Internal Conflicts

Ethiopia and its people have been experiencing internal conflicts that cause many deaths, destruction of properties and other tragedies. The major conflicts, which have been different in formations, intensities and natures, were ethnic, religion, National Power / Regional Predominance (NP/RP), and Other minor incidences. Among several causes for these internal conflicts in the country, its internal political instability and scarce resources, its historical paths, its geographical location, and the current fundamentalism of religion in the Horn of Africa can hold the major ones.
By taking those types of internal conflicts as cases, and 2005 to 2013 as a sampled period, this dissertation examines how the Ethiopian local newspapers, namely Addis Admas, Reporter, The Daily Monitor, and The Ethiopian Herald have been dealing with those cases. These newspapers are purposively selected as they have been circulated for many years, interested in the deal with critical issues and current affairs, have relatively large number of circulation in the country. By setting three main research questions, such as to what extent they do cover the internal conflicts, how they do frame the stories, and what the challenges do they face during reporting the cases are studied in this dissertation. The study answered these questions by using data collection and analysis instruments, such as content analysis, textual analysis, and interviews. The content analysis was used to look at the extent of the internal conflict stories appearing in the selected newspapers. The textual analysis was also employed to look at how the newspapers frame the internal conflicts. The interview was in placed in the study to make sense of how the reporting on the selected newspapers the way they are. The study was supported by agenda setting, symbolic annihilation and framing theories. While the former and the latter were employed to develop the tools of the study, identifying the problems, and support the discussions. The symbolic annihilation however was used to discuss the data.
The study reveals that the internal conflict reporting in the selected Ethiopian newspapers were not only minimal in number but also tended to make silence of the cases, by ignoring some of the issues or facts of the events in the stories. The two frames that are identified in the study reflect that the texts try to hide some of the important elements of the events of the internal conflicts. The study also identifies that the Ethiopian journalists in general, and in the selected newspapers, in particular, have been facing challenges mainly in relation to ownership, fear and self-censorship and pressures, which lead the reporters to compromise their professional integrity while reporting cases of internal conflicts. Based on the findings, the study also outlines possible practical and theoretical implications in the media studies.

This paper will critically analyse the theories behind the concept of internal conflict from Freud (Gleitman, 1991), Melanie Klein (Klein, 1946, 1952, 1957) and Sato (2005). It will then connect the concept of internal conflict to today’s alienating consumer society (Baudrillard, 1998), commodity fetishism (Marx, 1976) and the oppressive “one-dimensional society” (Marcuse, 1991).

This paper was an assignment for the module "Individual Development and Change" at University of Salford's School of Health and Social Care.

Ambivalence (as in practical conflicts, moral dilemmas, conflicting beliefs, and mixed feelings) is a central phenomenon of human life. Yet ambivalence is incompatible with entrenched philosophical conceptions of personhood, judgement, and action, and is denied or marginalised by thinkers of diverse concerns. This book takes a radical new stance, bringing the study of core philosophical issues together with that of ambivalence. The book proposes new accounts in several areas – including subjectivity, consciousness, rationality, and value – while elucidating a wide range of phenomena expressive of ambivalence, from emotional ambivalence to self-deception. The book rejects the view that ambivalence makes a person divided, showing that our tension-fraught attitudes are profoundly unitary. Ambivalence is not tantamount to confusion or to paralysis: it is always basically rational, and often creative, active, and perceptive as well. The book develops themes from Wittgenstein, Davidson, Sartre, and Freud. It engages with contemporary debates in Analytic Philosophy in addition to work ranging from Aristotle to Cultural Studies and Empirical Psychology, and considers a rich set of examples from daily life and literature.

ABSTRACT 1 Introduction: language revitalization as a social process This chapter seeks to introduce the idea that language revitalization move-ments are rarely, if ever, monolithic in terms of aims and ideologies; in fact, debates and conflicts tend to run through such movements, synchronically as well as diachronically. Drawing on this idea, we shall show that language is often used to express other (non-linguistic-related) types of ideas in the social world. Throughout this article, we shall characterize language revitalization as a process in which social actors compete for symbolic power (points two and three), but also for material benefits (point four). Much work has appeared lately on issues of 'language revitalization', mostly in North America but also in Europe and beyond, in Asia and Africa. Much interest has also arisen in that topic in the media, and many 'language revital-ization' movements have emerged worldwide over the past twenty years (see for instance Grinevald and Bert 2010, Austin and Sallabank 2011, for exam-ples). One concern this chapter wishes to address is the focalization of most extant works on languages rather than on speakers as social actors. Through an approach centred on social actors and social processes, our aim is to provide a first approach into the social signification of such language revitalization move-ments. This chapter posits that such significations are both global and local: global, since they draw on and contribute to a discursive network of language endangerment and language management, and local, since they inevitably arise out of local social and economic conditions. In order to explore this, we propose to look at internal debates (and, indeed, dissentions) within the Provençal lan-guage movement in Southern France, both diachronically and synchronically, in order to identify what ideological elements are at stake. Indeed, according to Blommaert: Debates are excellent linguistic-ethnographic targets. They are textual/discursive, they produce discourses and metadiscourses, and they result in a battery of texts that can be borrowed, quoted, echoed, vulgarized etc. In sum, they are moments of textual formation 212

Ethiopia and its people have been experiencing internal conflicts that cause many deaths, destruction of properties and other tragedies. The major conflicts, which have been different in formations, intensities and natures, were ethnic, religion, National Power / Regional Predominance (NP/RP), and Other minor incidences. Among several causes for these internal conflicts in the country, its internal political instability and scarce resources, its historical paths, its geographical location, and the current fundamentalism of religion in the Horn of Africa can hold the major ones. By taking those types of internal conflicts as cases, and 2005 to 2013 as a sampled period, this dissertation examines how the Ethiopian local newspapers, namely Addis Admas, Reporter, The Daily Monitor, and The Ethiopian Herald have been dealing with those cases. These newspapers are purposively selected as they have been circulated for many years, interested in the deal with critical issues and current affairs, have relatively large number of circulation in the country. By setting three main research questions, such as to what extent they do cover the internal conflicts, how they do frame the stories, and what the challenges do they face during reporting the cases are studied in this dissertation. The study answered these questions by using data collection and analysis instruments, such as content analysis, textual analysis, and interviews. The content analysis was used to look at the extent of the internal conflict stories appearing in the selected newspapers. The textual analysis was also employed to look at how the newspapers frame the internal conflicts. The interview was in placed in the study to make sense of how the reporting on the selected newspapers the way they are. The study was supported by agenda setting, symbolic annihilation and framing theories. While the former and the latter were employed to develop the tools of the study, identifying the problems, and support the discussions. The symbolic annihilation however was used to discuss the data. The study reveals that the internal conflict reporting in the selected Ethiopian newspapers were not only minimal in number but also tended to make silence of the cases, by ignoring some of the issues or facts of the events in the stories. The two frames that are identified in the study reflect that the texts try to hide some of the important elements of the events of the internal conflicts. The study also identifies that the Ethiopian journalists in general, and in the selected newspapers, in particular, have been facing challenges mainly in relation to ownership, fear and self-censorship and pressures, which lead the reporters to compromise their professional integrity while reporting cases of internal conflicts. Based on the findings, the study also outlines possible practical and theoretical implications in the media studies.

The paper presents a systematic method for synthesizing asynchronous circuits from event-based specifications with conflicts on output signals. It describes a set of semantic-preserving transformations performed at the Petri net level, which introduce auxiliary signal transitions implemented by internally analogue components, Mutual Exclusion (ME) elements. The logic for primary outputs can therefore be realized free from hazards and external meta-stability. The technique draws upon the use of standard logic components and two-input MEs, available in a typical design library