Ethanolamine

Primary liver cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in men and the eighth in women worldwide. The liver is also the second most common site for metastatic spread of cancer. To assist in the diagnosis of these liver lesions non-invasive advanced imaging techniques are desirable. Magnetic resonance (MR) is commonly used to identify anatomical lesions, but it is a

Ethanolamines are raw materials widely used in industry. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide absorption and the production of materials such as paint, rubber, adhesive, detergent, soap are the areas where ethanolamines are frequently used. With the formation of new industrial areas, the demand for ethanolamine is increasing every year.
Our design project aimed to produce mono-, di-, tri-ethanolamine of high purity and quality. In aqueous environment, ethanolamines are obtained by the serial reactions carried out by feeding ammonia and ethylene oxide into the plug flow reactor. This process runs on a continuous model. Compared with other alternatives, the selected process has more sensitivity to the environment. Production planning Turkey's industrial structure has been expected to establish a complex system. For this reason, it was decided to establish the facility in İzmir, Aliağa Industrial Zone. We take into account when determining the quality of our process is the most important factor in Turkey's foreign trade deficit ethanolamine field. Accordingly, our annual production capacity has been determined as 4440 tons.
Mass, energy and utility requirements values and some calculations were made using Chemcad® simulation software. The process flow chart and block diagram were drawn using Microsoft Visio 2013, and the process control charts of the equipment were drawn using Draw.io. Capcost 2012 was used in the economic analysis. Other calculations were made by manually.

Ethanolamine is a biogenic amine found naturally in the body as part of membrane lipids and as a metabolite of the cardioprotective substances, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and anandamide. In the brain, ethanolamine, formed from the breakdown of anandamide protects against ischaemic apoptosis. However, the effects of ethanolamine in the heart are unknown. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) is a critical prosurvival factor in ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Therefore, we investigated whether ethanolamine protects the heart via activation of STAT-3. Isolated hearts from wildtype or cardiomyocyte specific STAT-3 knockout (K/O) mice were pre-treated with ethanolamine (Etn) (0.3 mmol/L) before I/R insult. In vivo rat hearts were subjected to 30 min ischaemia/2 h reperfusion in the presence or absence of 5 mg/kg S1P and/or the FAAH inhibitor, URB597. Infarct size was measured at the end of each protocol by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Pre-treatment with ethanolamine decreased infarct size in isolated mouse or rat hearts subjected to I/R but this infarct sparing effect was lost in cardiomyocyte specific STAT-3 deficient mice. Pre-treatment with ethanolamine increased nuclear phosphorylated STAT-3 [control 0.75 ± 0.08 vs. Etn 1.50 ± 0.09 arbitrary units; P < 0.05]. Our findings suggest a novel cardioprotective role for ethanolamine against I/R injury via activation of STAT-3.

A rapid analytical approach suitable to achieve a comprehensive characterization of the compounds present in the infusion prepared from the leaves of Byrsonima fagifolia Niedenzu (Malpighiaceae), a Brazilian plant used as an infusion to treat gastric disorders, was developed. The method was based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray negative ionisation multistage ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-ITMSn). The main ions in the ESI-ITMS spectra were attributed to a quinic acid core containing from one to five galloyl units. Quercetin derivatives containing one and two sugar moieties as well as galloyl esterification were also detected. These results indicated that HPLC/ESI-ITMSn is easily applicable to infusions of this plant and allows the rapid and direct identification of these compounds in crude plant extracts.

Acylethanolamides (AEs) are a group of lipids occurring in both plants and animals. The best-studied AEs are the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), the anti-inflammatory compound palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and the potent anorexigenic molecule oleoylethanolamide (OEA). AEs are biosynthesized in the gastrointestinal tract, and their levels may change in response to noxious stimuli, food deprivation or diet-induced obesity. The biological actions of AEs within the gut are not limited to the modulation of food intake and energy balance. For example, AEs exert potential beneficial effects in the regulation of intestinal motility, secretion, inflammation and cellular proliferation. Molecular targets of AEs, which have been identified in the gastrointestinal tract, include cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors (activated by AEA), transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1, activated by AEA and OEA), the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alp...

A procedure based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is described for the determination of nicotine and its principal metabolites cotinine, trans-3-hydroxycotinine and cotinine-N-oxide, caffeine and arecoline in breast milk, using N-ethylnorcotinine as internal standard. Liquid/liquid extraction with chloroform/isopropanol (95:5, v/v) was used for nicotine, cotinine, trans-3-hydroxycotinine, cotinine-N-oxide and caffeine under neutral conditions and for arecoline under basic conditions. Chromatography was performed on a C8 reversed-phase column using a gradient of 50 mM ammonium formate, pH 5.0, and acetonitrile as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Separated analytes were determined by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring. Limits of quantification were 5 µg/L for nicotine, cotinine, trans-3-hydroxycotinine, cotinine-N-oxide and caffeine, and 50 µg/L for arecoline using 1 mL human milk per assay. Calibration curves were linear over the calibration ranges for all the substances under investigation, with a minimum r2 > 0.998. At three concentrations spanning the linear dynamic range of the assay, mean recoveries from breast milk ranged between 71.8 and 77.4% for different analytes. This method was applied to the analysis of analytes in human milk to assess substance exposure in breast-fed infants in relation to eventual clinical outcomes. This LC/MS/MS assay provides adequate sensitivity and performance characteristics for the simultaneous quantification of biomarkers of three of the drugs most commonly used worldwide (tobacco, caffeine and areca nut). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Presence of phospholipase D-like (PLD) activity in the intestinal mitochondria was identified using endogenous phospholipids as substrate. The enzyme had a pH optimum of 6.5, did not show trans-phosphatidylation activity in the presence of ethanol or butanol, and the product formed was phosphatidic acid (PA). This was confirmed by separation of reaction products by high-performance liquid chromatography and analysis of composition of the PA formed which gave phosphate/fatty acid ratio of 1∶2. PLD-like activity was further confirmed by the formation of ethanolamine and choline as products of enzyme action. This activity was stimulated by various metal ions; when stimulated by Mg2+ and Ba2+, it hydrolyzed both phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and when stimulated by Ca2+, it preferentially hydrolyzed phosphatidylethanolamine. There was no requirement for sodium oleate for the PLD-like activity in mitochondria. These results suggest that intestinal mitochondria have an active PLD-like enzyme which differs in certain properties from phospholipase D from other tissues.

Although many glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins have been observed as soluble forms, the mechanisms by which they are released from the cell surface have not been demonstrated. We show here that a cell-associated GPI-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) releases the GPI-anchored, complement regulatory protein decay-accelerating factor (DAF) from HeLa cells, as well as the basic fibroblast growth factor-binding heparan sulfate proteoglycan from bone marrow stromal cells. DAF found in the HeLa cell culture supernatants contained both [3H]ethanolamine and [3H]inositol, but not [3H]palmitic acid, whereas the soluble heparan sulfate proteoglycan present in bone marrow stromal cell culture supernatants contained [3H]ethanolamine. 125I-labeled GPI-DAF incorporated into the plasma membranes of these two cell types was released in a soluble form lacking the fatty acid GPI-anchor component. GPI-PLD activity was detected in lysates of both HeLa and bone marrow stromal cells. T...

The Escherichia coli genes pta and eutD encode proteins containing the phosphate-acetyltransferase domain. EutD is composed only by this domain and belongs to the ethanolamine operon. This enzyme has not been characterized yet, and its relationship to the multimodular E. coli phosphotransacetylase (Pta) remains unclear. In the present work, a detailed characterization of EutD from E. coli (EcEutD) was performed. The enzyme is a more efficient phosphotransacetylase than E. coli Pta (EcPta) in catalyzing its reaction in either direction and assembles as a dimer, being differentially modulated by EcPta effectors. When comparing EutD and Pta, both from E. coli, certain divergent regions of the primary structure responsible for their unique properties can be found. The growth on acetate of the E. coli pta acs double-mutant strain, was complemented by either introducing EcEutD or by inducing the eut operon with ethanolamine. In this case, the expression of a phosphotransacetylase different from Pta was confirmed by activity assays. Overall, the results indicate that EcEutD and Pta, although able to catalyse the same reaction, display differential efficiency and regulation, and also differ in the induction of their expression. However, under certain growth conditions, they can fulfil equal roles in E. coli metabolism.

The possibility to compress analyte bands at the beginning of CE runs has many advantages. Analytes at low concentration can be analyzed with high signal-to-noise ratios by using the so-called sample stacking methods. Moreover, sample injections with very narrow initial band widths (small initial standard deviations) are sometimes useful, especially if high resolutions among the bands are required in the shortest run time. In the present work, a method of sample stacking is proposed and demonstrated. It is based on BGEs with high thermal sensitive pHs (high dpH/dT) and analytes with low dpKa/dT. High thermal sensitivity means that the working pKa of the BGE has a high dpKa/dT in modulus. For instance, Tris and Ethanolamine have dpH/dT=−0.028/°C and −0.029/°C, respectively, whereas carboxylic acids have low dpKa/dT values, i.e. in the −0.002/°C to+0.002/°C range. The action of cooling and heating sections along the capillary during the runs affects also the local viscosity, conductivity, and electric field strength. The effect of these variables on electrophoretic velocity and band compression is theoretically calculated using a simple model. Finally, this stacking method was demonstrated for amino acids derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and fluorescamine using a temperature difference of 70°C between two neighbor sections and Tris as separation buffer. In this case, the BGE has a high pH thermal coefficient whereas the carboxylic groups of the analytes have low pKa thermal coefficients. The application of these dynamic thermal gradients increased peak height by a factor of two (and decreased the standard deviations of peaks by a factor of two) of aspartic acid and glutamic acid derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde and serine derivatized with fluorescamine. The effect of thermal compression of bands was not observed when runs were accomplished using phosphate buffer at pH 7 (negative control). Phosphate has a low dpH/dT in this pH range, similar to the dKa/dT of analytes. It is shown that ∣dKa/dT−dpH/dT∣≫0 is one determinant factor to have significant stacking produced by dynamic thermal junctions.

A rapid analytical approach suitable to achieve a comprehensive characterization of the compounds present in the infusion prepared from the leaves of Byrsonima fagifolia Niedenzu (Malpighiaceae), a Brazilian plant used as an infusion to treat gastric disorders, was developed. The method was based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray negative ionisation multistage ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-ITMSn).The main ions

A procedure based on liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is described for the determination of nicotine and its principal metabolites cotinine, trans-3-hydroxycotinine and cotinine-N-oxide, caffeine and arecoline in breast milk, using N-ethylnorcotinine as internal standard. Liquid/liquid extraction with chloroform/isopropanol (95:5, v/v) was used for nicotine, cotinine, trans-3-hydroxycotinine, cotinine-N-oxide and caffeine under neutral conditions and for arecoline under basic conditions. Chromatography was performed on a C8 reversed-phase column using a gradient of 50 mM ammonium formate, pH 5.0, and acetonitrile as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Separated analytes were determined by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring. Limits of quantification were 5 µg/L for nicotine, cotinine, trans-3-hydroxycotinine, cotinine-N-oxide and caffeine, and 50 µg/L for arecoline using 1 mL human milk per assay. Calibration curves were linear over the calibration ranges for all the substances under investigation, with a minimum r2 > 0.998. At three concentrations spanning the linear dynamic range of the assay, mean recoveries from breast milk ranged between 71.8 and 77.4% for different analytes. This method was applied to the analysis of analytes in human milk to assess substance exposure in breast-fed infants in relation to eventual clinical outcomes. This LC/MS/MS assay provides adequate sensitivity and performance characteristics for the simultaneous quantification of biomarkers of three of the drugs most commonly used worldwide (tobacco, caffeine and areca nut). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In a previous work [M. Mandaji, et al., this issue] a sample stacking method was theoretically modeled and experimentally demonstrated for analytes with low dpKa/dT (analytes carrying carboxylic groups) and BGEs with high dpH/dT (high pH–temperature-coefficients). In that work, buffer pH was modulated with temperature, inducing electrophoretic mobility changes in the analytes. In the present work, the opposite conditions are studied and tested, i.e. analytes with high dpKa/dT and BGEs that exhibit low dpH/dT. It is well known that organic bases such as amines, imidazoles, and benzimidazoles exhibit high dpKa/dT. Temperature variations induce instantaneous changes on the basicity of these and other basic groups. Therefore, the electrophoretic velocity of some analytes changes abruptly when temperature variations are applied along the capillary. This is true only if BGE pH remains constant or if it changes in the opposite direction of pKa of the analyte. The presence of hot and cold sections along the capillary also affects local viscosity, conductivity, and electric field strength. The effect of these variables on electrophoretic velocity and band stacking efficacy was also taken into account in the theoretical model presented. Finally, this stacking method is demonstrated for lysine partially derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde. In this case, the amino group of the lateral chain was left underivatized and only the alpha amino group was derivatized. Therefore, the basicity of the lateral amino group, and consequently the electrophoretic mobility, was modulated with temperature while the pH of the buffer used remained unchanged.