Eagle Conservation

モンゴル国西部アルタイ地域の遊牧民には，イヌワシ(Aquila chrysaetos daphanea)を鷹狩用に捕獲・馴致する伝統が受け継がれている．鷲使いたちは，巣からヒナワシ“コルバラ”を捕獲するか，成鳥“ジュズ”を罠や網で捕獲する方法でイヌワシ（雌個体のみ）を入手する．そして4 ～ 5年間狩猟を共にしたのち，性成熟を機として再び自然へと返す「産地返還」の習慣を「鷹匠の掟」としてきた．しかし近年，こうした環境共生観の伝統知は熱心に実践されているとは言い難い．一部のイヌワシの交換，取引，転売は，地域の遊牧民や鷹匠にとって「現金収入」「生活資金源」となることもある．現存のイヌワシ飼育者(n=42)へのインタビューから，1963年～ 2014年までの52 年間で入手履歴222例／離別履歴167例が特定された．しかし新規参入者の停滞に反してイヌワシ入手件数は増加する傾向にある．またイヌワシとの離別では，「産地返還」された個体は47.7%とそれほど高くはなく，「死別」「逃避」が全飼養個体の38.0%を占める．こうした結果からは，カザフ騎馬鷹狩文化がイヌワシ馴化・飼養の伝統知とともに連綿とつちかわれた自然崇拝観の継承・実践も鷲使いたちに徹底させる必要が，いま浮かび上がっている．

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ejgeo/11/1/11_119/_pdf/-char/ja

Aquila Rapax or tawny eagle is one of the eagles found in Kashmir especially in Pirpanjal range. it is territorial bird of prey, lives in pair for life. It also shows distinct migratory behavior especially in winters when these bird live in flock and feed on carrion and small mammals. More research is required by expert researcher of the subject with modern techniques to more about this master of the skies of Kashmir.

Vālakhilyas refer to a group of eleven hymns generally counted as an appendage to the 8th Mandala of Rig Veda. They also refer to a group of sages very short in stature, often mentioned as thumb-sized. Their rendezvous with the mighty eagle Garuda described in Mahabharata and  Vālmiki Ramayana offers ample scope to deduce the location where they originally lived. This article deduces the same and finds them to be closer to 'Hobbits' of Indonesia. Further analysis shows that they contributed the Rig Vedic verses that can be counted as one of the oldest and not later additions that many people think.

ELECTROCUTION OF BLACK CHESTED BUZZARD EAGLES (Geranoaetus melanoleucus) IN LUJÁN DE CUYO, MENDOZA, ARGENTINA. In this short communication we describe the finding of Black Chested Buzzard Eagles (Geranoaetus melanoleucus) victims of electrocution in Luján de Cuyo district, Mendoza province, Argentina. We believe that the existence of “lethal” pylons in the proximity of a landfill (source of artificial food for these eagles) as the cause of the high number of deaths observed

Sexual differences in parental care investment may affect individual survival or performance, and also demography. We investigated parental-care behavior of the endangered Chaco Eagle (Buteogallus coronatus) to evaluate implications for population conservation in semiarid habitats of central Argentina. From 2004 to 2012, we monitored three breeding attempts using video recording (275 hr) during the incubation period, and nine pairs during the nestling-rearing period by means of video recording (1087 hr) and focal observations at nests (232 hr). Chaco Eagles showed a strong division of parental care by sex.
Females contributed significantly more than males to incubation, shading/brooding, and feeding of the nestling, whereas males provided prey to females during incubation and to nestlings during the early
nestling-rearing period. Foraging males, which spend more time away fromthe nest, may be more exposed to anthropogenic activities and negative interactions with humans. If males are more vulnerable to such effects, this could decrease the survival of breeding males and potentially increase the recruitment of immature males to the breeding population. In this event, the ability of the inexperienced immature males that replace
the adult eagles to cope with the food and care demands of the mate and offspring is critical for ensuring Chaco Eagle population maintenance.

鷹狩は人間の営みだけで、文化そのものを保存できる「無形文化遺産」ではない。鷹狩は本来、古代の遊牧民が生活のなかで編み出した技法であり、家畜を育て、季節移動を行い、騎馬での出猟が途絶えなかった季節移動型牧畜活動（以下、遊牧）の暮らしと生産活動に依存することで、必要不可欠な成立条件が満たされた［Soma 2015］。現在でもそうした遊牧民の暮らしと密接な関係を保つ「騎馬鷹狩」の習慣は、モンゴル西部バヤン・ウルギー県（Баян-Өлгий Аймаг）のアルタイ系カザフ人Алтай Казакに受け継がれている（図1a-c）（図2）。「イヌワシの馴致」「騎馬による出猟」「右手での据え置き」などの特徴は、古代の鷹狩との直接の系譜を示唆する［Soma 2012a、2013a；相馬2012a, 2013a］。ただし、現在のいわゆる鷹匠「ブルクッチュ（Бүркітщі）」は同県で90名に満たない。そしてモンゴル西部の騎馬鷹狩文化も、近年の急激な観光化と文化変容のただなかで、本来の文脈を失いつつある［Soma 2012c, 2012d, 2013b; 相馬2012b, 2013b］。

• Large birds of prey, such as the Black‐and‐chestnut Eagle (Spizaetus isidori), are among the most threat‐ ened species, due to their high habitat requirements as top predators. In order to develop effective conservation plans for this group, more detailed knowledge of the different aspects of their biology and interaction with human communities is required. We evaluated the nestling diet of the Black‐and‐chestnut Eagle for three breeding periods using three different methods in the rural area of Gachalá‐Cundinamarca, on the eastern slope of the Eastern Cordil‐ lera of Colombia. In addition, we surveyed people living in the study area to assess the existence of potential eagle‐ human conflicts. Of the eight taxa recorded as prey, the Andean Guan (Penelope montagnii) was the most frequent (40%), while the House Chicken (Gallus gallus) contributed the greatest biomass (47%). Our surveys reveal an esti‐ mated yearly loss of one to two domestic fowl individuals per household, with 57% of owners surveyed claimed to have suffered losses. According to the survey results, inhabitants would prefer not to have the eagle breeding close to their houses (< 10 km), and would consider killing eagles if they preyed upon more than five domestic fowl individuals a year. To reduce the threat and the current human‐eagle conflict in the area, it is important to consider " win‐win " strategies, some of which are already being studied in the area, such as birdwatching initiatives. RESUMEN • Depredación de aves de corral por el Águila Crestada (Spizaetus isidori): ¿un potencial conflicto con humanos? Especies de grandes rapaces como el Águila Crestada (Spizaetus isidori), se encuentran dentro de las especies con mayores amenazas en términos poblacionales debido a los altos requerimientos de hábitat que presentan en su fun‐ ción de depredadores tope. Para elaborar planes efectivos de conservación en este grupo se requiere de un cono‐ cimiento más detallado de diferentes aspectos de su biología y de su interacción con las comunidades humanas. Por medio del seguimiento a dos nidos de una pareja reproductiva de Águila Crestada evaluamos la dieta aportada por los adultos al pichón, durante tres periodos reproductivos utilizando tres metodologías diferentes, en la zona rural del municipio de Gachalá‐Cundinamarca, flanco oriental de la Cordillera Oriental de Colombia. Asimismo, realizamos encuestas a habitantes de la zona para evaluar el potencial conflicto reportado entre pobladores y águilas. De los ocho taxa que registramos como presas, la Pava Andina (Penelope montagnii) fue la presa más frecuente (40%), mientras que la Gallina (Gallus gallus) presento la mayor contribución de biomasa (47%). Cincuenta y siete por ciento de los encuestados dicen haber sufrido pérdidas anuales de gallinas, entre 1 y 2 por casa. Según la encuesta realizada, los residentes prefieren no tener la especie cerca de sus viviendas (< 10 km), y considerarían cazar las águilas si estas cap‐ turan más de 5 aves de corral al año. Con el ánimo de mitigar el conflicto que se presenta entre el águila y las perso‐ nas, es importante considerar algunas opciones bajo un esquema de resolución beneficiosa para águilas y humanos, algunas de las cuales ya se están implementando en la zona, como el turismo de observación de aves.