Habib Bourghiba

This essay talks briefly about the achievements of Bo that enhanced the modernization and the development Tunisia and his policies that played a role in the econo and political liberalization of the country. However, it shows the failures of Bourguiba's regime and what ye be done today. This essay is based on the work of othe writers.

Barg el-Lil (1961) was the first historical novel in Tunisian literary history and the first Arabic novel to have a black slave as protagonist. I argue that Bachir Khreyif’s choice needs to be read in relation to Negritude and pan-Africanism, the ‘afrotopian’ momentum, Habib Bourguiba’s colour-blind policies, debates about ‘committed literature’ (adab multazim), a term hotly debated in Arabic literary circles and periodicals across the Third World in those decades, and against the backdrop of Tunisian state feminism and the implementation of the new Personal Status Code (PSC) in 1956. These discussions and movements offer a specific angle on Cold War struggles.

Just how exceptional Barg el-Lil was in its time is even more apparent considering the new generation of Maghrebi and Arab writers who have started to break the silence around the history and legacies of trans-Saharan slavery, also in the context of the movements and discussions opened up by the Arab Springs and strengthened by the 2020 global anti-racism protests.

The evolution of women’s rights in Tunisia has passed through several periods. The first period is before the president Habib Bourguiba, when the Beys were ruling the country with their dictatorship. Then comes the period of the ex-president Habib Bourguiba which was characterized with the first steps in the liberation of women and the evolution of their rights. After Habib Bourguiba, Ben Ali ruled Tunisia and continued the liberation of women with his wife Leila Trabelsi who was called “the first lady” because of the work she was doing to liberate the Tunisian women’s. Nowadays, and in the post-revolution period, changes concerning women began just after the revolution, and the fled of Ben Ali outside the country, when all the Tunisian women went out in the streets to protest against the violation of their rights. In this paper, I will compare the development of women’s rights in Tunisia under Bourguiba and Ben Ali.

ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the relationship of the first Tunisian President Habib Bourguiba (1903-2000) with the Islamic religion, in the light of a number of policies that he adopted during his long mandate. Bourguiba has long been portrayed as a "small Mustafa Kemal", a leader voted with the principles of Kemalism and inspired, in its reforms, by the sudden transformation of the Ottoman State. Contrary to this view, Tunisian historians are increa- singly rediscovering the image of Bourguiba as mediator between religion and secularism, materialism and spirituality. Bourguiba has always maintained a relationship of wise moderation towards religion: far from adopting strict policies enforced by secularism, he was able to recognize the value that certain sections of the Tunisian population ascribed to religion. However, in some occasions, the Tunisian leader acted strategically and adopted some reforms that supported its ultimate goal of modernizing the state. Among them, this paper accounts the abolition of the Caliphate, the reform of the Tunisian legal system, the nationalization of Awqaf and the rejuvenation of the education system.

Hande ORTAY
Yeni Yüzyıl Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Uluslararası İlişkiler Doktora Öğrencisi
handeortay611903@gmail.com

Özet
Bu araştırmada “Arap Baharı” adı verilen önemli bir kitlesel halk hareketi sonrasında, Tunuslu kadınların, Arap baharı sürecinde oynadıkları roller, rollerin sürece etkileri ve sonrasında değişim ve yeni toplumsal düzende ne gibi kazanımlar elde ettiklerine ilişkin görüşlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 73’ü kadın 40’ı erkek, 113 Tunuslu oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada veri toplama araçları olarak kişisel bilgi formu ve anket kullanılmıştır. Anketler e-mail yoluyla gönderilmiş ve cevaplardan uygun olanlar araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcıların belirlenmesinde linkedln uygulamasından yararlanılmış, posta adreslerine ulaşılmıştır. Anketlerin nasıl doldurulacağı ve verilerin nasıl ve nerede kullanılacağı vb. konularda katılımcılara bilgi verilmiştir. Anket çalışması ile katılımcıların kişisel profilleri ve kümelenen profiller çerçevesinde Arap baharı sürecinde etkileri tartışılmıştır. Böylelikle, toplumsal değişimlerde Tunus özelinde Arap toplumlarında kadınların etkileri ve kazanımları değerlendirilmeye gayret gösterilmiştir. Araştırmada “Arap baharı halk hareketinin sonrasında Tunuslu kadınların (sosyal ve politik) kazanımları olmuş mudur?” ve  “Bugün Tunus'taki kadınların durumunu nasıl değerlendiriyorsunuz?” sorularına cevaplar aranmış ve verilen cevapların yaş, eğitim ve medeni duruma göre frekans ve yüzdeleri analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; katılımcıların çoğunluğunun Arap baharı halk hareketinin sonrasında Tunuslu kadınların (sosyal ve politik) kazanımlarının olduğunu ve bugün Tunus'taki kadınların durumunu “iyi” olarak değerlendirdikleri bulgulanmıştır.

Anahtar kelimeler: Siyasal Sosyal Haklar, Toplumsal Cinsiyet, Kadın Hakları, Arap Baharı, Tunus

This paper examines the development of the tourism industry in Tunisia from its independence in 1956 to contemporary Tunisia with a special focus on the development of halal tourism. In assessing the tourism sector in Tunisia, a typology is used. This typology makes it clear that Tunisia is a prominent tourist destination in several types of tourism, including beach tourism, while in other types it remains underdeveloped. Regarding the emerging form of halal tourism, Tunisia is lagging behind in its development. This may come as a surprise given the fact that Tunisia is a popular tourist destination and a Muslim majority country. Although there are different reasons for this, I would argue that many things can be explained by looking at the political context in Tunisia. The reluctance of government actors hinders the profound development of halal tourism. The policies that have been put forward in the past by Bourguiba and Ben Ali have had an undeniable impact on the general opinion of contemporary Tunisian society on this matter. Even though Tunisia is faced with challenges, Tunisia can still be a suitable country for halal tourism while maintaining other forms of tourism.