Environment Friendly

With increasing environmental concerns and the need for ‘green reagents’, the interest in bismuth and its compounds has increased tremendously in the last decade. Bismuth(III) compounds are attractive reagents and catalysts in organic synthesis because of their low toxicity, low cost and ease of handling. This report is limited to a review of the recent literature on applications of inorganic bismuth(III) compounds in organic synthesis. The report is organized by reaction type.

This paper focuses on the addition of commercial wax as flow improver in polymer modified bitumen intended for use in mastic asphalt pavements under Nordic climatic conditions. Different aspects are dealt with. The aim of the project is to make mastic asphalt used in Sweden today (for bridges, parking decks etc.) more environment friendly and easier to handle. However, wax modification must not have any noticeable negative impact on the performance of mastic asphalt at medium and lower temperatures. The project involves laboratory testing of wax and polymer modified binder mixtures as well as mastic asphalt mixtures. Effects of adding two commercial waxes to one polymer modified bitumen have been studied. The results show that both waxes have a flow improving/viscosity depressant impact on the polymer modified bitumen at higher temperatures, indicating a possible lower laying temperature for the mastic asphalt if modified with such waxes. Moreover, there is a stiffening effect at medium and high temperatures (below placing temperature), indicating a certain positive effect on stability. Concerning low temperature performance, there are results indicating some negative impact on crack susceptibility at low temperatures, more by the addition of one of the waxes than by addition of the other. However, it could be concluded that using up to at least 4% of either wax additive will improve workability for the mastic asphalt product under investigation making it possible to lower working temperatures without seriously affecting its good performance in any negative way.

This paper focuses on the addition of commercial wax as flow improver in polymer modified bitumen intended for use in mastic asphalt pavements under Nordic climatic conditions. Different aspects are dealt with. The aim of the project is to make mastic asphalt used in Sweden today (for bridges, parking decks etc.) more environment friendly and easier to handle. However, wax modification must not have any noticeable negative impact on the performance of mastic asphalt at medium and lower temperatures. The project involves laboratory testing of wax and polymer modified binder mixtures as well as mastic asphalt mixtures. Effects of adding two commercial waxes to one polymer modified bitumen have been studied. The results show that both waxes have a flow improving/viscosity depressant impact on the polymer modified bitumen at higher temperatures, indicating a possible lower laying temperature for the mastic asphalt if modified with such waxes. Moreover, there is a stiffening effect at medium and high temperatures (below placing temperature), indicating a certain positive effect on stability. Concerning low temperature performance, there are results indicating some negative impact on crack susceptibility at low temperatures, more by the addition of one of the waxes than by addition of the other. However, it could be concluded that using up to at least 4% of either wax additive will improve workability for the mastic asphalt product under investigation making it possible to lower working temperatures without seriously affecting its good performance in any negative way.

Aromatic aldehydes are smoothly converted into the corresponding acylals in good yields in the presence of 3–10 mol% Bi(NO3)3·5H2O. Ketones are not affected under the reaction conditions. The relatively non-toxic nature of the catalyst, its ease of handling, easy availability and low cost make this procedure especially attractive for large-scale synthesis.Graphic

A complete package of technology and equipment was developed, evaluated, and pilot tested for sustainable small-scale production of filtered coconut oil to support the promotion of the plant oil stove — an environment-friendly stove that uses all types of plant oil as fuel. The sustainability of the technology is ensured by the establishment of a plant oil production area and oil analysis laboratory at the Plant Oil Technology Center, based at the Department of Agricultural Engineering of the Visayas State University, the Philippines. The plant oil production area is equipped with a high capacity weighing scale, one hammer mill, three oil expellers, one settling tank, one filtering tank, and two storage tanks that can process about 400−500 kg of copra daily. Except for the weighing scale and oil expellers, all the equipment were designed and fabricated by the project. Technology for the small-scale production of coconut virgin oil, naturally fermented vinegar from coconut water, and...

This article is confined to biodiesel production and characterization of fatty acid methyl esters synthesized from a novel source of non edible neem oil. Fatty acid methyl esters were produced through methlanolysis of neem oil by using methanol in the presence of NaOH and KOH as catalysts. Conversion of crude neem oil to biodiesel was 76.8%. Fuel properties of neem

Aromatic aldehydes are smoothly converted into the corresponding acylals in good yields in the presence of 3–10mol% Bi(NO3)3·5H2O. Ketones are not affected under the reaction conditions. The relatively non-toxic nature of the catalyst, its ease of handling, easy availability and low cost make this procedure especially attractive for large-scale synthesis.

Rice is one of the most important cereal crops in Nepal. As per the preliminary estimate of f.y.2007/08, the rice crop was grown in 1.55 million hectare producing 4.3 million mt and the productivity was 2.775 t/ha. It contributes nearly 20% to Agricultural Gross Domestic Product and provides more than 50% of the total calories required to the Nepalese people. The UNO also declared 2004, as the "International Year of Rice" with the theme "Rice is Life". There are less possibilities of bringing more lands into production. Therefore, we have to increase the productivity per hectare per day by any means .The promising technologies generated by agriculture research play the pivotal role for increasing rice productivity. Nepal so far has released fifty-six (56) rice varieties with full package of practices within the span of forty-one (41) years. The modern varieties can express their yield potentiality only when recommended packages are practiced. Quality seeds alone ...

... Web of Science ®]; 13. Reddy , GV ; Maitraie , D. ; Narsaiah , MB ; Rambabu , Y. ; Rao , PS Mocrowave assisted Knovenagel condensation: A facile method for the synthesis of chalcones . Synth. Commun. 2001 , 31 , 2881 – 2884 . [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®]; 14 ...