Foundation Design

As a teaching tool, the Kit of Parts (hereafter KoP) was developed in the mid-20th century by John Hejduk and Bob Slutzky, first at the University of Texas and later Cooper Union.  Since then it has been widely used by educators to teach design composition as a formal issue.  Originally this nine-square grid problem was comprised of an exact and restricted set of wood parts with precisely defined measurements. The limited parameters focused on possibilities for arrangement that established order, space relationships and spatial complexity. Over the years, design educators have debated and modified the use of kits, providing rich ground for pedagogic discussion.

This paper outlines an experimental project in which Arch 100 students were asked to create and then work through problems using a uniquely non-traditional KoP. With a nod towards Rowe and Koetter's Collage City, the KoP used for this class was not uniform, but eclectic and various. Collage City advocates for a design approach accommodating a range of disparate parts that don't fit neatly together. It argues against pure modernist ideals, proposing instead that 'bricolage' be used as a methodology for aesthetic construction and creative planning.  Like a collage that embraces our pluralistic past, "the objects can be aristocratic or they can be 'folkish', academic or popular." 

The three projects in this course- Composing, Diagramming and Imagining- were developed to teach students about principal architectural drawing techniques and creation in space. The initial exercise, which employs the kit as a tool to explore a 1:1 relationship with objects in the context of still-life drawing exercise, raises pertinent questions about material intersection and visual organization.

In this sequence of lessons, students demonstrate a range of learning differences. They look to each other for problem solving strategies and are inspired through their collaborative exchange. And as they begin to grasp the elements of composition, construction and drawing systems, they also learn inventive techniques for architectonic design and creative practice. This paper assesses both successful and unsuccessful projects as it investigates the ongoing dialectic between structure and agency. It shares insights about how a less standardized KoP extends itself beyond 20th century themes of form, abstraction and concept to 21st century notions of heterogeneity, adaptation and resilience.

Construction activities have increased many folds in the recent times due to development in economic activities. Different types of complex structures are coming up to meet the growing demand. With the significant role that the foundation design and construction play in any successful project, a geotechnical investigative report at the beginning of the process is obviously very beneficial.This paper presents the investigation to establish the sub‐surface soil stratification at the Bridge site. It also presents the evaluation of the bearing pressure and other engineering design parameters through the field and laboratory tests. This paper consists of the details about the field and laboratory test and the recommendations made based on the test results.

ÖZET: Doğal afetlerin en önemlisi sayılan depremler dünyanın her kesiminde etkili olmakta ve bunun sonucunda da can ve mal kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Deprem kuşağında bulunan ülkemizde de inşa edilen yapıların zemin özelliklerine göre uygun temel sistemlerinin belirlenmesi zorunludur. Zemin özellikleri, sismik etkiler altında, normal olmayan yüklemenin üzerinde zorlanması sonucu, yapının tasarım aşamasında hatalarını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, c=5kPa, Ø=35 o ve c=40kPa, Ø=5 o olan zemin üzerinde, yeraltı su seviyeleri 0m ve 2m göz önüne alınarak, 1., 2., ve 3. deprem bölgelerinde yapılacak olan 5 katlı bir binada depremin etkisi Geo5 bilgisayar programı kullanılarak hesap yapılmıştır. Sonuçta, farklı değerler kullanılarak yapılan analizler sonucunda, temel tasarımı üzerine; zemin sınıfının etkisi, yeraltı suyunun etkisi ve deprem büyüklüğünün etkisi incelenmiştir. ABSTRACT: Earthquakes that are considered as one of the most destructive natural disasters, effect every part of the world and as a result they cause loss of life and property. In accordance with the soil properties, it is necessary to determine the most appropriate foundation systems of the structures that are built in our country which is also located on the seismic belt. As a matter of fact, the soil properties show the imperfections of the structure in the process of its design as a result of an extreme loading force under seismic influences. Therefore, in this work, considering the underground water level as 0m and 2m, the earthquake affects on a five-storey building that was built on the grounds c=5kPa, Ø=35 o and c=40kPa, Ø=5 o in the 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd earthquake zones have been calculated. Eventually, the effect of the soil class, underground water and earthquake magnitude on the foundation design were examined at the end of the analysis by theme and of combinations made by using different values.

The subgrade reaction of a foundation is, after its bearing capacity the most sought-after product of a geotechnical investigation. In common practice, however, there is still a lack of knowledge of its theoretical bases, applicability limits as well as valid estimation methods, which results in an obscure and unaware practice.
Although the assumptions from which it arises are arbitrary and divergent from reality, its wide use, probably due to its simple implementation, compels us to make a correct estimate to result in a satisfactory design, always leaving errors on the safe side and below economical thresholds.
This paper aims to shed light on the nature of the subgrade reaction, propose techniques for its estimation and establish applicability limits.

The Declaration's claim to straight baselines violates the provisions of UNCLOS on the determination of baselines. Specifically, China is not an archipelagic state, so China is not allowed to draw baselines in the Paracels. Especially violating the sovereignty of the State of Vietnam over the Hoang Sa archipelago, because the Hoang Sa archipelago is the sacred territory of the State of Vietnam, China does not have any right to draw baselines in the archipelago. Hoang Sa.

Construction activities have increased many folds in the recent times due to development in economic activities. Different types of complex structures are coming up to meet the growing demand. With the significant role that the foundation design and construction play in any successful project, a geotechnical investigative report at the beginning of the process is obviously very beneficial.This paper presents the investigation to establish the sub ‐ surface soil stratification at the Bridge site. It also presents the evaluation of the bearing pressure and other engineering design parameters through the field and laboratory tests. This paper consists of the details about the field and laboratory test and the recommendations made based on the test results.

Arshad M. and O'Kelly B.C. (2016) Analysis and design of monopile foundations for offshore wind-turbine structures. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, vol. 34, issue 6, pp. 503–525.

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1064119X.2015.1033070

Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are generally supported by large-diameter monopiles, with the combination of axial forces, lateral forces, bending moments, and torsional moments generated by the OWT structure and various environmental factors resisted by earth pressures mobilized in the soil foundation. The lateral loading on the monopile foundation is essentially cyclic in nature and typically of low amplitude. This state-of-the-art review paper presents details on the geometric design, nominal size, and structural and environmental loading for existing and planned OWT structures supported by monopile foundations. Pertinent ocean-environment loading conditions, including methods of calculation using site-specific data, are described along with wave particle kinematics, focusing on correlations between the loading frequency and natural vibration frequency of the OWT structure. Existing
methods for modeling soil under cyclic loading are reviewed, focusing in particular on strain accumulation models that consider pile–soil interaction under cyclic lateral loading. Inherent limitations/shortcomings of these models for the analysis and design of existing and planned OWT monopile foundations are discussed. A design example of an OWT support structure having a monopile foundation system is presented. Target areas for further research by the wind-energy sector, which would facilitate the development of improved analyses/design methods for offshore monopiles, are identified.

In 2014, the S. D. Bechtel, Jr. Foundation embarked on the National Character Initiative to support organizations seeking to advance character development among youth. The initiative sought to promote lasting change by focusing on building grantee capacity that was based largely on grantee priorities.

This article highlights key findings from an evaluation of the foundation’s approach to the initiative by elevating the perspectives of grantees, foundation staff, and field experts who served as consultants. It discusses supports the foundation provided to grantees and three key transformational elements in capacity building: proactive and responsive technical assistance, a culture of learning, and opportunities for partnerships.

The evaluation surfaced key lessons for grantmakers looking to embrace a capacity-building orientation and shift the traditional funder–grantee dynamic. Funders should consider the strategies discussed in this article to support long-term growth and sustained practices beyond the life of a grant that, ultimately, lead to improved outcomes for organizations and the people they serve.