Indian Writings in English

Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study deciphers the speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose to trace out the thought patterns, revealed through the language, and thus to find out the points of similarities and dissimilarities for the final evaluation without harming the reputation of the two. 

(Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study. Bareilly: Prakash Book Depot, 2006. Pp. 118. Rs. 200/-. ISBN: 81-7977-149-0)

Attia Hosain's Sunlight on the Broken Column brings out the trauma of partition affected feudal family. It is subtle comment on the transformation of India where every comman person has right to rise. But on the other side, days of glory are gone when feudalism is abolished.

R.K. Narayan’s `An Astrologer’s Day’ encompasses itself different hues and colours of Indian cultural tradition. The story focuses on one of the crucial aspects of Indian religion and rituals which are blindly followed by the gullible without raising any doubts. It also tries to assert how the cunning and heartless astrologers have been befooling the innocent common lot with their half baked knowledge. The writer, here analyses the human psyche and ridicules the human follies. Though written in a very light vein, this story is a scathing satire on the human weaknesses and limitations. This article portrays the writer as a social reformer, who with his power of keen observation, brings out some of the bitter truths of Indian society.

The Partition of India-Pakistan was one of the most traumatic events experienced by people in the recent times. The massacre that followed the event was barbaric. The violence provoked by a handful of selfish and insensible people made Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs commit various inhuman crimes on each other. As the two countries were formed largely on the basis of religion, the people who were in minority in a region were forced to leave their homes and all their lifelong possessions. The partition resulted in creation of approximately ten million refugees and at least one million deaths. The literature that has been written about the partition has very realistically portrayed the violence and the killings on both the sides. It deals with a variety of themes woven around the event. While some writers have talked about the massacre during the refugee migration, others have written about the difficulties that people had to face during their rehabilitation in a new country. Short story 'Pali' by Bhisham Sahani deals with the trauma of a child named Pali, who gets separated from his parents during the partition. Pali finds himself bewildered when he is converted to different religions twice. Also, he finds himself at crossroads when he is expected to forget his past life and accept the new one immediately. He is not able to forget either of his parents. The present paper focuses on the chaos and the mental trauma that Pali goes through during his life in Pakistan and India. It also takes into consideration the issues related to religious bigotry. The Partition of India-Pakistan was one of the most traumatic events experienced by people in the recent times. The massacre that followed the event was barbaric. The violence provoked by a handful of selfish and insensible people made Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs commit various inhuman crimes on each other. As the two countries were formed largely on the basis of religion, the people who were in minority in a region were forced to leave their homes and all their lifelong possessions. The partition resulted in creation of approximately ten million refugees and at least one million deaths. The population which was beaten, tortured, raped and abducted remains unmeasured. Above all, the emotional pain and trauma, which people could not forget even after the decades of the tragedy, could never be estimated or narrated in its actual form. According to certain scholars like Ayesha Jalal and Sugata Bose, the Partition was " a cataclysmic event that impinged upon the lives of millions on the subcontinent, in a way that even two the world wars had not, in terms of the sheer brutality and damage that it inflicted upon a considerable portion of population, the mass exile and displacement that it caused and the new schism that it created among people. (Rituparna 132) The common man, who had nothing to do in deciding about the partition, had to pay a great price.

The Inheritance of Loss is a tale of losses. It laments the loss of land, of identity, of love, of voice, of individuality and as a whole is the representative of a country’s agony and its endurances when separatist movement is on the move. This gives rise to a sense of paranoia, of loneliness, of disruption and of alienation.

This article offers a preliminary discussion of Indian food discourse, interpreted not as a mere example of material and immaterial culture, but rather as a site of stratified genres, images and ideas that take up cultural, linguistic and literary forms to mirror multifaceted dynamics of belonging, migration and change (Appadurai 1988; Collingham 2006, 2018; Jurafsky 2014; Nandy 2004). The tangling of vernacular customs and migratory practices, the creative processes leading to terms for food and the strategic representation of dishes in literary works by Indian and diasporic authors are just a handful of the modalities by which Indian food discourse is foregrounded and manifests itself stylistically and symbolically so as to convey ideologies and values. From such a perspective, I propose to adopt an interdisciplinary approach that benefits from various disciplines such as cultural studies, postcolonial theory and linguistics to unearth some of the diverse (his)stories and meanings of this complex domain and its reconfigurations of identity.

This paper studies the emergence and the development of the graphic novel as a postmodern literary form. It tries to address  issues such as whether the form of the graphic novel can be justified as a sub-genre of the novel, or whether it merely conforms to the idea of the kitsch.

This research paper focuses on analyzing the psychoanalytic theory and psychoanalysis method. Sigmund Freud is the father of modern psychology, which analyzes the human mind and claims that the unconscious mind, controls the conscious mind. The human mind has different layers like a conscious mind, preconscious mind, and unconscious mind. Ego, superego, and id are the apparatuses of the mind and functioning in person. The unconscious mind is a repository from which one's personality has emerged. Dreams are the indirect outlets of the unconscious mind. Therefore, in the psychoanalysis method, dreams are the royal roads to the unconscious mind. Freud's theory analyzes the life instinct and death instinct in human beings. Life strives for the dialectical synthesis of birth and death. Freud's two disciples expressed dissent against his libido theory and established their independent schools of psychology.

The present research paper assesses (Herbert Blumers, 1969; 69) theory of social movement from the point of three dimensions in Arundhati’s novel - The God of Small Things.  They are:
1. Social Discrimination through forced segregation or physical isolation.
2. In acquiring an ideology of human dignity and social equality.
3. Recognition of their collective will to survive and their desire to achieve equality with the majority rather to preserve their individual identity as minority.
The novelist Arundhati Roy seeks ‘cognitive liberation and insurgent consciousness in the sparking conflict’ (Crossley, 2009; 113) to understand the political, cultural and social aspects of the caste-ridden society of India. Her path to activism and mobilization approaches the level of ideological commitment in terms of identity transformation, civil rights, cultural mobility through interaction, opportunity, cognition and structural conduciveness. Her novel ‘The God of Small Things’ postulates the process of social control through grievances and strains. Subsequently there occurs ‘a conflict between freedom and security’ (Meenakshi, 2000; 12). It also captures love, madness, hope, infinite joy. It is the aesthetic piece of creative writing that unravels social conditions and human condition. The lead character Ammu is subjected to trials and tribulations because of being in love with Velutha, a Pravan, a low caste servant. This manifests the gendered conventional sensibility of the upper caste factional society. The novel surfaces the most burning political issue in the character Velutha, “whose mind is without fear and the head is held high” (Tagore, Geetanjali, 1910) and whose knowledge is free from narrow caste-ridden segregation. The novel exposes the social-political situation that disavows brutality, cruel indifference of ‘Touchables’ towards untouchables of Kerala. The characters Estha and Rahel’s sufferings reflect the ‘dark colours of life’ that forms the dualistic approach of society. The disjointed, fractured and disillusioned Baby Kochamma’s bitter personality interfaces the intra-national precipitating factors of social discrimination and ostracism in context of caste, creed, sex, birth and gender.
The novel frames contention for the marginalised and disenfranchised natives; of Kerala. Their concern for freedom and security, resistance and social movement present challenge, transformation and perpetual disagreement between domination and subordination. But at the same the author’s self-conscious process of contestation (McLead, 2007; 5) suggests the post-colonial relevant mental mode. She attests that decolonization can only be possible with ‘the annihilation of casteism’ (B. R. Ambedkar Writings; 271) and with ‘the assertion of cultural assimilation’ (Doughlas,  2009; 8).

BabuBankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya is a renowned name in the history of Indian struggle for Independence. He is the writer of the national song 'Vande Mataram' of India. This song created an effervescence among Indians in that era to be united for the freedom of their country and to break together the shackles of slavery. Apart from this he is a strong signature in Bangla Literature. This is disappointing to know that Rajmohan's Wife is his only novel written in English though it records the true picture of its time at its best. Authority and tradition are two words which seem synonymous to each other. Tradition apparently denotes a continuation and acceptance of norms and myth in society. It also showcases a peculiar kind of imitation. When tradition becomes an integral part of normativity it also exhibits a strong authority towards those traditions. Patriarchy may be the similar kind of traditional authority that was spontaneously born due to the flow of imitation, approval and power. This paper tries to explore those issues closely related to authority a form of power and tradition as an internalized system in determining and demeaning the position and status of women in the early decades of the 19 th century India. Indeed, India was facing the high tides of upheaval in its social, political and cultural milieu that became the fundamental factors in generating turmoil in the lives of the people. Our paper attempts to

Tagore’s Where the Mind is Without Fear brings out a sincere and genuine concern of the sensitive poet who cherishes a sweet dream of `Mother India’ with free, united, rational and strong countrymen. He prays to the almighty to bless his country and make it prosperous in every sense. This research papers aims at bringing out the patriotic sentiments which have been laying latent in the modern countrymen of `Free India’. It presents the sharp contrast between the resplendent past and ignominious present.

The patriarchal societies that existed in India have compromised Indian consciousness in order to have great impact on the half of the women population. Men thought that women are not worthy of education and they themselves considered Independent, superior and omnipotent. Men have always been bread winners and women was to share what he gained. It was a totally masculine world. No We can see the characteristics of women in ancient India. There is tremendous potential, untapped and not utilized. Women were generally treated as 'Abla nari' means helpless women. Also women were confined to four walls of the household. But things have changed and slow transformation was seen within. As civilization changed, society Transformed, Indian women were to escape the shadows without proving themselves. Women were ready to reveal their splendour and the beauty of the world they lived in, where not doing anything productive and simply spending time inside. When we analyse the rise of women literature in Indian context, the country had a situation of not accepting independent, bold, brave and dominating women. They were against the prevailing social norms and social order. There existed unwritten rules like, women should be warm, gentle, decent, dependent, submissive, ready to accept anything that the patriarchy ask them to. When we look into one if the ritual that was performed in India includes 'Sati'. 'Sati' was a very problematic ritual. When we look that in the light of contemporary situation. It was self immolation of women by jumping into the fire that burns their husband, this practise evidently states that there was no standing for independent or single women, the unwritten law was to end their lives when the male partner dies. A very strange fact was that, when Sati was finally abolished by British law, there were women protesting against the abolition of the practice. From a society holding a very old consciousness, the women have developed into winning international recognition for writing and other contributions to the social distribution. The literature of women have a great role in development of women from that to this. Women got equal educational opportunities when the Colonial rule came and made education accessible to everyone.

ABSTRACT: Postcolonialism, defined by Simon During as “the need, in nations or groups which have been victims of Imperialism, to achieve an identity uncontaminated by Universalist or Eurocentric concepts and images” (Hsieh), has left scars on neo-colonial psyches, spaces, identities and cultures among others. It has simultaneously, opened up new avenues for resistance and hegemony. Postcolonial literatures allow writers of manifold post-imperial territories to devise ways to recover the losses incurred and experienced. R.K Narayan’s The Guide evokes the defiant and hegemonic ideologies within the Indian literary arena and social fabric.
KEYWORDS: Postcolonialism, Universalist, Resistance, Hegemony, ideologies, Eurocentric.

Exploration and mapping of Africa began around 1850 and continued intothe nineteenth century.S. K Pottekkatt, the Indian travel writer from Kerala State in India, set out to Africa. This study focusses on S. K Pottekkat as a travel writer who made Malayalis aware of the geography, life and culture of Africa. The Kappiri had no place in the land of his birth. Beira was a source of great relief for Indians travelling from other countries because Portuguese Africa was fairly free from racial discrimination. The Gujarati businessman was prominent. They had mastered the language of the natives and had in depth knowledge of their customs as well as their needs and so prospered well. Who had the greater right in Africa: the British or the Indians? Extensive developments took place in travel writing during the latter half of the nineteenth century. This phase in exploration and mapping of Africa began around 1850 and continued into the nineteenth century. It also paved the way for the Europeans to race and capture as much as land as possible and as a result of this, the map of colonial Africa was redrawn many times. The writers of those times found material for books with the rapid

Presentations of Postcolonialism is a collection of well researched  essays which sets out to explore the limits of postcolonialism as a literary
discourse. Postcolonialism, moving beyond the plot of a so-called
critical practice, has come to represent a complex web of meanings and parameters.The book is a refreshing read!

In the current era of Post-Truth, the concept of truth is not easily found out. Nowadays the false or fabricated appearance and ideas when presented make them appear more logical, reasonable and far widely accepted with emotional and personal belief, and appeal than the original and pure truth. Taking this concept into account, the current research paper aims to investigate how "Lord Shiva" who is worshipped by the Hindus the world over as the 'Lord of Lords', has been portrayed as a 'human being' possessing extraordinary prowess by Amish Tripathi in his first and debut novel of the Shiva Trilogy-'The Immortals of Meluha'. The paper examines the post-truth hidden in the evolution of myths and fables surrounding Lord Shiva and the other Indian deities and portrays the evolution of Lord Shiva as the 'Supreme God' from a 'human being' who lived centuries ago. The novel under investigation has been analysed using the Postmodern and Post-truth theories and perspectives.

Gender is the self-representation of a person as male or female based on societal norms. Judith Butler elucidates that we cannot define a stable subjectivity about 'performing' various gender roles, it is the very act of performing gender that constitutes our identity. In our religious and mythological texts, we see that punishments for misdeeds meted out to women are biased. When the great epics were written, these norms were established which not only expect people to behave accordingly but impose stringent penalties on those who did not abide by them. Women are forced to get into the allotted roles prescribed for them in epics and historical accounts. Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni brings forth the ignored voices by giving different perspectives on various women characters like Urmila, Kaikeyi, Shabri, Mandodiri, Sarama, Shanta, Ahilya, and Surpanakha, who were relegated at the margins even in our sacred and religious narratives. Mythology is paradoxical in a way, on the one hand, it deifies them on a pedestal, and on the other hand, they are time and again asked to give parikshas (tests) to prove their chastity.The paper aims to analyze the critical corpus of problematic sisterhood characterized by male preconceptions where a woman is no less than the embodiment of betrayal, transgressions, and indiscretion. Through a study of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni'sThe Forest of Enchantments, this paper attempts astudy ofSurpanakha, Mandodari, Sarama (Vibheeshan's wife) and Kaikeyi. It telegraphs the readers into Sita's search for selfhood, gives an ability of articulation to the margins, and thus margins transcend into the center of the narrative. If a character like Sita is an embodiment of unflinching dedication, forbearance, stoicism, she also carries the quintessence of knowledge, rationality, and finer sensibility. The Study gives us an insight as to how objectified goddess is worshipped from a distance as a magnificent work of art, withouthuman emotions but only reifying her to heights, oblivious of her troubles that she was enduring in her troubled existence. Divakaruni's rendition of women characters is a comment on the engulfing silences of duty and betrayal where the story of gods and goddesses or Dharma is not always colored with polar hues, they are more complexed, more layered and more nuanced.

Towards the Cultural Banner
of Bangla Dalit Literary
Movement: An Interview With
Nakul Mallik
Nakul Mallik was born in a low-wage family of the Namashudra caste living in a village,
Gajendrapur. He is one of the pioneer Bangla Dalit activists/writers. His signal works include
three biographies, a work of religious philosophy; several short story collections, a book of eight
one-act plays and Manik Ratan, a story based on rural Bengal and the social situation at the
time of Partition. A list of his works can be found below on pages 15-16.
Here Nakul Mallik is in conversation with Jaydeep Sarangi where he frankly narrates the
growth and development of Bangla Dalit Movement. This interview took place at Tollygunj
railway station, Kolkata where Jaydeep Sarangi and Nakul Mallik met for academic and
organizational discussions. It was a sunny afternoon in South Kolkata.
Jaydeep Sarangi

Many patients and Cancer survivors have written biographical accounts of their days of illness, trauma, suffering, treatment and experiences. Anita Moorjani's Dying to be Me My Journey from Cancer, to Near Death, to True Healing is an account of her Near Death Experience and recovery from Cancer. She was diagnosed with Lymphoma and the doctors treating her felt that survival was very difficult due to multiple complications. She had an NDE and she felt she was surrounded by love on all sides. She was immensely aware of what was happening around her and what she could sense was beyond her five sensory organs. This happened due to her faith and knowledge of Hinduism and Vedas. She has shared her traumatic experience in her oeuvre. My paper is a humble attempt to study and correlate her experiences with Hindu philosophy and Vedas. Singapore. Her parents moved to Hong Kong when she was two and spent most of her life there. She lived with her parents and brother Anoop. In spite of being away from her country, her parents, especially her mother, tried to imbibe and inculcate true Indian and Hindu values and Samskaras in her. Girlhood/ Womanhood

Kamleshwar's Kitne Pakistan has given new direction in Hindi Literature.  It translaiton Partitions brings out being readership to the master literati. Kamleshwar undertakes the dissection of human civilization and traces the germs of Pakistan. For him Pakistan is not only a geographical country, it is metaphor of separateness, it is psychological space that every human being carries in his mind.

Keki N. Daruwalla occupies a prominent place in modern Indo-Anglian poetry and his contribution is very much substantial like that of Nissim Ezekiel. One of the most significant voices in Indian poetry Keki sheds light through his work, illumining the world of English poetry. He has a very wide range in his selection of themes. New horizon since 1964, when his first composition saw the light of day, he has been actively engaged in exploring new vistas. He has handled all the themes under the sun and with years he has grown in stature. He has proved himself to be a unique modern Indo-Anglian poet by using unique themes and style in his poetry. In Daruwalla’s diction and phraseology we observe his command over the English language as other Indo-Anglian poets such as Nissim Ezekiel, A.K. Ramanujan, Jayanta Mahaptra and R.Parthasarathy. A recipient of Sahitya Academy award for his collection of poems ‘‘The keeper of the Dead’’ and Commonwealth Poetry Award for ‘ Landscape’,Daruwalla has proved that Indian literatures are in no way inferior to their counterparts in the English speaking

Indian English Fiction has been impressive and has attracted attention widely. With the passage of time, it has witnessed a rapid change, from being deeply affected by the Raj to being Vernacular. It is, therefore, very important to know and realize such changes taken place in every field of Indian life and society and for that a brief history of Indian English Fiction might be one of the best media of its expression. These changes from socialism to individualism, from sharing to winning and from spiritualism to materialism reveal reflections of change from tradition to modernity in Indian society. Though this is a natural process as history changes with the passage of time, it is noticed that people are continuously losing their inner happiness and self-control in spite of having material comforts. MLA Citation: Chauhan, Abnish Singh. “A Chronological Study of Indian English Fiction with Social Perspective.” Shodh Sanchayan, vol. 2, nos. 1-2 , July 2011, pp. 41-44

WOMEN IN MANJULA PADMANABHAN'S LIGHT'S OUT Indian Writing in English has a recent history of one and half century old. The term Indian Writing in English is used in a wider sense; inspite of its difference in cultures, customs, races and religions. Indian Writing in English has successfully captured and reflected the multi-cultural and multilingual society. It expresses about the shared tradition, cultural exercises and Indian heritage. In Indian Writing in English, M. K. Naik, states that Indian Writing in English began as an interesting by-product of lively encounter in the late eighteenth century between a vigorous and enterprising Britain and a stagnant and chaotic India. Consequently, a large number of Indians were greatly moved by the genuine desire to present an accurate picture of India through their writings.

The present paper peeps into the poetry of Kamala Das where she mainly deals with the feminist voice and the 'women questions' of love. She talks about the unsentimental, uninhibited expression of love, sex, emotional sterility in marital relationship. She talks about the trials and tribulations of the woman who struggles hard to find a place in the male dominated society. In her poetry, she not only expresses her feminine sensibility but the unfulfilled desires lying dormant in the unconscious mind. Her candid confessional revelations give a new dimension to her poetry. She explores herself through self-introduction and self-analysis. This paper explores the female psyche where rests an anxiety to care for her 'self' and to carve a space for herself in the patriarchal society. It depicts the agony of woman's heart, her emotional insecurity and loneliness. The poetry of Kamala Das is remarkable for the woman's quest for freedom and demand for the status of a human being.

__________________________________________________________________ Mahesh Dattani is one of the few brilliant stars of the Indian English theatrical constellation in the galaxy of Indian English literature. He occupies a very illustrious position on the canvas of Indian English literature. During a period when drama was not much used by the writers for expression Dattani has attempted many dramas and concentrated on the stage. Among the modern Indian playwrights he stands singularly distinct with rich expertise in exploring the realms of theatre. Most of his plays are realistic in their approach and each of them sends a message to the readers and audience through thought-provoking themes. He is the most serious among the contemporary Indian dramatists in English and has a detailed eye on the issues of the marginalized society. His plays are replete with the shades of human conflicts with a societal background that stirs common audience. His contribution to stage play has brought him laurels

The poetical oeuvre of John Donne encompasses plethora of themes among which the prominent are love and religion. Donne seems to be obsessed by the nature of death which is apparent in his poems.  Death is a terrible reality and possesses immense potentiality to terrify anyone. The so called religious preachers have pictured Death in a very misleading way. This poem by John Donne soothes and provides a kind of inner composure to face it with heroism and stoicism.  Human beings have been trying to evade death since time immemorial, but it is a sad reality none has succeeded so far. If the human beings accept death with a kind of stoicism, death will meet with a natural death. The present paper focuses on one of the sublime poems of John Donne and debunks some of the misconceptions, associated with death.

Mankind is continually engaged in a fruitful search for the right clues to unravel the mysteries of Nature. Through his varied activities man transforms Nature for making his life more comfortable and in the process he is also simultaneously transformed by Nature which creates a new awareness and also generates new needs and aspirations. Both these transformations are conditioned by the historical and social environments which are operative in the specific contexts of time and place. No man has freedom in the choice of an appropriate time, a suitable place or a favourable socio-historical condition to begin his life simply because he cannot choose his parents. A man is born into a specific socio-cultural milieu and he inherits, quite unconsciously though, and often without efforts, the accumulated wisdom of earlier generations in the form of traditions, legends and myths. Therefore, it is apt to say that " myth is the embodiment of human aspiration and its appropriate imaginative form " 1. No man can relate himself meaningfully to his fellow human beings without being nurtured by the myths which sustained the earlier generations. Myths are the potent symbols of man's dreams and aspirations, which provide him with ideals and help him set goals in a hostile world that constantly threatens man's existence. Struggle for survival consume man's life energies and he needs fresh impetus to go on facing and tackling the new obstacles which keep propping up like the ending, rolling waves in the sea. Myths and legends provide mankind with the much required psychological support and help him discriminate between good and evil judiciously. However, mankind's history is codified in its myths and therefore myths symbolically represent what has stirred man's soul in his life's journey from times immemorial to the present day. Carl Jung, the well-known psychoanalyst, stresses that myths are indispensable for discovering one's root: If we are to see things in their right perspective, we need to understand the past of man as well as his present. That is why and understanding of myths and symbols is of essential importance. 2 Each one of us is a part of the cosmos, the inexplicable and the eternal. The essentially religious spirit of man must have invented and projected myths that have sustained whole civilisations, interpreted the significance of life, connecting it with the unknown. The present has meaning only in relation to the past in a manner that the past was not aware of itself. As Sivaramakrishna says, Without roots in history and myth no poet can hope to make his aesthetic strategy other than merely cerebral [.. .]. affirmation of the environment and awareness of its mythical bases can hardly function in the absence of a pervasive personal quest of significant personal emotion. 3 Jayanta Mahapatra attempts to explore the dark corners of the human soul to elicit meaning and significance of life. His attempts to penetrate into the hidden depths of the collective unconsciousness of human race by breaking through the mythical heritage of man. By correlating his personal quest with man's eternal preoccupations, Mahapatra endeavours to define the predicament of modern man torn between conflicting values, shattered faiths, the lurking darkness both within and without, and a near-total absence of life-sustaining mythical values.

The book Indian Women Novelists in English: Art and Vision is a volume of twenty five research articles on contemporary Indian women novelists and their works ranging from Anita Desai, Shashi Deshpande, Manju Kapur, Shobhaa De, Meena Alexander, Githa Hariharan, Arundhati Roy to the younger generation of novelists Anita Nair, Kiran Desai and Jhumpa Lahiri along with two less explored novelists Rita Garg and Nayeema Mahjoor. Three regional writers- Sarah Joseph, Qurratulain Hyder and Mahasweta Devi are also part of this volume, though their write-ups are in regional languages, yet their translated works in English have earned wide popularity. The volume with its diversity of topics will instill knowledge into the critical minds and open many unopened doors from where many unexplored regions of knowledge will be revisited.

Anita Desai is a prominent modern women writer in Indian writing in English and considered to be one of the eminent Indo-Anglian Novelists. A study of her works will reveal that she tries to explore the psychological state of her characters, because she thinks that inner life of a man or a woman decides his or her character more than the external conditions of life. She brought in fame with the publication of her first novel. 'Cry the Peacock (1963) and Voices in The City (1965). The present paper postulates Anita Desai's notion of modern ideal building of the society free from male domination. Desai represents the theme of consciousness and sensibility of women as compounded with the men and how they suffer on the basis of emotional as well as physical repression and become the victim of male dominated social and cultural order. The term 'feminism' has its origin from the Latin word 'femina', meaning 'woman' (through French Feminism) and there by refers to the advocacy of women rights, status and power with men on the grounds of equality of sexes. In other words, it relates to the belief that women should have the same social, economical and political rights as that of men. Anita Desai seems to be aware of relationship between feminism as a political movement, a literary and theoretical commitment to the struggle against patriarchy and sexism and not only gender study in Literature. In fact, feminist critical perspective and theory became pertinent to the study and analysis of the social, institutional and personal power relegations between the sexes. The rendering of feminine sensibility and the dilemmas of women oppressed by male dominated social order and recurring themes in her fictional work. 'Cry, the Peacock' is an essentially a study of the marital situation resulting from the conflict between two irreconcilable temperament of two diametrically opposed attitudes towards life. In Desai's first two novels, marriages are shattering failures because Maya and Manisha are unable to adjust themselves with their challenging new roles. Thus, in Anita Desai's fiction there is rich variety of themes and her treatment deserves critical attention. She analyzes the ambience with clinical precision and her fiction represents a vivid and comprehensive picture of the human predicament. Prof. K. R. S. Iyengar says: " Cry, the Peacock scores because Maya is at once the centre and circumference in this world. Her insanity, sane or insane fills the whole book and gives it form as well as life. " (16). Cry, the peacock is Maya's story, of married life with Gautam and almost the entire story is 'remembrance of things past " by Maya herself. The novel begins with the death of Maya's pet dog Toto, and how it affects her, " Something slipped in may tear gazed vision " ; she says: " a shadowy something the probed me into admitting that it was not pet's death

Simply because of the sheer excellence in choosing the most appropriate words to express his thoughts and the adroitness and ease with which he approached English language, one would often wonder whether A. K. Ramanujan could outdo even the native speakers. The focus of the present paper is to highlight into the amazingly brilliant mastery and flair of English language and the prodigious poetic creativity possessed by this great genius from India and to pinpoint how A. K. Ramanujan was bent on retelling the Indian Folktales to the whole wide world by dovetailing his language flair and poetic imagination together. The most amazing fact about A. K. Ramanujan is that he not only remained content with looking for the poetics of the tales, but he also literally poetized some of the most precious folktales, legends and myths. This will be the core of this paper and this will be achieved by analysing six of his poems and bringing out the special nuances of his English Language.

Objectification of women finds the most vocal, living and effective expression in drama. In the Indian context, many women dramatists delineate and criticize in their plays, the crimes committed against women in the name of tradition and culture in a male dominated society. In Indian socio-political milieu, crimes against women like rape, incest, dowry death, female feticide, and gender discrimination are vicious violence which degrades the position of women into perilous situation. Polie Sengupta is an accomplished Indian writer in English, who raises her voice against

Dr. Mulk Raj Anand was usually regarded as the father of Indian English novel. His debut of novel writing was begun with his masterpiece work Untouchable. This article aims to talk about the caste system as one of the major issues and its imagery throughout the day and the struggles of Bakha, a central character in the story and his agony over the caste system. Undoubtedly, the implications of caste system in the novel depicted the lower life style of Bakha and his denunciation of pleasures and desires due to it. The author also tried to find out the difficulties of 18 years old strong boy of one day from his Bloomsbury experiences of stream of consciousness novel. Bakha mostly concerned about his peer group of higher caste people and their life style but of no point his helplessness in enjoying life as them. Mulk Raj Anand called his protagonist Bakha as 'hero of tragedy' and also portrayed the tragedies of all the lower castes like suppressed, oppressed, repressed in the country due to the traditional custom of caste. Irrespective of the fact of his lower status, Bakha tried to become a babu or sahib or upper caste person to lead a happy life and to satisfy his schooling desire. All of these were outrage of Bakha's reactions as he received from other higher and middle class people.

Abstract: - Great men are born to redeem the word and to improve the lot of fellow human beings and fulfill the aspirations of people who await them. They are capable of leaving the lasting impression on human mind, irrespective of their nationality, social status and religious affiliations and command the universal appeal. They leave their footprint on the sand of time to be closely followed by others. Mahatma Gandhi is one of them who is a gift to the humanity in modern times, belongs to the line of great men who continued to influence every aspect of human life. He has been rightly called as a prophet and a politician of the rarest kind and has been romanticized, mythologized but never properly conceptualized. Indian –English fiction is broadly divided into two – 1) pre- independence period and 2) post- independence period. The Indian novelists writing in English attempted to reflect the national concerns with remarkable fidelity and passion. The 1930’s witnessed a rich corpus of historical novels inspired from Gandhian ideology and cultural values. This research paper, here, aims at finding the influence of Gandhiji on Indian fiction writing in English particularly of pre independence period. It is also aimed to know how the influence runs over the literature, to what extend the Gandhian impact is found, to which area it is touched.
Keywords:- Indian–English fiction, ideology, cultural values, Gandhian influence, pre independence period, Gandhism, philosophy, nonviolence, truth.

Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide is a story about the Sundarbans, the sort that helps us understand the fascinating and sensitive ecology of what in the novel is called “the tide country,” as well as the crucial importance of this region’s continued existence. The novel is also, however, a story about environmental and social injustice in a postcolonial space, about people massacred or forcefully evicted from what they consider their homes on the grounds of a dubious environmental policy. On all levels of the story, the forces of the global interact powerfully with the local, be that in ecological, economic, or cultural terms. The paper argues that in contrast to state dependency on global capital and disconnection from the local, the development of what ecocritic Ursula Heise describes as an eco-cosmopolitan consciousness allows those characters in the novel who evince it a deeper understanding of and connectedness with one other and with their natural environments. The Hungry Tide reminds us that cosmopolitanism can, in the last instance, not be meaningful without also being eco; and while an eco-cosmopolitan awareness cannot necessarily guarantee survival in the face of natural forces or unscrupulous governments, it does help fostering a deeper sense of meaning and solidarity.

Arun Joshi's The Strange Case of Billy Biswas peeps into the life of Billy, who longs for peace and happiness and, therefore, leaves the degraded society of Delhi for the Satpura hills where he explores the different level of life. He lives among the tribals and considers himself a tribal. He traces out that the Delhian society embraces the modern values; whereas the primitive world focuses on the traditional values. His shifting from one level of life to another is his quest for life. He searches for meaning and purpose in life and while doing so he improves his relationships with Self, God, Nature and others.

MLA Citation: Chauhan, Abnish Singh. “Levels of Life in Arun Joshi’s The Strange Case of Billy Biswas.” Research Scholar, vol 1, no. 1, Feb 2013, pp. 24-28

Migration has always been a key force in human history, but never more so than
during last 150 years. Peoples from every corner of the globe have moved in
unprecedented numbers and in many directions. Generated first by the ancient,
the colonial and the postcolonial. These migrations resulted in the formation of
new communities. These communities became sites where beliefs, traditions and
cultural practices from countries of origin encountered the host society. Some
were lost, others endured unchanged and most were modified and adapted. It is
estimated to be second largest in the world and has a diversified global presence.
This paper shall throw light on - the diasporic exists only through the medium of
difference. For this purpose, the paper would make an analytic study of Indian
diasporic theme of the novel ‘The Namesake’ which is reflected in the narratives
of Indian American author ‘Jhumpa Lahiri.’. The theme of the novel focuses on
diasporic elements like multiculturalism, multilingualism, different factors effect
family relationship and strange end of the novel.
Keywords: Diaspora, Migration, Multiculturalism, Immigrants.

This volume brings together research papers on the poetry of modern Indian poets, particularly those whose poetry is less explored. It is well known that post-Independence India has produced many brilliant writers whose writings have their own importance in the field of Indian English literature. These writers have brought new themes and new styles of writing that have enriched Indian English literature to a greater extent. The book explores the social, cultural and spiritual dimensions of these emerging poets, and will prove useful to students, teachers and all those interested in Indian English poetry for studies and research purposes.
For more books please visit: http://www.arsartium.org/Catalogues.html  OR http://waoar.org/research-publications/books/

Since there was hardly any book written on the concept of ‘New Woman’ compiling the works of Indian English writers, the author had long-felt desire to bring out a compact volume in this field.  The present volume is like a dream come true as it prepares the solid ground for the long-cherished desire of the author. The book New Woman in Indian English Literature: From Covert to Overt is an attempt to combining the varied shapes of new emerging trend of womanhood in Indian English Literature into a single whole. The book covers twenty six well explored articles on this recent trend of writing which has been fast growing since last few decades. The contributing authors are very deep, sincere and reflective in the articulation of their original ideas and views. Authors are hopeful that the book will bring into focus many new things and ideas yet to be explored and thus will be useful to critical minds.