Diagnostic Cytology

Background: The link between cervical lesions and human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 is well established, but the magnitude of the risk of association and the importance of other high-risk hpv types is uncertain in Bayelsa state. Aims: The study was aimed at detecting and typing of cervical hpv among selected subjects, establish the relationship between cervical dysplasia and hpv and also asses the level of knowledge of hpv, perception and attitude of women in Bayelsa State. Materials and Methods: Questionnaires were used to assess the level of knowledge of hpv and cervical cancer. Papanicolaou stain for cervical cytology and Haematoxylin and Eosin stain used to study general tissue structure. Nested PCR was used to detect and multiplex PCR for typing. Results: The prevalence of hpv spectrum among participants was 52% while high risk hpv was 24%. Five (5) subtypes were identified. The subtypes identified were hpv 52(40.4%) most predominant, followed by 51(1.9%), 45(1.9%), 31(1.9%) and hpv 30 (9.6%). The age-specific prevalence showed a peak prevalence of 44.2% in the ages of 25-34 years and lowest in the age group (15-24years). Sequence alignment showed a single point mutation for hpv 45 and several points' mutation for hpv 52 at certain points of the sequenced nucleotides with Sequence no: 53CN12 and SeqH2011055303 and accession no: MG195999 and MG196000. HPV 52 was highest compared to previous studies, national and international. The level of knowledge on hpv infection and cancer of the cervix was low among subjects with a percentage score of 38.9%. Among other variables studied, life time sexual partners showed a statistically significant relationship in the prevalence of hpv (OR=0.02, P˂0.01). Perceived seriousness on hpv infection was high among hpv positive subjects compared with hpv negative participants (× =16.39, p ˂0.01). Conclusion: The emergence of hpv 52 in the study area requires public health attention and thus urgent need for local hpv vaccines production.

Background: Breast lesions including breast cancer represent a
major public health issue in Sudan. Fine-needle aspiration
cytology (FNAC) is an established, simple, highly accurate, minimally invasive, and cost-effective method of diagnosing most
breast lesions. The aim of this study is to document the most
common breast conditions diagnosed by means of FNAC over a
two-year period in Atbara, a city in north Sudan.
Methods: A retrospective, descriptive, cross-sectional, laboratory-based study in which records of all palpable breast lesions
diagnosed by FNAC in the years 2012 and 2013 were reviewed
and analyzed.
Results: The total number of cases studied was 232; most subjects, 222 (95.7%), were females. The age range was 15–90
years (mean 38.2). Painless lump was the most common 190
(81.9%) clinical presentation. The left breast was affected more
often than the right breast, 56.0% vs. 40.5%. Benign conditions
were 167 (72%). Malignant neoplasms were 65 (28.0%). The
most important associations with malignancy were female sex,
age above 35 years, multiparity, painless lump at upper outer
quadrant of left breast, lump size above 2 cm and the presence
of an enlarged ipsilateral axillary lymph node at presentation.
Conclusion: In the northern part of Sudan, the prevalence of malignant breast lesions diagnosed by FNAC is more than one fourth
of all cases presenting with palpable breast lumps. FNAC is a
technique that is ideal for use in resource-limited health settings.
Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;00:000–000. VC 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Key Words: cytology; FNAC; breast; Atbara; Sudan

Background. Whether the risk of cancer is increased in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis is a controversial issue.Methods. Between May 2005 and October 2012, 3777 FNACs were performed on 2562 patients. Serum FT4, TSH, anti-thyroglobulin (TgAb) and anti-thyroperoxidase (TPOAb) antibodies were determined.Results. Patients with suspicious cytology were younger and presented smaller maximum lesion diameter. In patients with TgAb positivity, suspicious citology was detected more frequently (9.4%) than patients without TgAb (5.7%; p=0.04). No significant difference was recorded between benign and suspicious cytology, in positive TPOAb rate. Risk factors for suspicious cytology were younger age (OR 0.94), smaller maximum diameter (0.95), single lesion (1.85), microcalcifications (3.45), and TgAb (1.74). Mixed solid/fluid content resulted as being protective factor (0.34). According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, age, mixed content, and microcalcification confirmed significance.Conclusions. Thyroid nodule malignancy in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis is not more frequent than in patients without thyroiditis. Head Neck, 2013