FWHM

Redox-active self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) provide an excellent platform for investigating electron transfer kinetics. Using a well-defined bridge, a redox center can be positioned at a fixed distance from the electrode and electron transfer kinetics probed using a variety of electrochemical techniques. Cyclic voltammetry, AC voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry are most commonly used to determine the rate of electron transfer of redox-activated SAMs. A variety of redox species have been attached to SAMs, and include transition metal complexes (e.g., ferrocene, ruthenium pentaammine, osmium bisbipyridine, metal clusters) and organic molecules (e.g., galvinol, C(60)). SAMs offer an ideal environment to study the outer-sphere interactions of redox species. The composition and integrity of the monolayer and the electrode material influence the electron transfer kinetics and can be investigated using electrochemical methods. Theoretical models ha...

Channelrhodopsin-2 mediates phototaxis in green algae by acting as a light-gated cation channel. As a result of this property, it is used as a novel optogenetic tool in neurophysiological applications. Structural information is still scant and we present here the first resonance Raman spectra of channelrhodopsin-2. Spectra of detergent solubilized and lipid-reconstituted protein were recorded under pre-resonant conditions to exclusively probe retinal in its electronic ground state. All-trans retinal was identified to be the favoured configuration of the chromophore but significant contributions of 13-cis were detected. Pre-illumination hardly changed the isomeric composition but small amounts of presumably 9-cis retinal were found in the light-adapted state. Spectral analysis suggested that the Schiff base proton is strongly hydrogen-bonded to a nearby water molecule.

BackgroundRecent advances in chemotherapeutic treatment of childhood acute leukemia have improved remission rates to about 80%. With the development of novel drugs and treatment protocols adapted for specific individual patients, a simple diagnostic tool for following patients' responses on a daily basis is required. In the present clinical study, we have investigated the usefulness of Fourier transform infrared microscopy (FTIR-MSP)

Cerium-doped lanthanum Bromide LaBr 3 (Ce) crystals is one of the new scintillating detectors that has been developed in recent years which has proven to be superior to other scintillating materials in terms of resolution and efficiency. In this study we have carried out the characterisation of a 25mm X 25mm Brillance TM 380 LaBr 3 (Ce) detector through the laboratory measurement of its energy resolution, intrinsic photo-peak, total intrinsic, total absolute efficiency and timing resolution. In addition, the energy dependence of the resolution has been studied using a variety of gamma ray sources with variable energy in the range (122-1408keV). The study showed that LaBr 3 (Ce) detector has an excellent energy resolution of 2.6% full-width-at-half maximum (FWHM) at 662keV photons using a Caesium-137 (137 Cs) source at room temperature as compared to NaI(Tl) detector. Also, it was determined that the detector has a full-energy peak efficiency ranging from 90.1% to 4.3% in the energy ...