Esprit de Corps

The paper presents an epistemology of the assumption of the values of universalism and relativism. Though the main interest is to understand the present attitudes of intellectuals towards these values, the historical origin of this interesting social stratum is emphasised, as well as its ideology. This ideology may be described with the metaphor of esprit de corps. As ideology of a special social body, it is analysed from the standpoint of the concept of identity, which is not essentialist, but relational. As a result, esprit de corps appears as imagined identity, negotiated and fragmented, reflecting historical moments and social structures and relations. Those assuming this identity reject the universalistic values, and the paper highlights the present tendency of the dominant bodies to promote particularistic values.

The research intends to retrace the history of the Italian Interior Ministry police in the 1950s, by analysing all the measures, instruments and expedients adopted by the police to create its image, a self-representation with a dual purpose. On the one hand, the Interior Ministry police aimed at building a model, a concept to be proposed to the Public security guards (guardie di Pubblica sicurezza). On the other hand, it was meant to spread an image of the Interior Ministry police and its personnel within the society. Based on an examination of police training, duties, barracks life and free-time activities the article aims to reconstruct this image. It also focuses on all the welfare measures and the support provided to the police personnel and their families to enhance the esprit de corps. Moreover, the research explores the main civil, military and religious celebrations of the Interior Ministry Police. Lastly, the article analyses the role played by Polizia Moderna (the o cial Interior Ministry police magazine) in the creation of institutional culture and a collective imaginary for the lowerranking personnel.

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Henri Fayol 14 Principles of Management includes all the Principles of Management which must be followed by a business organization to achieve its goals. These Principles of Management Definition is given by Henri Fayol who developed general theories of business administration.

Henri Fayol was a French mining engineer and an author who developed general theories of business administration. In this article, we'll see one of his popular theory which is known as Henri Fayol 14 Principles of Management.

The reason why Henri Fayol 14 Principles of Management are important is, it improves understanding, it helps in identifying the areas of management in which managers should be trained and it is also helpful in identifying the role of management.

Objectives of Principles of Management are coordination, efficiency, compliance to plan & controlling etc. Henri Fayol mentioned these principles in his book General and Industrial Management in the year 1917.

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