History Kingdom of Poland in years 1815-1918

The Ethnic and Religious Policies of the Tsarist Regime in the Kingdom of Poland: the "Kholm Question" as a Case of Russian Nation-Building (1831-1912)
This study aims to provide an analysis of Russian nationalism and of the policies of Russification implemented by the tsarist authorities in the western periphery of Russian empire from the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth. The primary focus will be the "Kholm question" in the Kingdom of Poland, in which Russian civil and ecclesiastical authorities became involved in the Russification of the population. In addition, the Russian state  aimed  to  convert  the  resident  Ukrainian  (or,  as  they  were  officially  called,  "Little Russian" ) and Byelorussian adherents of the last Greek-Catholic eparchy of the empire to Orthodoxy. The Kholm question represents an interesting case study, which enables us to outline certain aspects of the complex and contradictory relationship between the centre and the periphery of the empire, as well as the different and contrasting understandings of the place of Russian nationality and its relationship with the other nationalities. Finally, this study sheds light on the difficult balance between the Russian State and the Orthodox Church, Catholic and Greek-Catholic Churches.

O życiu Rosjan w Królestwie Polskim najczęściej mówi się w kontekście politycznym, przedstawiając tę mniejszość jako część represyjnego aparatu Imperium Rosyjskiego. Niniejsze opracowanie, które koncentruje się na życiu rodzinnym i towarzyskim rosyjskiej mniejszości na przestrzeni stu lat, ukazuje przede wszystkim sytuację rodzinną Rosjan oraz czynniki, które wpłynęły na ich życie prywatne.

The article presents the fate of two convent churches: of Dominicans at Janów Podlaski and Reformed Friars Minor at Biała Podlaska. Both churches changed their intended purpose between 1864 and 1875; first, their convents were dissolved, then they were converted into Uniate churches only to be transformed into the Orthodox churches after the liquidation of the Uniate Church. Their fate has been presented based on archival materials kept in the State Archives in Lublin, in the fonds of Chełm Greek Catholic Consistory.

This paper aims to focus on the question of education in the Polish Kingdom during the years 1862-1869. Though the University in Warsaw was closed after the 1830 uprising, until 1863 Poles mainly organized lower education on the tradition of the Polish educational system. Thanks to the "loyalty" of a part of the Polish intelligencija to the Russian Tsar, Poles had the possibility to reorganize, in 1862, a Polish University, the so-called "Main-School" (Glavnaja Škola). A few months after its opening, in January 1863, the Polish uprising deeply changed the policies of Russians towards Poles. Besides Miljutin's attempts to reorganize a utopian Polish peasantry and educational system loyal to the Russian Tsar, among the Russian bureaucrats at the Ministry of Education, in primis Count Dmitrij Tolstoj, what prevailed during the second half of the 1860s was the policy of transforming the Polish "Main School" into "Warsaw Imperial University" (Imperatorskij Varšavskij Universitet). The teaching language of the newly founded University (1969) was Russian and gradually Polish teachers were substituted by Russian ones. Our intention is to clarify the process of creation of the Russian University in Warsaw, characterized by an intense debate among the Russian Intelligencija and expecially among ministers, who expounded different and often conflicting intentions with regard to the Polish educational question.