DKD

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is pervasive into aging society,
affecting permanent implications on patients’ life. Approximately
10% of the global population has CKD, and millions die
each year. The prevalence of CKD was high in Latin America, Europe,
East Asia and the Middle East, where approximately 12% of
the population has CKD.1 Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) or diabetic
nephropathy (DN) is a part of CKD when the patients have
diabetes.2 Both CKD and DKD may progressively fall from a normal
estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR >90 ml/min/1.73
m2) to less than 15, at which point the patient becomes end-stage
kidney disease (ESKD). The status of DKD could be estimated by
measuring the amount of urinary protein and the serum creatinine,
which can be used to calculate the eGFR.