FFM

""ENG:  In this paper, we tried to determine the structure of the adolescents' personality , from the perspective of factor theory and lexical studies in a broader sense . The sample consisted of pupils in several high schools in Sarajevo . The study was conducted in two stages . First have been distributed open-ended questions , in which high school students responded by stating five characteristics that describe their personality and the five personality traits that describe personality completely different from theirs. The most frequent responses ( 78 adjectives ) are included in the scale that was used in the second stage of the research . Its factor analysis yielded satisfactory five-factor solution . Four factors ( Conscientiousness , Extroversion , Agreeableness and Neuroticism ) coincide with those of the Big Five Model , which is so far the most widely accepted platform description of personality . Factor that is different , and it is clear isolated in this study , refers to socially undesirable traits . Adjectives that pointed to '' intellect / imagination '' were scarce , and some of them are deployed on other factors , therefore, this dimension is not singled out as a separate factor . The final form of the instrument obtained in this study is called the Scale of assessments for the modified Big Five model ( MBFM) . It is consisted of 57  personal attributes , which are good markers , i.e. descriptions of personality that high school students use in their everyday speech .
BOS: U ovom radu smo pokušali odrediti strukturu ličnosti adolescenata, iz ugla faktorskih teorija i leksičkih studija u širem smislu. Uzorak su činili učenici i učenice nekoliko srednjih škola u Sarajevu. Istraživanje je provedeno u dvije etape. Prvo su distribuirana pitanja otvorenog tipa, na koja su srednjoškolci odgovarali navođenjem pet osobina kojima opisuju svoju ličnost i pet osobina kojima opisuju ličnost potpuno drugačiju od njihove.  Najučestaliji odgovori (78 pridjeva) su uvršteni u skalu koja je primijenjena u drugoj etapi istraživanja. Njenom faktorskom analizom, dobijeno je zadovoljavajuće petofaktorsko rješenje. Četiri faktora (savjesnost, ekstraverzija, ugodnost i neuroticizam) se poklapaju sa onima iz Modela velikih pet, koji je do sada najšire prihvaćena platforma deskripcije ličnosti.  Faktor koji se razlikuje, a jasno je izdvojen u ovom istraživanju, odnosi se na socijalno nepoželjne osobine. Pridjevi koji su ukazivali na ''intelekt/imaginaciju'' bili su malobrojni, a dio ih se rasporedio na drugim faktorima, stoga se ova dimenzija nije izdvojila kao zaseban faktor. Konačna forma instrumenta dobijenog u ovom istraživanju nazvana je Skala procjene za Modifikovani model velikih pet (MMVP). Čini je 57 personalnih atributa, koji su dobri markeri, tj. opisi ličnosti koje srednjoškolci koriste u svakodnevnom govoru. 
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Resumen. Si bien la relación entre la personalidad y el uso de videojuegos ha sido abordada desde diferentes enfoques, en los últimos años numerosos trabajos se han centrado en el estudio de la Personalidad a partir del Modelo de los Cinco Factores. Sin embargo, no se han relevado estudios que se propongan una revisión sistemática de la literatura especializada. El propósito del presente trabajo consiste en realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica en bases de datos como scielo, latindex, redalyc o EBSCO de trabajos que exploren la relación entre los cinco factores de la personalidad y los diferentes usos de videojuegos. De acuerdo con los resultados, los estudios que evalúan la personalidad a partir del FFM han encontrado relaciones a (1) el uso de los VJ online (2) el uso problemático de VJ online y (3), el uso de videojuegos violentos. Sin embargo, las diferentes formas de evaluar el uso de videojuegos complejizan la posibilidad de comparar los resultados. Se recomienda que futuros estudios se enfoquen en la evaluación del constructo.

Abstract. While the relationship between personality and the use of video games has been approached from different approaches, in recent years numerous works have focused on the study of personality from the Five Factor Model. However, no studies have relieved a systematic review of the literature are proposed. The purpose of this study is to conduct a literature search in databases such as scielo, Latindex, redalyc or EBSCO works that explore the relationship between the five personality factors and the different uses of video games. According to the results, the studies evaluating the personality from FFM found relationships (1) the use of online VJ (2) the problematic use of VJ online and (3) the use of violent video games. However, the different ways to evaluate the use of video games complejizan the possibility to compare the results. It is recommended that future studies focus on the evaluation of the construct.

La infancia se configura como un periodo de alta vulnerabilidad  frente a distintas problemáticas psicosociales como son (1) La insatisfacción con la imagen corporal (2) El Bullying y Ciberbullying (3) El Maltrato hacia los niños (4) El rendimiento académico (6) Las adicciones (7) El trabajo en los niños (Simkin, Azzollini, & Voloschin, 2014). Estas problemáticas, según distintos estudios, se encuentran estrechamente vinculadas a la formación de la Autoestima.  Al  tiempo que se observan relaciones entre estas, la Centralidad de los Eventos Traumáticos y el surgimiento de síntomas de Trastorno por  estrés postraumático y depresión. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en distintas  bases de datos como  Scielo, Latindex, Redalyc, PubMed, entre otras, con el  objetivo de integrar los resultados de las investigaciones que asocian tales  problemáticas a la autoestima en la niñez, atendiendo especialmente a la centralidad de los eventos como mediador del surgimiento de síntomas de  estrés postraumático en la adultez, en el marco del Modelo y la Teoría de los Cinco Factores de la personalidad  y la espiritualidad considerada  como un sexto factor de la personalidad. Los resultados permiten concluir que el FFM y el FFT, tomando a la  espiritualidad como un sexto factor constituyen una propuesta teórica  robusta que facilitaría la posibilidad de comprender las relaciones entre los constructos mencionados.

Abstract
Childhood is configured as a period of high vulnerability to various psychosocial problems such as (1) Dissatisfaction with body image (2) Bullying and Cyberbullying (3) Child abuse (4) Academic performance (6) Addictions (7) Work in children (Simkin, Azzollini, & Voloschin, 2014). These problems, according to different studies, are inextricably linked to the formation of Self-esteem. At the same time, there are relationships between these, the Centrality of Traumatic Events and the emergence of symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and depression. A literature review was carried out in different databases such as Scielo, Latindex, Redalyc, PubMed, among others, with the aim of integrating the results of research that associate such problems with self-esteem in childhood, paying particular attention to the centrality of events as a mediator of the emergence of symptoms of post-traumatic stress in adulthood, within the framework of the Model and Theory of the Five Factors of personality and spirituality considered as a sixth factor of personality. The results allow us to conclude that the FFM and the FFT, taking spirituality as a sixth factor constitute a robust theoretical proposal that would facilitate the possibility of understanding the relationships between the aforementioned constructs.

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013a) offers an alternative model for Personality Disorders (PDs) in Section III, which consists in part of a pathological personality traits criterion measured with the Personality Inventory for DSM–5 (PID-5). The PID-5 selfreport instrument currently exists in the original 220-item form, a short 100-item form, and a brief 25-item form. For clinicians and researchers, the choice of a particular PID- 5 form depends on feasibility, but also reliability and validity. The goal of the present study was to examine the psychometric qualities of all 3 PID-5 forms, simultaneously, based on a Danish sample (N ? 1376) of 451 psychiatric outpatients and 925 community-dwelling participants. Scale reliability and factorial validity were satisfactory across all 3 PID-5 forms. The correlational profiles of the short and brief PID-5 forms with clinician-rated PD dimensions were nearly identical with that of the original PID-5 (rICC ? .99 and .95, respectively). All 3 forms discriminated appropriately between psychiatric patients and community-dwelling individuals. This supports that all 3 PID-5 forms can be used to reliably and validly assess PD traits and provides initial support for the use of the abbreviated PID-5 forms in a European population. However, only the original 220-item form and the short 100-item form capture all 25 trait facets, and the brief 25-item form may be ideally limited to preliminary screening or situations with substantial time restrictions.

Scientific psychology involves both identifying and classifying phenomena of interest (description) and revealing the causes and mechanisms that contribute towards these phenomena arising (explanation). Within personality psychology, some propose that aspects of behaviour and cognition can be explained with reference to personality traits. However, certain conceptual and logical issues cast doubt upon the satisfactoriness of traits as coherent explanatory constructs. This paper discusses ‘explanation' in psychology and the problems of circularity and reification. An analysis of relations and intrinsic properties is then developed to address the logical requirements necessary for circumventing these problems. An examination of McCrae and Costa's defense of traits as explanatory constructs, in terms of ‘tendencies' and ‘dispositions', highlights logical issues that prevent traits, so defined, from explaining trait-like behaviours and cognitions. The logical requirements for a coherent trait explanatory account are outlined and possible explanatory directions in trait-approaches are discussed. The ongoing tendency towards fallacious reasoning in psychology and suggestions for preventing this are further examined.

How to recognize the different forms and the most severe forms of Stargardt’s disease? The disease in its most traditional aspect was described by Stargardt in 1909. He already recognized the autonomic recessive pattern of inheritance. In a first clinical period from 1909 to 1950, various authors described the ophthalmoscopic aspects, the evolution and the possible associations. Dominant forms and late onset Stargardt disease were described as well as the association with neurological disorders. They correspond to other disease entities or to specific clinical forms. The introduction of electrophysiology in the period 1950-1967 resulted in a new approach with special emphasis on the electrophysiological disturbances of Stargardt disease and of related maculopathies. In contrast with other hereditary maculopathies the ERG and the EOG are initially normal in this disease. In the third period 1970-1993 fluorescein angiography permitted to discover some essential diagnostic signs, such as the dark choroid or « silence choroidien » first described by Paul Bonnin, the retinal pigment epithelium changes, with the perifoveolar window defects and especially the fundus flavimaculatus flecks, which were initially considered as a separate entity, but later accepted as a characteristic of Stargardt disease. The genetic period was introduced in 1993 by Kaplan et al. with the localization, then followed in 1997 by Allikmets et al with the identification of the gene. Already more than 600 mutations are known. We are now entering a period that could be called metabolic period, or post-genomics, where the underlying biochemical mechanisms responsible for retinal apoptosis are being elucidated and lead, we hope to different therapies.

"Nakon uspješnih nastojanja da se prostor ličnosti svede na dvije dimenzije (stabilnost i plastičnost/fleksibilnost), pojavili su se pokušaji deriviranja jednog faktora, koji bi predstavljao vrh hijerarhije ličnosti. To je bilo moguće zato što je dobijena nezanemarljiva korelacija između pomenute dvije dimenzije. Neki smatraju da je ovaj faktor ništa drugo do sklonost davanju socijalno poželjnih odgovora, dok ga drugi nazivaju: visok nivo blagostanja, samopoštovanje, zadovoljstvo životom, emocionalna inteligencija... Riječ je o faktoru koji objedinjuje paletu adaptivnih osobina, koje nam omogućavaju uspješno snalaženje u važnim životnim kontekstima.
Ovo istraživanje je provedeno kako bi se provjerilo da li skup dimenzija postuliran petofaktorskim modelom ličnosti (PFM), a mjeren jednom skalom samoprocjene, konvergira generalnom faktoru ličnosti (GFP). Drugim riječima, ispitalo se da li postoji jedna latentna dimenzija koja bi bila isto tako parsimonična aproksimacija ličnosti kao što je to Spearmanov G-faktor u domenu kognitivnih sposobnosti.
Uzorak je činilo 143 studenta Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu, od toga 67 ispitanika (46.9%) i 76 ispitanica (53.1%), prosječne dobi M= 20.97 (SD= 2.01). Nakon primjene Skale samoprocjene za PFM (Kardum & Smojver, 1993), izračunati su sumativni rezultati za svaku dimenziju (subskalu), te je provedena eksploratorna faktorska analiza. Prije toga, dobiveni su zadovoljavajući indikatori adekvatnosti uzorkovanja (KMO= .699) i pogodnosti matrice za faktorizaciju (χ2(10)= 106.308, p<.001). Po Kaiser-Guttmanovom kriterijumu, izdvaja se jedan faktor, koji objašnjava 43.278% varijanse. Ovim faktorom, najviše je zasićen neuroticizam (odnosno emocionalna stabilnost), potom savjesnost, ugodnost (prijatnost), ekstraverzija i na kraju otvorenost za nova iskustva. Sve saturacije su veće od .400. Kako su ovim faktorom najviše zasićena prva tri domena ličnosti, koja se odnose na stabilnost i kontrolu, predlažemo da se GFP nazove zdrava samokontrola, odmjerenost u socijalnim odnosima (interakcijama) ili psihosocijalna adaptiranost. Dodatno, ekstraverzija i otvorenost za iskustva mogu se shvatiti kao katalizatori (odnosno regulatori) prilagodbe pojedinca na socijalnu okolinu."