Fiscal reform

This paper adopts a "piece-meal" approach to empirically identify, on a sample of Italian households, a collective model where both nonparticipation and non-convex budget sets are allowed for. Two tax reforms, i.e. the 2002 tax changes recently introduced in Italy and a revenue neutral linear income tax are evaluated by the collective framework derived. The predictions obtained for individual labour

The paper makes an attempt to examine financing of urban services within the broader macro-economic liberalisation and decentralisation context in India. It estimates the resource gap between the present flow of funds and financial requirements for urban civic services on the basis of the existing un-met demand and projected population growth trends. While making a case for appropriate pricing and cost recovery for generating more resources for financing urban services, the paper focuses on the changing attitude towards full-cost recovery, existing practices of pricing and cost recovery of urban services, provides empirical evidence of poor cost recovery from four Indian cities and identifies key institutional, conceptual and managerial issues that need to be addressed. Finally, the paper presents the emerging directions for policy reforms and action for meeting the growing needs for urban infrastructure and services, which includes some measures for fiscal reforms to increase the f...

This study is devoted to the analysis of the main effects, on the Belgian economy, of various forms of tax shifting aimed at increasing taxes on energy and decreasing other taxes(mainly taxes on labour). Results show that, if the increase in energy taxes is combined with a reduction of taxes on labour, a double dividend (rise in employment and decrease

In preparing for the discussions of the Iraqi Constituent Assembly, IMF and World Bank staff and consultant experts presented to senior officials from the central and local governments in Iraq, including from Kurdistan, key options that might be relevant for the discussions. This paper reflects the thrust of the discussions, including the views on the options prepared by the Iraqi officials, and develops a short-term work plan for the benefit of the assembly.

In this paper we construct a standard CGE model to explore the impact of scaling up infrastructure in an African country. As the debate on the importance of scaling up infrastructure to stimulate growth and provide a push to African economies, some analyst raise concern on financing these infrastructures after construction and that external funding of these can create major

Fenomena globalisasi saat ini semakin kompleks, dikarenakan kemajuan teknologi yang menjembatani arus informasi, ekonomi dan budaya yang semakin bebas. Oleh karena itu, untuk negara yang terbuka dengan globalisasi, dibutuhkan suatu reformasi fiskal, untuk mencegah adanya kegagalan pasar, dan tetap mempertahankan daya saing negara dalam kompetisi tingkat global. Dalam melakukan kajian kritis terhadap jurnal ini, dilakukan studi komparatif dengan penelitian lainnya terkait globalisasi dan reformasi fiskal, dan kondisi eksisting di Indonesia untuk melihat ketercapaian dari indikator reformasi fiskal. Berdasarkan hasil kajian kritis ini, diketahui bahwa jurnal “Supporting the Development of More Effective Tax Systems” telah mejelaskan secara komprehensif mengenai aspek-aspek dalam reformasi fiskal untuk menghadapi tekanan globalisasi yang dapat mengancam stabilitas negara khususnya dalam menghindari kegagalan pasar. Reformasi fiskal dilakukan dengan mengoptimalisasikan sistem perpajakan dengan jenis pajak utama adalah PPn dan PPh, serta melakukan efisiensi anggaran belanja pemerintah untuk menekan tingkat defisit negara. Namun, terdapat beberapa perbedaan dalam pembahasan penerapan perbaikan sistem pajak dalam konteks reformasi fiskal. Pembahasan tersebut difokuskan kepada efektivitas penerimaan pajak dengan sumber utama dari jenis pajak PPn dan PPh, tetapi dalam kajian lain PPh perlu untuk ditekan dikarenakan menyangkut tingkat pendapatan tenaga kerja dan akumulasi modal perusahaan. Selain itu, tidak terdapat pembahasan mengenai solusi terkait kebijakan perlindungan sosial yang adil melihat dari karakteristik masyarakat.

During last decade, improved macroeconomic and budgetary condi-tions have allowed for fiscal reforms in several EU countries. The main aim behind personal income tax reforms across Europe has been to re-duce the tax burden on labour and to encourage work- especially for less productive workers. In this context, Anglo Saxon countries and more recently Continental European Countries, including Belgium, have shown increasing interest in tax-benefit instruments awarding monetary trans-fers or tax reductions, conditional on employment. Using a discrete hours labour supply model, this paper assesses the impact of the 2001 Belgian Tax Reform on female labour supply. Results suggest that labour supply responses are moderate but significant by international standards. Yet, due to an uneven calibration of tax rebates and in-work benefits, the po-tential labour supply responses are rather dispersed over the whole range of the income distribution. Consequently, the gains from the reform do not ...

This article explores the capacity for environmental fiscal reform to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, stimulate economic performance, and promote fiscal sustainability. Simulation results suggest that reforms based on CO2 taxation stimulate gross domestic product (GDP) when tax revenues are used to promote private or public investment and stimulate employment when used to finance reductions in personal income taxation or firms’ social security contributions. More generally, reforms allow for reductions in the costs of climate policy, a weaker realization of the second dividend. In addition, several reforms lead to reductions in public debt, the realization of a third dividend. When political constraints on reducing public spending are considered, however, this third dividend only materializes when revenues finance public investment or reductions in the firms’ social security contributions. Overall, our results suggest that low growth and high public debt need not be regarded ...

Turkey recently launched a set of structural reforms to address elimination of producer price subsidies in its agriculture, and replacing them with a targeted direct income transfer program. The paper investigates analytically viable options of the proposed agricultural-cum-fiscal reform and ...

South Africa is a significant contributor towards CO2 pollution on the African continent and authorities have started to examine different approaches available to manage the country's extensive resource base. In this regard, a concern towards sustainable development in South Africa is the current levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) pollution in the country. Because the country is endowed with a significant portion of the world's coal reserves, this natural resource is used relatively cheaply to supply in more than 75 percent of the country's energy needs. Even higher on the list of social preferences in South Africa, is the problem of unemployment. Because the country has a high unemployment rate (28%), which has been the subject of numerous research and policy debates in the country, the notion of a possible "double dividend" that currently features strongly within the European research agenda could also be applicable to the South African market and the possibil...

Gli effetti della riforma fiscale sui bilanci delle imprese manifatturiere (di Giovanna Gavana, Antonio Majocchi e Anna Marenzi) - ABSTRACT: The fiscal reform on business income, recently approved by the Italian authorities, has deeply modified the whole system of taxation. Two new taxes: IRAP, the regional taxation on business activities, and the Dual Incom Tax have been introduced. The paper assesses the achievments of the reform estimating the amount of taxes due according to the old and new rules. The empirical appraisal of the reform has been carried out through a micro-simulationmodel based on the financial statement of 27 thousand Italian manufacturing firms. The results confirm that the new system lower the burden of overall business taxation. This reduction is distributed homogeneously throughout the industrial sectors but varies according to the capital structure of the firms with businesses with a low level of debt gaining more then others from the reform.

This article treats on the fiscal harmonization process within the European Union being indispensable for assuring loyalty in the competition on its single market, given the fact that different system of taxation had direct and powerful impact on the prices level and on chosing the location for production and distribution activities. Both direct and indirect taxation distort the four fundamental