Fetva mecmuaları ait oldukları dönemin sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik, siyasi ve dini hayatına dair ihtiva ettikleri zengin içerikle birçok disiplinden araştırmacılar için birinci el kaynaklar arasındadır. Bu çalışmada fetva mecmuaları...
moreFetva mecmuaları ait oldukları dönemin sosyal, kültürel, ekonomik, siyasi ve dini hayatına dair ihtiva ettikleri zengin içerikle birçok disiplinden araştırmacılar için birinci el kaynaklar arasındadır. Bu çalışmada fetva mecmuaları arasında önemli bir yere sahip olan ve literatürde Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm adıyla bilinen eserin aidiyet sorunu ele alın- mıştır. Bu amaçla Fetâvâ-yı Minkârizâde, Fetâvâ-yı Atâullah ve Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm isimli fetva mecmualarının yazma nüshaları incelenmiş ve bu nüshaların içerik muka- yesesi yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm olarak bilinen eserdeki fetvaların aslında Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi’ye (ö.1088/1678) ait olduğu gösterilmiştir.
Fatwa collections with their rich content on the social, cultural, economic, political and religious life of the period to which they belong are among the primary sources for researchers from many disciplines. This study aims to question the authorship of an essential fatwa collection known as Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm in the literature. For this reason, it examines the manuscript copies of the related fatwa collections, namely Fetâvâ-yı Minkârizâde, Fetâvâ-yı Atâullah and Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm, and compares their content. As a result, it demonstrates that the fatwas in Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm belongs to Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi (d. 1088/1678).
Fatwa collections are composed mainly by fetvâhâne officials or students, unlike books by authors. Thus, fatwa collections are sometimes attributed to the person who compiled it, not the sheikh al-Islam who issued the fatwa. Fatwas were arranged according to the classical fiqh systematic when they were gathered into a collection. In some fatwa collections, nuquls of fatwas are also included, which means that the sources of fatwas in other fiqh books are indicated.
Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi occupied the position of Sheikh al-Islam for more than eleven years in the 17th century. Menteşzâde Abdürrahim Efendi (d. 1128/1716) was one of the students of Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi and also served as sheikh al-Islam for a year, after forty-two years of his teacher. Abdürrahim Efendi classified the fatwas of Yahya Efendi according to the chapters in the fiqh books. This new classification was called as Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm. Initially, it was known that Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm was a work that compiled the fatwas of Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi; however, this information was later forgotten, and Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm was accepted as a collection containing the fatwas given during the time of Abdürrahim Efendi. This inaccurate acceptance, in various studies, has led to the problem of examining the context of a period with a half a century time lapse.
The fatwas of Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi have reached the present day with two different classifications. First is the collection prepared by Atâullah Efendi with the nuqul of fatwas. This collection has called as Fetâvâ-yı Atâullah Efendi, Fetâvâ-yı Atâiyye and Atâullah Fetâvâsı in relation to the name of Atâullah Efendi. Atâullah Efendi, in his introduction, mentions that he would compile Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi's fatwas. The second person who compiled the fatwas of Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi was Menteşzâde Abdürrahim Efendi. He brought together Yahya Efendi's fatwas and classified them according to the classical fiqh books system. Abdürrahim Efendi did not include the nuquls of fatwas in this classification. Although the collection is known as Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahim concerning the name of Abdürrahim Efendi, it is also known as Fetâvâ-yı Minkârizâde.
Collections prepared by Atâullah and Abdürrahim differ from each other in terms of whether they include nuquls of fatwas and the number of fatwas they contain. Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahim, has much more fatwa than Fetâvâ-yı Atâullah. For example, there are 415 fatwas in Fetâvâ-yı Atâullah about marriage. However, for the same subject, Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm/Fetâvâ-yı Minkârizâde includes 805 fatwas. Likewise, as there are 378 fatwas in Fetâvâ-yı Atâullah about talaq, in Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm, there are 791 fatwas on the same subject. Furthermore, fatwas mentioned in the Fetâvâ-yı Atâullah are also included in Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm. Therefore, to research on the fatwas of Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi, if one aims to reach more fatwas, Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm also needs to be included.
A great deal of evidence shows that the fatwas in the Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm were not the fatwas given during the time of Abdürrahim Efendi. The most important of these are the notes in the fatwa collections. In many copies of the Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm, some expressions demostrate that the fatwas were belonged to Minkârizâde Yahya Efendi. Such as, “li’l-mevlâ el-allâmeti’l-merhûm şeyhilislâm Yahyâ Efendi eş-şehîr bi-Minkârîzâde. Tayyeballâhu serâhu ve ce‘ale’l-cennete mesvâhu” and “Mecma‘u’l-fetâva fî fetâvâ Minkârîzâde. Tertîbü’l-merhûm el-mebrûr Abdürrahîm el-müftî fî devleti’l-aliyye sâbikan”. These notes clearly prove that Abdürrahim Efendi is the person who compiled the fatwas. Likewise, another note as “Fetâvâ-yı Minkârizâde tertîb-i Abdürrahim. Yalınız Abdürrahim Fetâvâsı dahî dirler.” also supports that claim. As another proof, we can observe that Fetâvâ-yı Ataullah includes all the fatwas in the collection of Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm. Lastly, the fatwas in Fetâvâ-yı Abdürrahîm regarding the conquest of Crete could not be given during the time of Abdürrahim Efendi, whereas Crete was conquered on September 5, 1669, Abdürrahim Efendi became the sheikh of Islam on June 26, 1715. Therefore, it was not possible for Abdürrahim Efendi to give the fatwas related to the conquest of Crete. During that event Minkârîzâde Yahya Efendi was sitting on the post of sheikh al-Islam.