Egg Shells

Environment safety is one of the surest ways of achieving sustainable development. As a tool of achieving sustainable development it became pertinent to investigate the efficacy of periwinkle shell ash (PSA) and egg shell powder (ESP) in the enhancement of microbial degradation of spent engine oil (SEO) polluted soil via assessing the growth performance of watermelon. The SEO was obtained from mechanic workshop, while the watermelon seeds were purchased from Watt Market Calabar and authenticated at the Herbarium Unit, Department of Botany, University of Calabar. Top soil (0-20cm depth) was collected and 8kg each of dry soil was weighed into forty perforated polythene bags and 150ml SEO was introduced into each of the polythene bags containing the soil and allowed for two weeks. The PSA and ESP were applied at concentrations of 100g/kg, 200g/kg and 300g/kg to the various treatment groups except the pristine control (PC) and SEO control. However, after two weeks of treatment soil samples were collected for microbial analysis and then planting of the watermelon seeds was done on all the polythene bags. Morphological data were obtained at 30days and 60days. The result for the microbial analysis recorded a significantly (p<0.05) high microbial counts in the amended soil, the following microorganisms were present in the amended soil: Bacillus sp, Streptococcus sp, Micrococcus sp, Pseudomonas sp, Aspergillus sp, Pencillium sp, Mucor sp, Rhizopus sp, Fusarium, and Geotricum sp. The result of the morphological features of the plant indicates that the soil amended with PSA had no significant difference (P>0.05) with the PC on the days to germination while the plant height, leaf area, leaf length and number of leaves of watermelon were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the control plant. It was also observed that the days to flowering and number of flowers in the PSA amended soil were greatly improved than the control plant. Although the morphological features of the ESP amended soil were improved, a greater performance was recorded in the PSA amended soil. A notable feature to ascertain the level of degradation of the soil can be observed in the SEO control soil; germination and flowering of the plant were delayed. It can be concluded from this study that PSA possesses a comparatively higher degrading potentials in the reduction of hydrocarbon in the soil than egg shells.

Chicken eggshell (ES) is an aviculture result that has been utilized as the fortification in the current examination which is recorded worldwide as one of the most disgusting ecological issues. The current work manages advancement of ES-fortified Al1100 lattice composites by cauldron throwing process with 0 to 10 wt% of fortification at an interim of 2 wt%. Al 1100 compound is chosen as the lattice material while carbonized coconut shell particles (CCNSp) and SiCp as support. Composites were readied utilizing fluid throwing strategy with Carbonized coconut shell 0% 2.5% 5% and Egg shell 0%, 5%, 10% wt % with consistent load of Silicon carbide 2% support. It has been seen that the rigidity and compressive quality of composites increments with the expansion of ES particles and the most extreme qualities were accomplished at 5wt% with consistent 2% of SiC. And afterward saw that hardness of composites increments with the expansion of ES particles and the greatest qualities were accomplished at 10 wt%. With the expansion in ES strengthening particles in lattice, molecule pulled out and molecule network debonding have been seen which lead to fragile crack. Because of this explanation unadulterated Al1100 has most extreme effect quality. I. INTRODUCTION Srisaran Venkatachalam [1] et.al were investigated the mechanical properties of aluminium reinforced with titanium dioxide particles which is fabricated through casting process. A comparative study has been conducted by varying the percentage of the reinforcement in the base metal matrix. The composite was casted and the samples were prepared, by simple turning and milling processes, for performing various mechanical tests. The reinforcement i.e. titanium dioxide weight percent of 5 %, 10 % and 15 % resulted in increasing ultimate tensile strength, impact strength, average hardness and density with increasing concentration of titanium dioxide particles, while the compressive strength decreases with increase in the concentration of titanium dioxide reinforcement. Hence, it can be concluded that as the percentage of titanium dioxide increases the properties show enhancement due to the development of strong bonding between the particles of reinforcement and the base matrix and also due to the wet ability property of the reinforcement in the base metal matrix. M. M. Siva [2] et. all were studied hybrid Aluminium matrix composite was fabricated through stir casting route. Coconut ash (CCNSp) and graphite (Gr) particles were used as reinforcement phases for the present study. The hybrid MMC was prepared with varying the Tio 2 particles volume fraction ranging from 5% to 10%.and fixed quantity 3% of graphite. The average on reinforced particles size of Tio 2 and graphite are 25 microns and 45 microns respectively. The stirring process was carried out at 200rev/min for 15 min. The microstructure and mechanical properties are investigated on prepared MMCs. N. B. Dhokey [3] et.al were analyzed Metal matrix composites (MMCs) possess significantly improved properties including high specific strength; specific modulus, damping capacity and good wear resistance compared to unreinforced alloys. These composites initially replaced Cast Iron and Bronze alloys but owing to their poor wear and seizure resistance, they were subjected to many experiments and the wear behaviour of these composites were explored to a maximum extent and were reported by number of research scholars for the past 25 years. In the present investigation, they have chosen aluminium as a matrix phase and titanium oxide as a reinforcement phase. The aim of our project is investigate the wear behaviour of aluminium metal matrix on different amount of reinforcement. The titanium oxide, 5%, 10%, and 15% weight of aluminium was used to make three different specimen. Among all the fabrication process we choose stir casting because stir casting process are simplest and cheapest. Magnesium (4% by weight) was added in molten aluminium to improve the wet ability. After fabrication; the composites have been characterized for their wear behaviour to see the suitability as a wear resistant material. Wear test was performed as a function of sliding distance, applied load, sliding velocity with the help of Pin-On-Disc wear test machine.

Wallpaper is pasted in vertical strips over the walls of rooms, offices, restaurants, hospitals, hotels etc. to provide a decorative surface. In this study, the radiation reduction effect of waste egg shells was investigated in order to reduce the radiation, especially in offices and hospitals. Writing and printing papers were used as balance (base) paper in wallpaper production and its physical and optical properties were determined. Base papers have been coated with mixtures of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) and egg shell calcium carbonate (ECC) at certain rates. In order to improve water resistance of wallpaper, PVA (polyvinyl acetate) was applied on the surface of the dried wallpapers in the conditioning room. The physical and optical of the papers were investigated to compare with each other. The results show that the whiteness values of the wallpaper increased with using PCC while decreased with using ECC. The brightness and yellowness values decreased not significantly and the physical properties of the wallpapers have decreased with coating process. As a result, waste egg shells were evaluated as a new raw material and water resistant wallpapers were produced.

The effectiveness of various coatings (whey protein isolate [WPI], whey protein concentrate [WPC], zein, and shellac) on functional properties, interior quality, and eggshell breaking strength of fresh eggs were evaluated during storage at 24 °: C for 6 weeks. Coatings and storage time had significant effects on Haugh unit, yolk index, albumen pH, dry matter (DMA), relative whipping capacity (RWC), and albumen viscosity. Uncoated eggs had higher albumen pH (9.56) and weight loss, and lower albumen viscosity (5.73), Haugh unit (HU), and yolk index (YI) during storage. Among the coated eggs, the shellac and zein coated eggs had the highest value of albumen viscosity (27.26 to 26.90), HU (74.10 to 73.61), and YI (44.84 to 44.63) after storage. Shellac (1.44%) was more effective in preventing weight loss than WPC (4.59%), WPI (4.60%), and zein (2.13%) coatings. Uncoated eggs had the higest value (6.71%) of weight lost. All coatings increased shell strength (5.18 to 5.73 for top and 3.58 to 4.71 for bottom) significantly (P < 0.05) compared to the uncoated eggs (4.70 for top and 3.15 for bottom). The functional properties such as albumen DMA (14.50 to 16.66 and 18.97 for uncoated) and albumen RWC (841 to 891 and 475 for uncoated) of fresh eggs can be preserved during storage when they are coated. The shellac and zein coatings were more effective for maintaining the internal quality of fresh eggs during storage. Fourier transform near infrared (FT-NIR) in the 800 to 2500 nm reflection spectra were used to quantify the contents of the fresh eggs at the end of storage. Eggs coated with shellac or zein displayed a higher absorbance at 970 and 1,197 nm respectively (OH vibration of water) compared with those coated with WPI or WPC and the uncoated group at the end of storage. The coatings improved functional properties and also shell strength and could be a viable alternative technology for maintaining the internal quality of eggs during long-term storage. This study highlights the promising use of various coatings to both enhance the functional properties and to reduce the breakage of eggs.

The present study emphasizes the green method of synthesis of nano crystalline Calcium stannate (CaSnO3) and explores the phase, morphology and biological property of the same. In brief, Calcium stannate was prepared by calcinations of purified tin metal with lime and eggshell powder as the precursor. The analytical studies on structural characterization, phase identification and the surface morphology of the prepared sample concluded the presence of nano crystalline CaSnO3 with orthorhombic perovskite structure. The crystallite size was in the range of 16 – 27 nm range and lattice parameters calculated were well correlated with the JCPDS database. The results of Electro Paramagnetic Resonance study also suggested the presence of non-stoichiometric arrangement of atoms and oxygen deficiency in the crystal lattice and this could be related to the antioxidant property as evidenced by its DPPH• quenching property of the sample. Further, the use of egg shell powder as precursor offered ...

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of eggshell color of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) eggs on eggshell quality and hatchery results. The highest mean grey value (MGV), integrated density (ID), lightness (L*) and Hue angle (H*) values were obtained in eggs with lighter eggshell color. The effects of color difference (ΔE*) value levels on egg characteristics were evaluated. Eggshell color presented different (p<0.01) MGV, ID, L*, redness (a*), yellowness (b*), H* and Chroma (C*) values. Eggs with lighter color presented thicker eggshells and lower egg weight loss on day 25 of incubation (p<0.05) compared with intermediate and darker eggs. Eggshell color did not have any significant effect on fertility and hatchability (p>0.05). In conclusion, under the conditions of the present study, eggshell color influenced eggshell thickness and weight loss, but not hatching parameters of guinea fowl eggs. Further studies on this subject should be carried out.

Effects of fluoride in water is both beneficial and detrimental. So fluoride in higher levels must be removed. The present study works with the extraction of fluoride from aqueous solution using natural adsorbents prepared from rice husk and egg shells. Experiments were performed to demonstrate optimal conditions like pH, adsorbent dose and contact period. Egg shells were found to be more effective than rice husk in terms of adsorbent dosage and contact period required. Data from the equilibrium studies was used to understand the order of kinetics and to predict the isotherms of the adsorption process.