of radioactive concentrations in the concrete of the cyclotron vault room was estimated by calculation from the record of the cyclotron operation. Secondly, the comparison of calculated results with an actual measurement was performed using a NaI scintillation survey meter and a high-purity germanium detector. The calculated values were overestimated as compared to the values measured using the NaI scintillation survey meter and the high-purity germanium detector. However, it could limit the decontamination area. By simulating the activation range, we were able to minimize the concrete core sampling. Finally, the appropriate range of radioactivated area in the cyclotron vault room was decontaminated based on the resul...

Tulisan ini menyajikan hasil penelitian tentang estimasi parameter modul surya  tipe BLD180-72M dengan daya puncak 190 Wp menggunakan metode Newton Raphson. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan model rangkaian  ekuivalen sel surya  model satu diode. Parameter yang diestimasi adalah arus foton (photocurrent), resistansi seri  dan resistansi paralel  dari modul. Dua parameter lainnya, yaitu arus balik saturasi diode (diode reverse saturation current) dan faktor keidealan diode (diode ideality factor) tidak diestimasi tetapi diasumsikan memiliki nilai tertentu.  Dalam penelitian ini, estimasi parameter , da berhasil dilakukan  dan hasilnya konvergen, yaitu arus foton 6.7211A, resistansi seri 0.2135 Ω dan resistansi paralel sebesar 26.438 Ω.  Pada penelitian ini, diberikan juga  nilai ketiga parameter yang disebutkan untuk temperatur kerja modul  48 0C untuk bebagai tingkat penyinaran matahari. Berdasarkan kurva  daya keluaran versus tegangan dari modul surya yang diteliti, diperoleh hasil ba...

Abstrak—Generator magnet permanen fluks radial adalah mesin yang efektif untuk diaplikasikan pada sistem pembangkit listrik tenaga angin kecepatan rendah. Rugi magnetik akibat celah udara atau torsi denyut adalah salah satu masalah yang dapat menyebabkan penurunan performa tegangan keluaran dan daya keluaran pada generator jenis ini. Pada penelitian ini, topologi yang digunakan adalah stator ganda generator magnet permanen fluks radial. Topologi tersebut diharapkan mampu meningkatkan fluks listrik yang dihasilkan oleh kumparan-kumparan stator. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan tegangan keluaran dan daya keluaran generator menggunakan metode desain pemasangan lebar gigi-gigi stator. Ada 3 variabel pada metode desain ini. Ketiga variabel desain mampu menurunkan nilai torsi denyut. Namun, ketiganya menyebabkan ketidakstabilan putaran generator. Hal ini disebabkan oleh peningkatan distribusi frekuensi torsi denyut. Ketiga variabel mampu meningkatkan tegangan keluaran gener...

Nanoteknologi adalah teknologi terbaru yang sangat menjanjikan untuk masa depan yang memiliki banyak aplikasi potensial dan aktual pada perangkat nanoelektronik. Namun, untuk mendapatkan manfaat pada nanoteknologi diperlukan teknologi canggih itu sendiri. Masalah utama fabrikasi perangkat nanoelectronic adalah skalanya yang kecil, area yang kecil, volume yang kecil dan konsentrasi yang rendah. Pembuatan dalam skala nano memunculkan masalah tidak hanya pada kinerja, tetapi juga biaya untuk industri elektronik. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini, kami mempelajari profil kontak logam. Kami menyajikan profil aluminium (Al) untuk mendapatkan sifat-sifat yang diharapkan dan juga efektif dalam hal biaya, karena aluminium banyak digunakan dalam banyak aplikasi elektronik seperti spintronics, sel surya, transistor film tipis, dan bahkan untuk fotokatalis. Dalam penelitian ini, Al dievaporasikan oleh termal evaporator. Sifat struktural film Al dikarakterisasi menggunakan XRD, AFM, dan FESEM. Sifat k...

We discuss factors that have potential influence on the space charge induced vortex motion of particles within high intensity bunches (curling of bunches, Gordon 1969) in isochronous cyclotrons. The influence of the phase slip due to deviations from strict isochronism determines if the bunches of a specific turn are above, below or at "transition", and hence whether stable vortex motion of the bunches is possible at all. Secondly there are possible longitudinal and transverse effects of rf acceleration, the former depending on the bunch phase ("bunching" or "debunching"), the latter depending on the gradient of the accelerating voltage. High accelerating voltages in the first turns call the applicability of adiabatic approximations and analytic methods into question. The influence of the rf acceleration is expected to be significant only at low beam energy, i.e. should have small or even negligible effect beyond the central region of compact machines.