Forest Protection

Whilst, in many countries, the scale of forest loss from business-as-usual development is immense, in Poland, this problem does not exist. However, obtaining additional land areas for afforestation is a main issue in Poland. In Poland, after the World War II, the forest area has been systematically growing. In 1945, the forest area was about 6.5 million ha, and the forest cover was 21%. In 2016, the forest area reached 9.2 million ha, and forest cover amounted to 29.5%. Today, there are 0.24 ha of forests per one inhabitant of Poland. The size of wood resources in stands is also changing. In 1945, forest resources on the trunk amounted to approximately 906 million m 3 , and in 2016, it reached 2.4 million m 3. The problem, however, is the uneven distribution of forests in Poland. Forests in Poland are very strictly protected by law. There are two most important acts, Forest Act of 2001 and Nature Conservation Act of 2004, that regulate principles for the retention, protection and augmentation of forest resources. Over the past decades in Poland, the social demands regarding non-economical functions of forest such as recreational activities, soil and water protection and mitigation of global warming became an important and constantly growing challenge for forest managers. Thus we suggest that, first of all, it is very important to extract the leading function for a given forest area. Interactions between development and conservations policies are very tied and may suggest the need of their integration. In this article, we present the concept of development policy for forest management and forest protection in Poland.

The possibility of using chemicals in European forestry is extremely limited due to the binding legal regulations and specific conditions concerning the market of plant protection products. This is reflected in the limited availability of active fungicides in forestry. Due to this limitation, practitioners using fungicides in forest nurseries and forest cultivation must have substantial knowledge of the biology of pathogens to ensure satisfactorily effective protection. The work presented here provides an overview of the currently recommended fungicides in Polish forestry as well as the mechanisms of interaction between the active substances and the pathogen, the plant and mycorrhizal fungi. The risk of fungicide resistance, which has been insufficiently explored in the context of forest pathogens, is also discussed in this paper.

Наведено результати досліджень щодо сезонного розвитку, динаміки популяцій і шкідливості соснового підкорового клопа у чистих соснових і мішаних сосново-березових насадженнях Новгород-Сіверського Полісся, зокрема у комплексних осередках з іншими шкідливими комахами. Запропоновано балову оцінку поширення соснового підкорового клопа, що дає змогу визначити ділянки насаджень із високою загрозою виникнення осередків та їхню потенційну площу. Обґрунтовано заходи щодо профілактики поширення осередків соснового підкорового клопа та захисту від нього насаджень, зокрема оптимальні терміни прочищення, внесення листового опаду, мінеральних добрив, застосування інсектицидів і препарату Боверин.
Spread, population dynamics and injuriousness of pine bark bug (Aradus cinnamomeus Panzer: Heteroptera, Aradidae) were studied in pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands of Novgorod-Siverske Polissya.
Field investigations were carried out in the forest stands of Sumy and Chernigiv Regional Administration of Forest and Hunting Management in different forest site conditions: very dry and dry poor (A0, A1), relatively poor (B1) and relatively rich (C1); fresh poor (A2), relatively poor (B2) and relatively rich (C2); moist poor (A3) and relatively poor (B3), and in pure pine stands, and in mixed pine & birch stands.
Pine bark bug has two-year life cycle in the stands of Novgorod-Siverske Polissya. The specimens of even and odd generation present every year in pine bark bug population. Odd-year population of pine bark bug dominated in all investigated stands, although the specimens of even and odd generation present every year.
Pine bark bug hibernates in the litter under crown or under the bark of the lower part of stem. It begins feeding after stable transition of air temperature above 5 ºC. Larvae hatch at the beginning of June. Larvae of the 2nd instar appear in the middle of July, larvae of the 3rd instar at the beginning of August, larvae of the 4th instar at the beginning of September, and the larvae of the 5th instar soon after hibernation. Larvae of the 4th and 5th instar can be seen during all months.
Pine bark bug colonizes pure pine plantations in the age 4–40 years old (maximum in the age 17–24 years old), and mixed stands in the age from 5–7 to 25 years old (maximum in the age 12–14 years old). Population density of this insect reaches a dangerous level only in the pure pine plantations in dry and fresh poor site conditions and dry relatively poor site conditions. In the dry poor and relatively poor site conditions, as well as in fresh poor site conditions population density of pine bark bug is significantly higher in artificial stands than in natural ones, especially under forest canopy. Pine bark bug less inhabits the stands, which are planted in the clear-cuts after mixed stands, than after pure stands or in former arable lands.
A scoring of threat of pine bark bug distribution has been developed which consider forest site conditions and forest age. Maximal score (5 points, very high threat) is assigned to pure pine stands in dry poor and relatively poor site conditions of 11–15 years old. The area of stands with very high threat of spread the foci of pine bark bug was evaluated using forest inventory database for forest management enterprises of the region.
Tree mortality in the complex foci of pine bark bug and other pests of pine plantations (white grubs, large pine weevil, pine shoot moths, and foliage browsing insects) is 2.1–2.6 times lower in mixed stands than in pure ones.
Mean index of health condition of pine stands correlated with pine bark bug population density. It was the highest in poor and dry forest site conditions, increased for 4 years in pure plantations and decreased in mixed stands.
The difference between radial increment of pine bark bug colonized and not colonized trees increased from the age of 7 years. The percentage of late wood in pine plantations of 14 years old was 77.4 and 38.4 % in trees with high and low population density of pine bark bug respectively.
With increasing density of pine bark bug population, the proportion of wound parenchyma area in the cross section of the pine stem increased, and needle mass and length as well as resin excretion decreased. It was the most expressed in dry and poor forest site conditions, in pure pine plantations and in the trees of the worst health condition.
Commercial timber output was almost twice lower in the pure pine stands of 60 years old, which were damaged by pine bark bug many years ago comparing to undamaged stands.
Measures on prevention of spread of pine bark bug foci and stand protection have been developed, including optimal time of early thinning (in June of swarming years of pine bark bug), application of fallen foliage of different tree species, fertilizing, use of insecticides and entomopathogenic fungal preparation Boverin.
It was recommended to grow mixed pine and birch stands, to use scoring of threat of pine bark bug distribution, as well the method of this pest assessment using adhesive tape.

Este trabajo analiza cómo los actores estatales y sociales de distintos niveles de gobierno interactúan e inciden en la formulación de la política de protección de bosques nativos en Argentina entre 2004 y 2015. El proceso de formulación de esa normativa pasó por tres fases diferentes: 1) aprobación de la normativa nacional, 2) adecuación de la normativa provincial y 3) revisión de la normativa provincial por parte del gobierno nacional. El trabajo muestra que, tanto en el nivel nacional como en el provincial, ese complejo proceso de formulación y sus resultados fueron motorizados por la confrontación entre dos grandes coaliciones sociedad-Estado: la coalición proteccionista versus la coalición productivista, las cuales emergen del cruce entre conflictos distributivos concretos y la heterogeneidad de las agencias estatales.

Sal (Shorea robusta) is one of the most important timber-yielding trees in India, spread over an estimated area of 13 million hectares. Sal occurs gregariously on the southern slopes of the Himalayas and is also distributed on the plains and lower foothills of the Himalayas including the valleys. Regeneration is considered as a key process for the existence of a species in the community as it maintains desired composition and stocking. Presence of ample number of seedlings and saplings in a given population indicates successful regeneration. This study is a comparative assessment of the natural regeneration of Sal under protected and unprotected conditions and consequently aims at identifying the environmental and anthropogenic factors influencing the regeneration of Sal. It is essential to study the influence of protection and conservation on the regeneration potential of Sal for the efficient management and silviculture of these forests. The major factors influencing the regeneration of Sal were identified as soil characteristics, structure and floristic composition of the forest, relationship of Sal with its associate species, canopy density, light conditions, rainfall, temperature, frost, drought, forest fires and other important anthropogenic factors such as grazing, firewood collection, seed collection, lopping and harvesting of non-timber forest products. The degree of disturbances faced by the protected and unprotected forests were sharply contrasting, enabling an efficient comparative study. The study was carried out in two different forest patches, one under complete protection and the other exposed to anthropogenic disturbance. However, as the two patches are in close proximity, climatic conditions are identical. The two sites are located in the Doon Valley region, on the Himalayan foothills in the Uttarakhand State of India and under the management of Kalsi Forest Division. Nearly 80% of the Doon Valley forests are Sal forests. Phytosociological analysis and soil sampling was carried out in the months of January and February 2015. The sampling and data collection was done by dividing the forest structure into three layers, trees, shrubs and herbs. Saplings and seedlings were included in the shrub and herb layers respectively. This data was then quantitatively analysed to calculate the density, frequency, abundance, Importance Value Index, basal area and Whitford Index separately for the three layers. The data was also analysed for α-diversity and estimation of other diversity, similarity, richness, dominance indices and evenness. Sal was the only species found in the tree layer, indicating its complete dominance in this layer. 21 species were found in the shrub layer of the protected site, while 19 species were found in the unprotected site. However, the density of Sal saplings was found to be 340 individuals/ha in the unprotected site, significantly higher than the protected site having 120 individuals/ha. The major species found to be competing extensively with Sal were Clerodendrum viscosum, Mallotus philippensis, Murraya koenigii, Jasminum sp and Lantana camara, thus hindering its regeneration. The most significant results were obtained from the herb layer, as the density of Sal seedlings was found to be only 20 individuals/ha in the unprotected site, while the protected site had 80 individuals/ha, clearly indicating the lack of Sal regeneration under disturbed conditions in the unprotected site. Echinocarpus, Oplismenus compositus and Rungia pectinata were observed to be the species competing with the Sal seedlings in the herb layer. The graphical representation of the density of Sal trees, saplings and seedlings of both the sites clearly indicates the better regeneration of Sal under protected conditions. Although the regeneration of Sal is better in the protected site, it is not as high as expected, due to the high canopy density obstructing the sunlight and rainwater reaching the lower layers and the forest floor and excessive growth of competitive species. This indicates that protection should be coupled with appropriate silvicultural and forest management strategies to maximise the natural regeneration. The correlation analysis of the physico-chemical properties of soil with the floristic composition of the shrub layer shows that pH is the only negatively correlated soil property and acidic soils are necessary for the healthy growth and composition of Sal forests.

Наведено результати досліджень щодо виявлення особливостей поширення у соснових лісах пожеж, осередків комах-хвоєгризів і короїдів та розроблення методичних підходів для прогнозування найбільш небезпечних ділянок виникнення осередків.
Виявлено особливості просторово-часової динаміки всихання соснових насаджень із домінуванням верхівкового короїда. Доведено, що найбільше значення для поширення осередків "короїдного" всихання мають склад і вік насаджень. Відносна повнота насаджень є менш важливим чинником ризику, ніж її раптове зменшення. Запропоновані методики прогнозування ризику виникнення пожеж і осередків шкідливих комах включено до інформаційної системи охорони лісів від пожеж і моніторингу шкідників лісу з можливістю оперативного відображення інформації осередків на геопорталі "Ліси України".
Розраховано на фахівців лісового господарства, захисту лісу, науковців, аспірантів і студентів лісогосподарських та біологічних факультетів ВНЗ.

In response to the limited success of command-and-control interventions to ensure environmental stewardship, policy makers and practitioners have turned to financial payments to incentivize conservation. Many scholars and practitioners, including ecological economists, have cautioned that market-based approaches might modify human ways of relating to nature that are counterproductive to long-term conservation goals. Moving beyond critique, this article invites attention to the reconceptualization of environmental care labor and human–environment relations using the ideas of gift, reciprocity, and affect. Using the case of forest conservation by rural communities in Odisha, India, I discuss how the paradigm of the gift helps us to rethink transactions in ecosystem services, which might lead to more equitable and empowering ways of sharing of the burden and joy of environmental care. I argue that instead of framing conservation as a burdensome activity that entails sacrifice and costs alone, we need to pay attention to the joyful and life-affirming aspects of conservation care labor and its transformative potential.

phosphite preparations are now an important alternative in plant protection against new, invasive pathogens of the genus Phytophthora and/or Pythium. It is crucial to intervene when alien, invasive oomycetes are carried to plantations or forest stands and attack fine roots via zoospores. the aim of this paper was to demonstrate the possibility of phosphite application to induce resistance to tree pathogens. phosphate-based fertilizers have been used successfully in nurseries, where application is relatively easy by means of foliar sprays. the traditional fungicides, which are effective in combating fungi, however, fail to control oomycetes. Instead, they mask the disease, which in turn causes serious damage to seedlings after they have been planted in a suitable environment. Moreover, the number of effective fungicides available for forest plant protection has continued to decrease in the last decade. the effectiveness of the chemicals is reduced due to their frequent use and their similarity in terms of the active compound or the mechanism of action. given the low diversity of active compounds, it is necessary to monitor the development of resistance of pathogens to fungicides by means of molecular biology (sequencing and quantitative pCr). Minimizing the undesired side effects of chemicals on both, mycorrhizal fungi and pathogens can be achieved by strict adherence to rigorous security measures and, where possible, frequently changing the active compounds to alternatives such as phosphites. the significance of phosphate and phosphite uptake by trees is still a matter of debate, especially under field conditions. Nevertheless, phosphites are environmentally friendly compounds, which constitute an alternative or complement to the traditional chemicals (in accordance with the directive on Integrated plant management).

By Rosemary A. McFarlane, John Barry, Guéladio Cissé, Maya Gislason, Marta Gruca, Kerryn Higgs, Pierre Horwitz, Giang Huu Nguyen, Jane O’Sullivan, Subhashis Sahu, Colin D. Butler

Edited by Pia Katila, Carol J. Pierce Colfer, Wil de Jong, Glenn Galloway, Pablo Pacheco, Georg Winkel

Summary:
SDG3, Health and Wellbeing for All, depends on many other SDGs but there are also potential conflicts and trade-offs. In this chapter, ee stress the importance of forests to global health and well-being as well as for Indigenous and local populations. In contrast, short-term economic and human health gains from further forest conversion (e.g. deforestation for food production) will create direct and indirect health risks for humans, as well as for other biota. Controlling indiscriminate burning and clearing of forests can reduce significant harm to health and well-being, via improved quality of water, soil and air, by reducing exposure to some infectious diseases, through preservation of traditional (and future) medicines, and by supporting other forest resources and services, including climate regulation. Many infectious diseases are associated with forest disturbance and intrusions and some may be prevented or modified through forest management. Universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including family planning, is a critical SDG3 target to decrease demographic pressures on forests at local, regional and global scales, and to enhance well-being. Greater exposure to green space, including the ‘urban forest’, is likely to have many benefits for mental, social and physical health for the increasingly urban global population.

Full text available as Open Access via Cambridge Core:
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/sustainable-development-goals-their-impacts-on-forests-and-people/sdg-3-good-health-and-wellbeing-framing-targets-to-maximise-cobenefits-for-forests-and-people/6D76443EBA7BF9B2A9153424A4D5D8A7

This paper discusses illegal forest activities from the perspective of tropical timber producing Southeast Asia, increasingly aware of growing social and environmental interrelatedness. For any strategy to be effective in curbing illegal forest activities, it is inevitable that the local producer end of the problem is highlighted and with primacy. Asia Forest Network (AFN) focuses upon this regional context wherein the underlying causes of illegal forest activities are nested and nurtured, with the authors drawing on experiences shared over the last ten years. The consumer end of the problem – as part of the picture of illegal forest activities – needs to be understood for the interplay of external consumer policies within the context of underlying causes. The policies being referred are those of the European Union communicated through the “Action Plan for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT)”.

Izvod

U ovom radu analizirana je pojava šumskih požara na području šumarije Gornji Vakuf-Usko-plje. Prikupljeni podaci o požarima (vrsta požara, opožarena površina, finansijske štete od požara, dinamika javljanja požara...) u periodu od 2006. do 2016. godine, upoređeni su sa podacima na nivou Kantona 6.(SBK) i entiteta FBiH. Podaci o dinamci pojave požara omogućili su izradu kalendara požara iz kojeg se uočavaju kritični periodi javljanja istih. Također, izrađena je i Karta požara Šumarije. Ovakva istraživanja bitna su za procjenu stepena ugroženosti šuma i šumskog zemljišta od požara. Ključne riječi: Šumski požari, šumarija Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje, finansijske štete požara, karta pojavljivanja požara

Abstract

In this paper we analyzed the occurrence of forest fires in the area of the Forestry Unit Gornji Vakuf-Uskoplje.The collected data on fires (type of forest fire, burned area, the financial damage from fire, dynamic fire detection ...) in the period from 2006 to 2016, were compared with the data at the cantonal level Central Bosnia Canton and FBiH entity. Data on dynamics of a fire enabled the creation of fire calendar highlighting the critical periods. The map of fire in the area of Forestry Unit was also created. Such studies are essential for assessing the vulnerability of forests and forest lands to fire.

A significant volume of wood was lost due to wood defects; however, few studies were done to quantify wood loss by wood defects. This study was focused on quantifying wood loss by heart rot, especially hollowness in Shorea robusta. The study was conducted in Tileswornath community forest of Rautahat district. The data were collected from the felling site of the regeneration felling block of Tileswornath community forest. 44 trees were selected randomly, and tree diameter, total height, and volume were measured. The destructive method was followed as heart rot cannot be visible from the surface. Felled trees were sanctioned into 285 logs and separated based on the hollowness. Hollow diameters at both thin end and mid and thick end, as well as length, were measured on the hollow log, and Smalian’s formula was used to calculate the volume of hollowed portion, and volume calculation formula for the cylinder was used to calculate total volume. For the solid logs, mid diameter and length ...

Cakupan ilmu mengenai kebakaran meliputi disiplin keilmuan yang luas termasuk kehutanan, ekologi, kimia atmosferik (emisi gas), teknik mesin (pola penyebaran api) dan geografi (analisis spasial kejadian kebakaran). Hal ini dikarenakan  sangat bervariasi skala kebakaran yang dipelajari. Indonesia memiliki luas 3,827,157,36Km2 menurut Badan Pusat Statistik, 2016 dari total luasan tersebut sekitar 1,913,587,68Km2 atau 50% dari luasan Indonesia merupakan hutan tropis dan 210,493,65Km2 merupakan hutan gambut yang menyimpan cadangan karbon sebesar 55,000 Megaton (Hooijer,2006 dan Page,2011). Akantetapi deforestasi yang terjadi pada awal tahun 1950  mengakibatkan Indonesia kehilangan sekitar 30% dari total luasan hutan tropis. Pada beberapa kasus, kebakaran hutan dapat menjadi penyebab deforestasi. sehingga banyak penelitian terkait dengan perilaku, tekanan serta efek yang ditimbulkan oleh kebakaran hutan (Maselli et al., 2000; Alloza et al., 2006; Ferna´ndez et al., 2007). Dampak terburuk deforestasi terhadap lingkungan telah terjadi sebelum tahun 2010 dengan terjadinya kebakaran hutan dan lahan gambut yang tidak terkendali. Pengetahuan mengenai karakteristik bahan bakar sangat penting dalam manajemen kebakaran dan pengelolaan lahan karena dapat digunakan untuk menghitung bahaya kebakaran, risiko, perilaku, dan efek dari kebakaran. Akantetapi bahan bakar sulit untuk dijelaskan dan dipetakan karena kompleksitas dan variabilitasnya yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu pada proposal ini penulis bermaksud untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai karakteristik bahan bakar di kawasan Taman Nasional Berbak Sembilang untuk mencoba melakukan pemetaan terhadap bahan bakar yang berguna untuk mengembangkan strategi pengelolaan di kawasan Taman Nasional Berbak Sembilang dengan menggunakan pendekatan spasial dengan menggunakan integrasi antara  Light Detection Ranging LiDAR dan data Landsat 8 Multu et.al.,2008; Arroyo et.al.,2008.

Abstract. The possibility of using chemicals in European forestry is extremely limited due to the binding legal regulations and specific conditions concerning the market of plant protection products. This is reflected in the limited availability of active fungicides in forestry. Due to this limitation, practitioners using fungicides in forest nurseries and forest cultivation must have substantial knowledge of the biology of pathogens to ensure satisfactorily effective protection. The work presented here provides an overview of the currently recommended fungicides in Polish forestry as well as the mechanisms of interaction between the active substances and the pathogen, the plant and mycorrhizal fungi. The risk of fungi-cide resistance, which has been insufficiently explored in the context of forest pathogens, is also discussed in this paper.

A significant volume of wood was lost due to wood defects; however, few studies were done to quantify wood loss by wood defects. is study was focused on quantifying wood loss by heart rot, especially hollowness in Shorea robusta. e study was conducted in Tileswornath community forest of Rautahat district. e data were collected from the felling site of the regeneration felling block of Tileswornath community forest. 44 trees were selected randomly, and tree diameter, total height, and volume were measured. e destructive method was followed as heart rot cannot be visible from the surface. Felled trees were sanctioned into 285 logs and separated based on the hollowness. Hollow diameters at both thin end and mid and thick end, as well as length, were measured on the hollow log, and Smalian's formula was used to calculate the volume of hollowed portion, and volume calculation formula for the cylinder was used to calculate total volume. For the solid logs, mid diameter and length of the log were measured and volume calculation formula for the cylinder was used to calculate total volume. Logistic regression was performed to identify the relation of total height and diameter with the probability of hollowness presence. e study showed that 59% of sampled trees and 34.39% of logs were found to be hollowed due to heart rot. 41.79% volume was occupied by hollow on the hollowed log. Logistic regression discards the relation of height to the hollowness but signified the relation of diameter to the probability of hollowness presence. Before implementation of scientific forest management modality, the timber retained in stump per tree was found as 0.18 cubic feet.

In temperate climates, insects survive the winter in a coldinvulnerable stage. The timing of individual stages of insects is influenced by temperature (which will increase with climate change) and the photoperiod (which will remain unchanged). Therefore, the mechanical application of the sums of temperatures will not make it possible to predict the seasonal development of insects in the event of climate change.

Different species of edible mushrooms have been cultivated worldwide on several lignocellulosic wastes of which sawdust from a vast number of tree species is the most popular substrate in Nigeria. This is as a result of its availability and affordability. Performance of oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus florida) cultivated on different indigenous wood wastes was investigated in this study. Four indigenous wood wastes; Funtumia elastica, Anthocleista djalonensis, Triplochiton scleroxylon and Ceiba petandra were evaluated for their effects on growth and yield of Pleurotus florida. The sporophore emergence was first noticed in Funtumia elastica with 32days followed by Anthociesta djalonensis (35 days), Triplochiton scleroxylon (39 days) and Ceiba petandra had the longest days of 43 days. Length of stipe (cm) obtained across the substrates showed good sizable mushrooms. Funtumia elastica length of stipe ranged 8.10-9.80cm, Anthociesta djalonensis 7.20-9.20cm, Triplochiton scleroxylon 6.10-7.10cm and Ceiba petandra 6.50-9.30cm. The highest yield (g) was recorded for Funtumia elastica followed by Anthociesta djalonensis, Ceiba petandra and Triplochiton scleroxylon with mean values of 105.50±2.55, 83.40 ± 2.07, 79.00 ± 1.90 and 56.70±2.01(g) respectively. The biological efficiency (%) showed that the highest BE were found in Funtumia elastica followed by Anthociesta djalonensis, Ceiba petandra and Triplochiton scleroxylon with BE values of 86.50±2.55, 72.62±2.07, 69.50±1.90 and 60.35±2.01(%) respectively. Suitability of indigenous wood waste as substrates for mushroom cultivation has a special relevance to Nigeria, because sawdust are abundantly available to farmers at little or no cost thus needs to be exploited in order to reduce pollution in the country.

Fungi colonising oak seedlings in forest plantations in northeastern Poland were identified in 2014–2015. The evaluated 4-to 6-year bare root oaks originated from the Olsztynek Forest District (Regional Directorate of the State Forests in Olsztyn). In total, 744 fungal isolates belonging to 11 different species, and 11 genera, were identified in tested plants. Amongst them, 186 cultures (25%) were classified as plant pathogens. The most commonly isolated pathogenic fungi belonged to the Fusarium and Cylindrocarpon genera.

A significant volume of wood was lost due to wood defects; however, few studies were done to quantify wood loss by wood defects. This study was focused on quantifying wood loss by heart rot, especially hollowness in Shorea robusta. The study was conducted in Tileswornath community forest of Rautahat district. The data were collected from the felling site of the regeneration felling block of Tileswornath community forest. 44 trees were selected randomly, and tree diameter, total height, and volume were measured. The destructive method was followed as heart rot cannot be visible from the surface. Felled trees were sanctioned into 285 logs and separated based on the hollowness. Hollow diameters at both thin end and mid and thick end, as well as length, were measured on the hollow log, and Smalian’s formula was used to calculate the volume of hollowed portion, and volume calculation formula for the cylinder was used to calculate total volume. For the solid logs, mid diameter and length ...

The phenomenon of dying stands of ash was observed in Poland since 1993. The aim of the study was to assess the health condition of ash stands in the State Forests and to develop silviculture methods for subsequent phases of forest growth in stands with a significant share of ash, in order to minimize the negative consequences of ash dieback and to increase the durability and sustainability of these stands. In order to assess its scale, in 2004, we sent a questionnaire to all forest districts of the State Forests, operating on the surface of approx. 7.6 million hectares equaled 83% of the forest area. The article presents data on the extent and impact of ash dieback in Poland, genetic structure of Polish ash populations revealed by the DNA marker studies, genetic variability of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus in Poland and recommends silvicultural options to mitigate impact of the disease.

Kroz povijest, šume u našim uvjetima su rijetko bile ugrožene od lavina, kako zbog klime, tako i zbog prebornog gospodarenja ovim prirodnim bogastvom. Ipak, ovo ne znači kako u budućnosti neće biti ili ne treba raditi na preventivnim zaštitnim mjerama u cilju sprječavanja ili ublažavanja djelo-vanja ovog štetnog i nepredvidivog abiotičkog čimbenika. Donosimo primjer iz susjedne Bosne i Hercegovine gdje je zabilježen slučaj devastacije šume uslijed ove prirodne nepogode.

Rhizoctonia solani was frequently isolated in the Italian Alps from nursery-grown European beech (Fagus sylvatica) seedlings displaying symptoms of cotyledon rot. Koch's postulates were verified and mode of infection of the associated isolates was investigated with light and scanning electron microscopy. Population structure of the pathogen was investigated by scoring the anastomosis reaction type in pairings between different isolates from the same seedbed. One pathogen genotype showed a large distribution area within the seedbed, this implying that the inoculum had been building up in the seedbed over a longer time period. Hyphal anastomosis tests and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA indicated that the pathogen belongs to AG 2-1 of R. solani. ITS sequence analysis indicates that the isolates from beech are closely related to R. solani isolates causing a disease on tulip. The striking similarities between the two diseases are discussed.