Designation

Our approach to translation is based on Eugenio Coseriu’s linguistic theory and on the American cognitive view of extralinguistic semantics. In order to illustrate the translation from Romanian into French of metaphors used in spoken language, we propose a selection of metaphors organised into six specific traditional fields. The case study regarding certain metaphors aims at demonstrating the fact that the object of translation is not the meaning, but the designation and the significance, which highlight differences that are rather cultural than lexical. So as to have access to the designation, we will make use of the work methods which are specific to Lakovian cognitive semantics: the conceptual metaphor and the conceptual mapping.

Pentru a pune bazele lingvisticii integrale, Eugeniu Coşeriu propune, cum se ştie, o modificare radicală a perspectivei asupra limbajului, respectiv explorarea întregului câmp fenomenal al "faptelor" lingvistice din punctul de vedere al vorbirii, nu al limbii, avansând, drept cadru preliminar al acestei explorări, o schemă generală a planurilor care se disting în vorbire, precum şi a competenţelor lingvistice corespunzătoare. Capacitatea generală de expresie conţine elementele nonverbale care acompaniază vorbirea şi competenţa lingvistică în totalitatea sa, care este, pe de o parte, psihofizică, iar pe de altă parte, culturală. "Nivelul cultural" al vorbirii este caracterizat drept activitate umană universală, care se realizează în situaţii determinate prin vorbitori individuali, ca reprezentanţi ai unor comunităţi lingvistice tradiţionale. Sunt distinse în acest fel cele trei planuri pe care se manifestă activitatea culturală a vorbirii: cel universal, comun tuturor limbilor, cel istoric, ce contine vorbirea într-o anumită limbă, si planul individual. În ceea ce priveste palierul individual, Coseriu subliniază că vorbirea este întotdeauna o executie individuală, nu „corală”, iar pe de altă parte, ea are loc întotdeauna într-o situatie determinată.

This paper presents the results of a study in the field of speech linguistics, which studies linguistic phenomena starting from the activity of speaking, not from language. From the perspective of the three linguistic levels proposed by Eugenio Coseriu, the creation of metaphors is situated at the universal level. This paper investigates the common ground that integral linguistics and cognitive semantics share. An illustrative case study is proposed in order to highlight the manner in which the two semantic approaches may complement one another to the benefit of research in the field of metaphor.

TITLE
The 1893 Russian Publication of Baha’u’llah’s Last Will and Testament:
An Academic Attestation of ‘Abdu’l-Baha’s Successorship

AUTHORS
Christopher Buck
Independent Scholar, Pittsburgh

Youli Ioannesyan
Institute of Oriental Manuscripts
Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg)

PUBLICATION
Baha'i Studies Review
Volume 19 (2013, published 2017), pp. 3–44 (42 pp.)
Actual publication date:
May 2017 (online version); June 2017 (print version)
Publisher: Intellect

ABSTRACT
This study concerns the publication of a document that may well be unique in the history of religions: the written designation of a successor by the charismatic founder of a world religion. Mīrzā Ḥusayn-‘Alī (1817–1892), known as Bahā’-Allāh (more commonly, Baha’u’llah, ‘Splendor of God’), prophet–founder of the Bahā’ī Faith.

In the Kitāb-i ‘Ahdī (‘Book of My Covenant’), Baha’u’llah designated his eldest son, ‘Abbās Effendī, known as ‘Abdu’l-Bahā (1844–1921), as successor. Baha’u’llah died on 29 May 1892 (at 3:00 a.m.) in Bahjī (near ‘Akkā), Palestine (now modern-day Israel), and the Kitāb-i ‘Ahdī was read aloud nine days later.

In 1893, Russian orientalist, Aleksandr Grigor’evich Tumanski (1861–1920) published this document, in the original Persian, with Russian translation, together with a eulogy composed by the celebrated Bahā’ī poet, Mīrzā ‘Alī-Ashraf-i Lāhījānī, known by his sobriquet, ‘Andalīb (‘Nightingale’; d. 1920). Since ‘Andalīb was an eyewitness to the events he describes, his eulogy may be treated as a historical source.

Tumanski’s scholarly publication of the Kitāb-i ‘Ahdī is discussed in the context of Russian scholarly and diplomatic interests. The present study is presented as follows:

(1) Introduction;
(2) Aleksandr Grigor’evich Tumanski;
(3) Contents of the Kitāb-i ‘Ahdī and Brief Commentary;
(4) ‘Andalīb’s Eyewitness Account of the Reading of the Kitāb-i ‘Ahdī, 1892;
(5) The St. Petersburg Edition of the Kitāb-i ‘Ahdī;
(6) The Original Manuscript of the Kitāb-i ‘Ahdī and the Textus Receptus;
(7) Textual Variants Between the St. Petersburg Edition of the Kitāb-i ‘Ahdī and the Textus Receptus;
(8) The Cambridge Manuscript of the Kitāb-i ‘Ahdī in the E. G. Browne Collection; and
(9) Conclusion: Contemporary-Historical Attestation of ‘Abdu’l-Baha’s Successorship by Tumanski and other Russian Notables

KEYWORDS
Abdu’l-Baha; Alexsandr Tumanski; Baha’i Faith; Baha’u’llah;
Baron Rosen; Edward Granville Browne; Kitab-i-‘Ahd; covenant; successor

NOTE:
This document (prepared by Christopher Buck) is not the published version itself, and is made available pursuant to the “Publishing Agreement,” which provides, in pertinent part:

B. AUTHOR’S OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT
The Copyright in the Accepted Contribution shall remain the Author’s property throughout the term of this Agreement. The Author may distribute or re-publish the Accepted Contribution, but may not use the format and designs of the Accepted Contribution as it appears in the Publication.

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