Imidacloprid

The insecticide imidacloprid is mainly applied as a seed dressing formulation. After root uptake, imidacloprid is translocated ac-ropetally within the xylem and degraded quickly in the plants. Three principal metabolic pathways have been identified in various plant metabolism studies with different crops and types of application showing a nearly uniform quantitative and qualitative pat-tern in all test systems.

The experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of some insecticides against major sucking pests viz. Jassid, white fly and aphid of okra. The experiment consisted of eight management practices coded from T 1 to T 8 using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. At total fruiting stage, minimum fruits infestation was found from T 1 (Admire 200 SL @ 0.5 ml/L of water) (2.7%) while maxi mum from control (19.0%) in number and minimum fruits infestation was (2.5%) whereas maxi mum in T 8 (control) (16.9%) in weight. Tallest plant (227.6 cm), longest fruit (18.69 cm), maxi mum number of fruits (32.6/plant), maximum weight of individual fruit (14.4 g) and yield (8.6 kg/plot and 15.9 ton/ha) was found from T 1 (227.6 cm) while inferior results were found from T 8. Maximum benefit cost ratio (2.9) was found in Admire 200 SL @ 0.5 ml/L of water and minimum benefit cost ratio was recorded from Shobicron 425 EC@ 2 ml/L of water (1.2).

In an investigation carried out during Kharif 2018, bio-efficacy of nine insecticides and bio-pesticides (including control) were tested against major sucking pest Leafhopper, Empoasca kerri Pruthi of groundnut at S.K.N. College of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan). On the basis of mean per cent reduction in leafhopper population the treatment of imidacloprid 17.8SL (84.31%) was found most effective, followed by thiamethoxam 25WG (81.66%) and acetamiprid 20SP (80%) and were also statistically at par with each other in their efficacy. Bio-pesticides Metarhizium anisopliae 1.15 WP (33.56%) and NSKE (Neem Seed Kernel Extract) (49.68%) were proved least effective, however both were differed significantly with each other. The descending order of effectiveness of treatments were as imidacloprid > thiamethoxam > acetamiprid > methyl demeton > fipronil > acephate > NSKE > Metarhizium anisopliae. The highest pod yield was obtained from the plot treated with insecticide imi...

A pilot study was conducted on a weeping fig, Ficus benjamina shrub hedge in a Florida urban landscape to determine the efficacy of a fungal biopesticide, PFR-97™ which contains blastospores of Isaria fumosorosea, and a neonicotinoid treatment (Admire Pro™) applied against the invasive ficus whitefly pest, Singhiella simplex (Singh). Post treatment, an ecological assessment of the study was conducted by observing the impact of the fungal biopesticide and neonicotinoid treatment on natural enemies, e.g., predators, parasitoids and enzootic fungal pathogens occurring in the whitefly-infested hedge. Both treatments provided a significant reduction in the whitefly population compared to control and were compatible with the natural enemies present. Various natural enemies including fungal entomopathogens were identified associated with the whitefly population infesting the weeping fig hedge. The parasitoids, Encarsia protransvena Viggiani and Amitus bennetti Viggiani & Evans combined par...

The present experiment was carried out in insectary farm, Section of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Nagpur during 2016-2017 to evaluate the efficacy of different treatments (chemicals, botanicals and microbials viz. Imidacloprid 17.8 SL, Spiromesifen 22.9 SC, Neem oil 2%, Neem seed extract 5%, Tobacco leaf extract 10%, Metarhizium anisoplie 1x108 CFU/ml, Verticillium lecanii 1x108 CFU/ml and Beauveria bassiana 1x108 CFU/ml) against sucking pest complex of cotton. Highest reduction in mean nymph population of sucking pests (except whitefly) was recorded with Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (aphids-79.55%, 78.28%; jassids- 77.32%, 75.50%; thrips- 78.94%, 77.88%) followed by Spiromesifen 22.9 SC (aphids- 73.18,70.90; jassids-73.05, 71.82; thrips- 76.30,74.20) after 5 and 10 days of all three sprayings respectively. Whereas, highest reduction in the population of whitefly was observed in Spiromesifen 22.9 SC (82.27%, 80.57%) followed by Imidacloprid 17.8 SL (78.32%, 77.90%). Among botanicals,...

Pesticides cause oxidative stress to plants and their residues persist in plant parts, which are a major concern for the environment as well as human health. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known to protect plants from abiotic stress conditions including pesticide toxicity. The present study demonstrated the effects of seed-soaking with 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on physiological responses of 10-day old Brassica juncea seedlings grown under imidacloprid (IMI) toxicity. In the seedlings raised from EBR-treated seeds and grown under IMI toxicity, the contents of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O(.)2(-)) were decreased, accompanied by enhanced activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and the content of glutathione (GSH). As compared to controls, the gene expressions of SOD, CAT, GR, POD, NADH (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase), CXE (carboxylesterase), GSH-S (glutathione synth...

Fipronil and imidacloprid currently represent approximately one third of the global insecticide market. In the present
study, the environmental risk (ERA) of fipronil and imidacloprid in the postlarvae of the river shrimp (Cryphiops
caementarius, Molina 1782) was evaluated. Short-term toxicity bioassays were performed based on LC50 (mean lethal
concentration) (mortality) and EC50 (mean effective concentration) (swimming hypoactivity). PNEC (Predicted Concentration
with No Known Effect) and available environmental standards for PEC (Expected Environmental Concentration)
were calculated for fipronil and imidacloprid to determine risk quotient (RQ). Imidacloprid was more at risk
for the aquatic environment than fipronil for the lethal response (mortality) and sublethal response (swimming hypoactivity).
The observed risk difference between the two insecticides could be due to their different modes of action.
C. caementarius should be considered as a sensitive species when defining an environmental quality standard for the
conservation of the aquatic environment. Therefore, it is recommended to continue monitoring the presence of these
insecticides in coastal freshwater bodies, and to reduce the use of fipronil and imidacloprid in the agricultural crops
that use them.

Previous studies in lower termites revealed unexpected synergies between nicotinoid insecticides and fungal entomopathogens. The present study investigated molecular mechanisms of nicotinoid-pathogen synergy in the lower termite Reticulitermes flavipes, using the nicotinoid, imidacloprid, in combination with fungal and bacterial entomopathogens. Particular focus was placed on metatranscriptome composition and microbial dynamics in the symbiont-rich termite gut, which houses diverse mixes of protists and bacteria. cDNA microarrays containing a mix of host and protist symbiont oligonucleotides were used to simultaneously assess termite and protist gene expression. Five treatments were compared that included single challenges with sublethal doses of fungi (Metharizium anisopliae), bacteria (Serratia marcescens) or imidacloprid, and dual challenges with fungi + imidacloprid or bacteria + imidacloprid. Our findings point towards protist dysbiosis and compromised social behavior, rather t...

The studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of four insecticides, imidacloprid (Confidor 200 SL) @ 150 ml/acre, acetamiprid (Mospilan 20 SP) @ 80g/acre, carbosulfan (Advantage 20 EC) @ 300 ml/acre and thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WP) @ 24g/acre with different mode of actions were tested against mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi Kalt.) in the field of canola crop at Entomological Research Area of University of Agriculture Faisalabad during 2013-14. The data was recorded pre and post (24 hrs, 48 hrs, 72 hrs and 1 week) treatment. Results showed that all the four insecticides, viz., imidacloprid (Confidor 200 SL) @ 150 ml/acre, acetamiprid (Mospilan 20 SP) @ 80 g/acre, carbosulfan (Advantage 20 EC) @ 300 ml/acre and thiamethoxam (Actara 25 WP) @ 24 g/acre, Advantage 20 EC (carbosulfan) @ 300 ml/acre gave satisfactory results as compared with control. But statistically highest population reduction was found with the application of Advantage 20 EC (carbosulfan) @ 300 ml/acre while the ...

Insecticides are the pesticides that are used to deter pests as they affect their nervous system, respiration, growth and by harming their exoskeletons. Meanwhile, they are affecting the non-target natural enemies such as ladybirds that are frequently used in IPM as biological control agents. Insecticides were presumed to be ineffective for Coccinellids earlier, but research studies have shown that these insecticides severely effect physiological and behavioural patterns of natural predators leading them to death. A best-selling insecticide, Imidacloprid: a neurotoxin belonging to neonicotinoid affects the behaviour and performance of natural enemies by effecting their fecundity, egg hatching, developmental time, growth rate, locomotion, survival rate and causing mortality of various Coccinellids including: